Architecture of shrines and monuments

After al-Ghori's death, his successor established the first dynasty of the Del
hi Sultanate, known as the Mamluk Dynasty in 1211

Mamluk " means "slave

"
referred to the Turkish slave soldiers who became rulers.
The Turks who conquered India had a genius for architecture.
Turks brought Turanian culture with them.

Mosques have been described as the keynote of the Islamicstyle.

The basic design of a mosque is fairly simple,
1. an open courtyard
2.surrounded on four sides by pillared cloisters
3. a tank in the centre for Ablution
The tomb was another new edifice introduced by the Muslims inthe Sub-Continent.
Muslim Mausoleums were usually located within open gardens with elaborate gatewa
ys and decorated with wall paintings.
Its major characteristics were
1.the use of arch,
2.vault,
3.minarets
4.dome,
5.the application of lime cement
############################################ First Phase of Arch.
Quwwatul Islam Mosque in Delhi
and
Arhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer
had to erect false arches and avioded true domes
The

Quwwatul Islam Mosque

was constructed by the founder of the
Mumluk dynasty,
Sultan Qutbuddin Aibak.
greatest speciality of this mosque
its great Maksura and connected Qibla Diwan

Qutb Minar construction was started by

Sultan Aibak
and completed by
Sultan Iltutmish
in the memory of his teacher and popular
Sufi Saint, Qutbuddin Bukhtiyar Kaki

Qutub Minar is also called Muezzin s tower

It was originally 72.5 metres high
four-storeyed but later Sultan Firoz Tughluq
added a fifth storey whichraised its height to 74 metres
the angular fluting
Specifications of QUTUB MINAR
1,Its height
2.the angular fluting
3.raised beltsmarking
4.its storeys and easy sloping of the tower upwards gave it s a majestic view
It is constructed of red sandstone in totality
its walls were curved
decorated with the calligraphy of the Quranic verses.
########ARHAI DIN KA JHONPRA

IN 1200
Sultan Qutbuddin Aibak built ## Arhai Din Ka Jhonpra ### at Ajmer
which closely resembles the Quwwatul Islam Mosque
but its area is more spacious than the former.
It does not possess beauty as that of the former
but is an extraordinary model of Muslim architectural style

The
tomb of Sultan Iltutmish
is
a simple square chamber
beautifully decorated walls
from floor to ceiling with the Quranic verses

##################################################################
e

second stag

This brought #### true arch ##### and ##### dome structures ####### in the Sul
tanate architecture.
tomb of Sultan Balban ####### First True Arch
at Delhi

the elegant
Alai Darwaza by Allau Din Khilji ####### First True Dome
The structure of the tomb comprising
1.a square dome chamber,
2.with archedventrance in each of its sites
3.a small chamber to the east and the west

#############Sultan Alauddin Khilji

was the great love of architecture and built many architectural monuments in and
around Delhi.
built the famous gateway near the Qutb Minar ALAI DARWAZA
built on the raised platform of beautiful carved creepers
with beautiful combination of red sandstone and marble
arches were beautifully engraved with ###the Calligraphically
Quranic verses
on top of it was the dome of redsandstone

Sultan Alauddin also wanted to build another minaret known as

Alai Minar
,
higher than the Qutb Minar but died before its completion
He also constructed a water tank near Siri village
which was called
Hauz-i-Alai or Hauz-Khas
spread over an area of more than seventy acres of land
was surrounded by a wall made of stone, mud and lime mixture

Nasiruddin Mahmud , elder son of Sultan Iltutmish

is also buried there
in the city of the TUGHLAQABAD
###############Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
tomb of the Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
striking combination of red sandstone and marble
with battering walls carrying the marble dome

The mausoleum of Shah Rukn-i-Alam at Multan

also represents the same appearance

but its beauty lies in the MINARS. First of its kind where Minars are used for O
rnamentation Purpose

################Sultan Muhammad Tughluq

built another city in Delhi known
@@@Jahanpanah
enclosed by the thick walls
#################Sultan FirozTughluq
the construction took place on large scale under
Sultan Firoz Tughluq s reign
time include four fortress-cities and the fifth city of Delhi which contained th
e Hall of Public Audience and
Jamia Mosquev , The Kali Mosque , Begumpuri Mosque , the Khirki Mosque and th
e Kalan Mosque
are some of the mosques constructed during this period
##################

The most works commissioned by the Sayyid and Lodi sultans were tombs( muqbar
as )
The two famous tombs of the Sayyid dynasty
Sultan Mubarak Shah at Mubarakpur
The Tomb of
Sultan Muhammad Shah
mosques of the
Lodi dynasty

###################
Moti ki Masjid

built by the Wazir of the Sultan Sikandar Lodi

is consideredas the specimen of the architecture of the Lodis
########################
During the sultanate of Lodi dynasty, the tombs were of two types
1.octagonal belonged to Royalty
2.Square belonged to nobles
All the Lodi sultans are buried in
#### Baag-i-Jud (present Lodi Garden )
which also contain small mosque known as Bara Gumbad
constructed by Sultan Sikandar Lodi
#############
In the fifteenth century, a number of the provincial styles
1.Sharqi (Jaunpur)
2.
Bengal ( Gaur )
3. Malwa ( Mandu )
4. Gujarat ( Ahmedabad )
#########################

The Gujarat style

incorporated the elements of the indigenous architecture and later
influenced the stone work and Mughal architecture
.
Ahmed Shah
founded the city of
Ahmedabad
built a mosques and palaces.

The Tin Darwaza was the principle entrance to the outer courtyard of the palac
e
The Mosque of Rani Sipari
the Mosque of Sidi Sayyid
were the masterpieces of architectural work of the time
########################
In the peninsula,
the Brahmani architecture led to the provincial styles of Golconda and Bijapur
h
monuments of Gulbarga and Bidar represents this Style
#########################
The Jamia Masjid of Gulbarga
is the remarkable monument
for roofing an area of 2,854 squaremetres, aided by 63 small domes.
#########################

Kashmir
maintained an independent style of its own,
based essentially on wooden construction,
marked by pyramidal roofing
Kashmir remained the centre of the distinct style of architecture and its influe
nce is traced back to Persian craftsmen and architects.
great Sufi Scholars,

Abdur-Rahman Bulbul Shah

and
Mir Sayyid Ali al-Hamadani

The Jamia Masjid at Srinagar was built by

Sultan Sikandar

#####################################
In Bengal,
the buildings
made of bricks
stones were rarely used
It was highly influenced by the local architectural styles and
decorative designs like curvilinear cornices and lotus.
The Adina Mosque
constructed by
Sultan SikandarShah

other noteworthy monuments of the time are

the Ek lakhi tomb of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
at Pandua
Sath Gumbad Mosque
Dakhil Darwaza
by
Barbak Shah
Firuza Minar
at Guar
and
Bara Sona Mosque
###########################

Malwa

evolved a distinct style of architecture

famous monuments of this school were
constructed by

Hushang

and later completed by Mahmud Khilji (not part of khilji Dynasty)

Hushang's
Hindola Mahal
Jahaz Mahal
###########################
Jaunpur

was famous for its fine monuments but unfortunately,

many of itwere later destroyed or mutilated by Lodis
after its annexation
famous monuments
######Atala Masjid of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi
Jhanjhri Masjid
Lal Darwaza
Hauz-i-Shamsi
###############################
In Muslim buildings,
sculpture lost the crucial position as of the ancient Indian architecture
because of the forbiddance of human or animal figures in Islam.
##############################
BECAUSE
#############

Arabic calligraphy
and geometrical
and floral motifs
carved on the stones served to decorate the buildings in place of sculpture of h
uman and animal figures.
These stone carvings showed a great deal of skill and reached the level of the t
rue art
############################
CONCLUSION
Muslims attitude towards painting were far less strict than towards sculpture.
There was tradition of the wall painting, especially in the privatebuildings, ex
isting among the Muslims outside the India.
Delhi sultanate which for first time brought India in the limelight of
the Architectural gloom and developed a new rare and magnificent style of archit
ecture by accommodating both the ancient Indian and Islamic one ina scientific m
anner
It brought the concept of calligraphy and the floral
which later developed further and flourished during the Mughal Period
They brought up the use of coloured Limestone, Sandstones,Marble and Granite.
The System of Minaret and inner decoration of the monuments with natural designs
was also a great feat.