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CarlJung
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CarlGustavJung(/j/German:[karlstafj]
26July18756June1961),oftenreferredtoasC.
G.Jung,wasaSwisspsychiatristandpsychotherapist
whofoundedanalyticalpsychology.[2]Hisworkhas
beeninfluentialnotonlyinpsychiatrybutalsoin
philosophy,anthropology,archaeology,literature,and
religiousstudies.Hewasaprolificwriter,though
manyofhisworkswerenotpublisheduntilafterhis
death.

CarlJung

Thecentralconceptofanalyticalpsychologyis
individuationthepsychologicalprocessof
integratingtheopposites,includingtheconsciouswith
theunconscious,whilestillmaintainingtheirrelative
autonomy.[3]Jungconsideredindividuationtobethe
centralprocessofhumandevelopment.[4]
Jungcreatedsomeofthebestknownpsychological
concepts,includingthearchetype,thecollective
unconscious,thecomplex,andextraversionand
introversion.
TheMyersBriggsTypeIndicator(MBTI),apopular
psychometricinstrument,andtheconceptsof
socionicsweredevelopedfromJung'stheoryof
psychologicaltypes.Jungsawthehumanpsycheas
"bynaturereligious"[5]andmadethisreligiousness
thefocusofhisexplorations.[6]Jungisoneofthebest
knowncontemporarycontributorstodreamanalysis
andsymbolization.
Thoughhewasapractisingclinicianandconsidered
himselftobeascientist,[7]muchofhislife'sworkwas
spentexploringtangentialareassuchasEasternand
Westernphilosophy,alchemy,astrology,and
sociology,aswellasliteratureandthearts.Jung's
interestinphilosophyandtheoccultledmanytoview
himasamystic,althoughhisambitionwastobeseen
asamanofscience.[7]Hisinfluenceonpopular
psychology,the"psychologizationofreligion",[8]
spiritualityandtheNewAgemovementhasbeen
immense.[9]

Jungin1910
Born

CarlGustavJung
26July1875
Kesswil,Thurgau,Switzerland

Died

6June1961(aged85)
Ksnacht,Zrich,Switzerland

Residence

Switzerland

Citizenship Swiss
Nationality Swiss
Fields

Institutions Burghlzli,SwissArmy(asa
commissionedofficerinWorldWar
I)
Almamater UniversityofBasel
Doctoral
advisor

Contents
1Earlyyears

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung

Psychiatry,psychology,
psychotherapy,analyticalpsychology

EugenBleuler

Knownfor Analyticalpsychology,typology,the
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1Earlyyears
1.1Childhoodfamily
1.2Childhoodmemories
1.3Universitystudiesandearlycareer
1.4Wartimearmyservice
1.5Marriage
2Freud
2.1MeetingFreud
2.2Journaleditor
2.3TravelstotheUSA
2.4LastmeetingswithFreud
3Midlifeisolation
3.1Isolation
3.2London191314
3.3RedBook
4Travels
4.1England192023
4.2USA192425
4.3EastAfrica
4.4UnitedStates1936
4.5India
5Lastpublicationsanddeath
6Theories
7Introversionandextraversion
8DivergencefromFreud
9Individuation
10Persona
11Spirituality
12Alchemy
13AlcoholicsAnonymous
14Arttherapy
15Politicalviews
15.1Viewsonthestate
15.2Germany,1933to1939
15.3ResponsetoNazism
16Culturalinfluence
16.1Literature
16.2Art
16.3Televisionandfilm
17Seealso
18References
19Notes
20Bibliography
21Externallinks

collectiveunconscious,the
psychoanalyticalcomplex,the
archetype,animaandanimus,
synchronicity
Influences

EugenBleuler, Freud, Nietzsche, [1]

Schopenhauer, [1]

Influenced

JosephCampbell,HermannHesse,
ErichNeumann,RossNichols

Spouse

EmmaJung
Signature

Earlyyears
Childhoodfamily

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CarlGustavJung[a]wasborninKesswil,intheSwisscantonofThurgau,on26July1875asthefourth
butonlysurvivingchildofPaulAchillesJungandEmiliePreiswerk.Emiliewastheyoungestchildof
SamuelPreiswerkandhiswife.TheseniorPreiswerkwasawealthyprofessionalmanwhotaughtPaul
AchillesJungashisprofessorofHebrew.Jung'sfatherwasapoorruralpastorintheSwissReformed
ChurchhismotherhadgrownupinawealthySwissfamily.
WhenJungwassixmonthsold,hisfatherwasappointedtoamoreprosperousparishinLaufenbutthe
tensionbetweenhisparentswasgrowing.EmilieJungwasaneccentricanddepressedwomanshespent
considerabletimeinherbedroom,whereshesaidthatspiritsvisitedheratnight.[10]Junghadabetter
relationshipwithhisfather.Althoughshewasnormalduringtheday,Jungsaidthatatnighthismother
becamestrangeandmysterious.Jungsaidthatonenighthesawafaintlyluminousandindefinitefigure
comingfromherroomwithaheaddetachedfromtheneckandfloatingintheairinfrontofthebody.[10]
Jung'smotherleftLaufenforseveralmonthsofhospitalizationnearBaselforanunknownphysical
ailment.HisfathertooktheboytobecaredforbyEmilieJung'sunmarriedsisterinBaselbuthewas
laterbroughtbacktohisfather'sresidence.EmilieJung'scontinuingboutsofabsenceandoften
depressedmoodinfluencedherson'sattitudetowardswomenoneof"innateunreliability".[11]This
wasaviewthathelatercalledthe"handicapIstartedoffwith."[12]Hebelieveditcontributedtohis
sometimespatriarchalviewsofwomen,butthesewerecommoninhissociety.[13]Afterthreeyearsof
livinginLaufen,PaulJungrequestedatransferhewascalledtoKleinhningenin1879.Therelocation
broughtEmilieJunginclosercontacttoherfamilyandliftedhermelancholy.

Childhoodmemories
Jungwasasolitaryandintrovertedchild.Fromchildhoodhebelievedthat,likehismother,[14]hehad
twopersonalitiesamodernSwisscitizenandapersonalitymoresuitedtothenineteenthcentury.[15]
"PersonalityNumber1,"ashetermedit,wasatypicalschoolboylivingintheeraofthetime.
"PersonalityNumber2"wasadignified,authoritativeandinfluentialmanfromthepast.AlthoughJung
wasclosetobothparents,hewasdisappointedbyhisfather'sacademicapproachtofaith.
Anumberofchildhoodmemoriesmadelifelongimpressionsonhim.Asaboyhecarvedatiny
mannequinintotheendofthewoodenrulerfromhispencilcaseandplaceditinsidethecase.Headded
astonewhichhehadpaintedintoupperandlowerhalves,andhidthecaseintheattic.Periodicallyhe
wouldreturntothemannequin,oftenbringingtinysheetsofpaperwithmessagesinscribedonthemin
hisownsecretlanguage.[16]Helaterreflectedthatthisceremonialactbroughthimafeelingofinner
peaceandsecurity.Yearslaterhediscoveredsimilaritiesbetweenhispersonalexperienceandthe
practicesassociatedwithtotemsinindigenouscultures,suchasthecollectionofsoulstonesnear
ArlesheimorthetjurungasofAustralia.Heconcludedthathisintuitiveceremonialactwasan
unconsciousritual,whichhehadpracticedinawaythatwasstrikinglysimilartothoseindistant
locationswhichhe,asayoungboy,knewnothingabout.[17]Hisconclusionsaboutsymbols,
psychologicalarchetypes,andthecollectiveunconsciouswereinspired,inpart,bytheseexperiences.
Attheageoftwelve,shortlybeforetheendofhisfirstyearattheHumanistischesGymnasiuminBasel,
Jungwaspushedtothegroundbyanotherboysohardthathemomentarilylostconsciousness.(Jung
laterrecognizedthattheincidentwashisfault,indirectly.)Athoughtthencametohim"nowyou
won'thavetogotoschoolanymore."[18]Fromthenon,wheneverhewalkedtoschoolorbegan
homework,hefainted.Heremainedathomeforthenextsixmonthsuntilheoverheardhisfather
speakingworriedlytoavisitorabouttheboy'sfutureabilitytosupporthimself.Theysuspectedhehad
epilepsy.Confrontedwiththerealityofhisfamily'spoverty,herealizedtheneedforacademic
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excellence.Hewentintohisfather'sstudyandbeganporingoverLatingrammar.Hefaintedthreemore
timesbuteventuallyovercametheurgeanddidnotfaintagain.Thisevent,Junglaterrecalled,"was
whenIlearnedwhataneurosisis."[19]

Universitystudiesandearlycareer
Jungdidnotplantostudypsychiatrysinceitwasnotconsideredprestigiousatthetime.But,studyinga
psychiatrictextbook,hebecameveryexcitedwhenhediscoveredthatpsychosesarepersonality
diseases.Hisinterestwasimmediatelycaptureditcombinedthebiologicalandthespiritual,exactly
whathewassearchingfor.[20]In1895JungstudiedmedicineattheUniversityofBasel.
In1900JungbeganworkingattheBurghlzlipsychiatrichospitalinZrichwithEugenBleuler.Bleuler
wasalreadyincommunicationwiththeAustrianneurologistSigmundFreud.Jung'sdissertation,
publishedin1903,wastitledOnthePsychologyandPathologyofSoCalledOccultPhenomena.In
1906hepublishedStudiesinWordAssociation,andlatersentacopyofthisbooktoFreud.
EventuallyaclosefriendshipandastrongprofessionalassociationdevelopedbetweentheelderFreud
andJung,whichleftasizeabletroveofcorrespondence.Forsixyearstheycooperatedintheirwork.[21]
In1912,however,JungpublishedWandlungenundSymbolederLibido(knowninEnglishas
PsychologyoftheUnconscious),whichmademanifestthedevelopingtheoreticaldivergencebetween
thetwo.Consequentlytheirpersonalandprofessionalrelationshipfracturedeachstatingthattheother
wasunabletoadmithecouldpossiblybewrong.Aftertheculminatingbreakin1913,Jungwent
throughadifficultandpivotalpsychologicaltransformation,exacerbatedbytheoutbreakoftheFirst
WorldWar.HenriEllenbergercalledJung'sintenseexperiencea"creativeillness"andcomparedit
favorablytoFreud'sownperiodofwhathecalledneurastheniaandhysteria.

Wartimearmyservice
DuringWorldWarIJungwasdraftedasanarmydoctorandsoonmadecommandantofaninternment
campforBritishofficersandsoldiers(SwissneutralityobligedtheSwisstointernpersonnelfromeither
sideoftheconflictwhocrossedtheirfrontiertoevadecapture).Jungworkedtoimprovetheconditions
ofsoldiersstrandedinneutralterritoryandencouragedthemtoattenduniversitycourses.[22]

Marriage
In1903,JungmarriedEmmaRauschenbach,whowasadaughterofawealthyfamilyinSwitzerland.
Theyhadfivechildren:Agathe,Gret,Franz,Marianne,andHelene.ThemarriagelasteduntilEmma's
deathin1955.
Duringhismarriage,Jungengagedinextramaritalrelationships.HisaffairswithSabinaSpielrein[23]
andToniWolff[24]werethemostwidelyknown.

Freud
MeetingFreud
JungwasthirtywhenhesenthisStudiesinWordAssociationtoSigmundFreudinViennain1906.The
twomenmetforthefirsttimethefollowingyearandJungrecalledthediscussionbetweenhimselfand
Freudasinterminable.Herecalledthattheytalkedalmostunceasinglyforthirteenhours.[25]Sixmonths
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laterthethen50yearoldFreudsentacollectionofhislatestpublishedessaystoJunginZurich.This
markedthebeginningofanintensecorrespondenceandcollaborationthatlastedsixyearsandendedin
May1913.AtthistimeJungresignedasthechairmanoftheInternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociation
wherehehadbeenelectedwithFreud'ssupport.
JungandFreudinfluencedeachotherduringtheintellectuallyformativeyearsofJung'slife.Freud
calledJung"hisadoptedeldestson,hiscrownprinceandsuccessor".In1906psychologyasascience
wasstillinitsearlystages.Jung,whohadbecomeinterestedinpsychiatryasastudentbyreading
PsychopathiaSexualisbyRichardvonKrafftEbing,aprofessorinVienna,bythenworkedasadoctor
underthepsychiatristEugenBleulerinBurghlzli.HebecamefamiliarwithFreud'sideaofthe
unconsciousthroughreadingFreud'sTheInterpretationofDreams(1899).Hebecameaproponentof
thenew"psychoanalysis."Atthetime,Freudneededcollaboratorsandpupilstovalidateandspreadhis
ideas.BurghlzliwasarenownedpsychiatricclinicinZurichandJung'sresearchhadalreadygained
himinternationalrecognition.
Jungdeemphasizedtheimportanceofsexualdevelopmentandfocusedonthecollectiveunconscious:
thepartofunconsciousthatcontainsmemoriesandideasthathebelievedwereinheritedfromancestors.
Whilehedidthinkthatlibidowasanimportantsourceforpersonalgrowth,unlikeFreud,Jungdidnot
believethatlibidoalonewasresponsiblefortheformationofthecorepersonality.[26]

Journaleditor
In1908,JungbecameaneditorofthenewlyfoundedYearbookforPsychoanalyticaland
PsychopathologicalResearch.Thefollowingyear,JungtraveledwithFreudandtheHungarian
psychoanalystSndorFerenczitotheUnitedStatestheytookpartinaconferenceatClarkUniversityin
Worcester,Massachusetts.In1910,JungbecameChairmanforLifeoftheInternational
PsychoanalyticalAssociation.WhileJungworkedonhisWandlungenundSymbolederLibido
(PsychologyoftheUnconscious),tensionsgrewbetweenhimandFreudbecauseoftheirdisagreements
overthenatureoflibidoandreligion.In1912thesetensionscametoapeakbecauseJungfeltseverely
slightedafterFreudvisitedhiscolleagueLudwigBinswangerinKreuzlingenwithoutpayinghimavisit
innearbyZurich,anincidentJungreferredtoas"theKreuzlingengesture".Shortlythereafter,Jung
againtraveledtotheUnitedStatesandgavetheFordhamUniversitylectures,whichwerepublishedas
TheTheoryofPsychoanalysis(1912).WhiletheycontainsomeremarksonJung'sdissentingviewonthe
libido,theyrepresentlargelya"psychoanalyticalJung"andnotthetheoryforwhichhebecamefamous
inthefollowingdecades.

TravelstotheUSA
TheconferenceatClarkUniversitywasplannedbythepsychologistG.StanleyHallandincluded
twentysevendistinguishedpsychiatrists,neurologistsandpsychologists.Itrepresentedawatershedin
theacceptanceofpsychoanalysisinNorthAmerica.ThisforgedwelcomelinksbetweenJungand
influentialAmericans.[27]JungreturnedtotheUnitedStatesthenextyearforabriefvisit,andagainfor
asixweeklectureseriesatFordhamUniversityin1912.

LastmeetingswithFreud
InNovember1912,JungandFreudmetinMunichforameetingamongprominentcolleaguestodiscuss
psychoanalyticaljournals.[28]AtatalkaboutanewpsychoanalyticessayonAmenhotepIV,Jung
expressedhisviewsonhowitrelatedtoactualconflictsinthepsychoanalyticmovement.WhileJung
spoke,FreudsuddenlyfaintedandJungcarriedhimtoacouch.
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JungandFreudpersonallymetforthelasttimeinSeptember
1913fortheFourthInternationalPsychoanalyticalCongressin
Munich.Junggaveatalkonpsychologicaltypes,theintroverted
andextravertedtypeinanalyticalpsychology.Thisconstituted
theintroductionofsomeofthekeyconceptswhichcameto
distinguishJung'sworkfromFreud'sinthenexthalfcentury.

Midlifeisolation
Groupphoto1909infrontofClark
University.Frontrow,Sigmund
Freud,G.StanleyHall,CarlJung.
Backrow,AbrahamBrill,Ernest
Jones,SndorFerenczi.

Isolation

Itwasthepublicationof
Jung'sbook"Psychologyof
theUnconscious"in1912,
thatledtothebreakwith
Freud.Lettersthey
exchangedshowFreud'srefusaltoconsiderJung'sideas.This
rejectioncausedwhatJungdescribedinhisautobiography
Memories,Dreams,Reflections,asa"resoundingcensure."
Everyoneheknewdroppedawayexceptfortwoofhiscolleagues.
Jungdescribedhisbookas"...anattempt,onlypartiallysuccessful,
tocreateawidersettingformedicalpsychologyandtobringthe
wholeofthepsychicphenomenawithinitspurview."(Thebook
waslaterrevisedandretitled,"SymbolsofTransformation",in
1922).

London191314

CarlGustavJung

JungspokeatmeetingsofthePsychoMedicalSocietyinLondonin1913and1914.Histravelswere
sooninterruptedbythewar,buthisideascontinuedtoreceiveattentioninEnglandprimarilythroughthe
effortsofConstanceLong.HetranslatedandpublishedthefirstEnglishvolumeofhiscollected
writings.[29]

RedBook
In1913,attheageofthirtyeight,Jungexperiencedahorrible"confrontationwiththeunconscious".He
sawvisionsandheardvoices.Heworriedattimesthathewas"menacedbyapsychosis"orwas"doinga
schizophrenia".Hedecidedthatitwasvaluableexperienceand,inprivate,heinducedhallucinationsor,
inhiswords,"activeimaginations".Herecordedeverythinghefeltinsmalljournals.Jungbeganto
transcribehisnotesintoalargeredleatherboundbook,onwhichheworkedintermittentlyforsixteen
years.[13]
Jungleftnoposthumousinstructionsaboutthefinaldispositionofwhathecalledthe"RedBook".His
familyeventuallymoveditintoabankvaultin1984.SonuShamdasani,ahistorianfromLondon,for
threeyearstriedtopersuadeJung'sheirstohaveitpublished,towhichtheydeclinedeveryhintof
inquiry.AsofmidSeptember2009,fewerthantwodozenpeoplehadseenit.UlrichHoerni,Jung's
grandsonwhomanagestheJungarchives,decidedtopublishittoraisetheadditionalfundsneeded
whenthePhilemonFoundationwasfounded.[13]

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In2007,twotechniciansforDigitalFusion,workingwiththepublisher,W.W.Norton&Company,
scannedthemanuscriptwitha10,200pixelscanner.Itwaspublishedon7October2009,inGerman
with"separateEnglishtranslationalongwithShamdasani'sintroductionandfootnotes"atthebackofthe
book,accordingtoSaraCorbettforTheNewYorkTimes.Shewrote,"Thebookisbombastic,baroque
andlikesomuchelseaboutCarlJung,awillfuloddity,synchedwithanantediluvianandmystical
reality."[13]
TheRubinMuseumofArtinNewYorkCitydisplayedtheoriginalRedBookjournal,aswellassome
ofJung'soriginalsmalljournals,from7October2009,to15February2010.[30]Accordingtothem,
"DuringtheperiodinwhichheworkedonthisbookJungdevelopedhisprincipaltheoriesofarchetypes,
collectiveunconscious,andtheprocessofindividuation."TwothirdsofthepagesbearJung's
illuminationsofthetext.[30]

Travels
Jungemergedfromhisperiodofisolationinthelatenineteenteenswiththepublicationofseveral
journalarticles,followedin1921withPsychologicalTypes,oneofhismostinfluentialbooks.There
followedadecadeofactivepublication,interspersedwithoverseastravels.

England192023
ConstanceLongarrangedforhimtodeliveraseminarinCornwallin1920.Anotherseminarwasheldin
1923,thisoneorganizedbyHeltonGodwinBaynes(knownasPeter),andanotherin1925.[31]

USA192425
Jungmadeamoreextensivetripwestwardinthewinterof19245,financedandorganizedbyFowler
McCormickandGeorgePorter.OfparticularvaluetoJungwasavisitwithChiefMountainLakeofthe
TaosPueblonearTaos,NewMexico.[31]

EastAfrica
InOctober1925,Jungembarkedonhismostambitiousexpedition,the"BugishuPsychological
Expedition"toEastAfrica.HewasaccompaniedbyPeterBaynesandanAmericanassociate,George
Beckwith.OnthevoyagetoAfrica,theybecameacquaintedwithanEnglishwomannamedRuthBailey,
whojoinedtheirsafariafewweekslater.ThegrouptraveledthroughKenyaandUgandatotheslopesof
MountElgon,whereJunghopedtoincreasehisunderstandingof"primitivepsychology"through
conversationswiththeculturallyisolatedresidentsofthatarea.Laterheconcludedthatthemajor
insightshehadgleanedhadtodowithhimselfandtheEuropeanpsychologyinwhichhehadbeen
raised.[32][33]

UnitedStates1936
JungmadeanothertriptoAmericain1936,givinglecturesinNewYorkandNewEnglandforhis
growinggroupofAmericanfollowers.Hereturnedin1937todelivertheTerryLectures,laterpublished
asPsychologyandReligion,atYaleUniversity.

India
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InDecember1937,JungleftZurichagainforanextensivetourofIndiawithFowlerMcCormick.In
India,hefelthimself"underthedirectinfluenceofaforeignculture"forthefirsttime.InAfrica,his
conversationshadbeenstrictlylimitedbythelanguagebarrier,butinIndiahewasabletoconverse
extensively.Hinduphilosophybecameanimportantelementinhisunderstandingoftheroleof
symbolismandthelifeoftheunconscious,thoughheavoidedameetingwithRamanaMaharshi.He
describedRamanaasbeingabsorbedintheself,butadmitstonotunderstandingRamanasself
realisationorwhatheactuallydiddo.Healsoadmitsthathisfieldofpsychologyisnotcompetentin
understandingtheeasterninsightoftheAtmantheself.Jungbecameseriouslyillonthistripand
enduredtwoweeksofdeliriuminaCalcuttahospital.After1938,histravelswereconfinedto
Europe.[34]

Lastpublicationsanddeath
Jungcontinuedtopublishbooksuntiltheendofhislife,includingFlyingSaucers:AModernMythof
ThingsSeenintheSkies(1959),whichanalyzedthearchetypalmeaningandpossiblepsychological
significanceofthereportedobservationsofUFOs.[35]HealsoenjoyedafriendshipwithanEnglish
RomanCatholicpriest,FatherVictorWhite,whocorrespondedwithJungafterhehadpublishedhis
controversialAnswertoJob.[36]
Jungdiedon6June1961atKsnacht,afterashortillness.[37][38]

Theories
Histheoriesinclude:
Theconceptofintroversionandextraversion(althoughhedidnotdefinethesetermsastheyare
popularlydefinedtoday).[39]
Theconceptofthecomplex,agroupingofinterrelatedunconsciouselements.
Theconceptofthecollectiveunconscious,theprimordialrealmofarchetypes,whichmanifestsin
allpeople.
Synchronicityasamodeofrelationshipthatisnotcausal,anideathathasinfluencedWolfgang
Pauli(withwhomhedevelopedthenotionofunusmundusinconnectionwiththenotionofnon
locality)andsomeotherphysicists.[40]

Introversionandextraversion
InJungsPsychologicalTypes,hetheorizesthateachpersonfallsintooneoftwocategories,the
introvertandtheextravert.ThesetwopsychologicaltypesJungcomparestotheancientarchetypes,
ApolloandDionysus.
TheintrovertislikenedwithApollo,whoshineslightonunderstanding.Theintrovertisfocusedonthe
internalworldofreflection,dreamingandvision.Thoughtfulandinsightful,theintrovertcansometime
beuninterestedinjoiningtheactivitiesofothers.
TheextravertisassociatedwithDionysus,interestedinjoiningtheactivitiesoftheworld.Theextravert
isfocusedontheoutsideworldofobjects,sensoryperceptionandaction.Energeticandlively,the
extrovertmaylosetheirsenseofselfintheintoxicationofDionysianpursuits.[41]

DivergencefromFreud
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Jung'sprimarydisagreementwithFreudstemmedfromtheirdifferingconceptsoftheunconscious.[42]
JungsawFreud'stheoryoftheunconsciousasincompleteandunnecessarilynegative.Accordingto
Jung,Freudconceivedtheunconscioussolelyasarepositoryofrepressedemotionsanddesires.Jung
agreedwithFreud'smodeloftheunconscious,whatJungcalledthe"personalunconscious",buthealso
proposedtheexistenceofasecond,deeperformoftheunconsciousunderlyingthepersonalone.This
wasthecollectiveunconscious,wherethearchetypesthemselvesresided,representedinmythologybya
lakeorotherbodyofwater,andinsomecasesajugorothercontainer.Freudhadactuallymentioneda
collectivelevelofpsychicfunctioningbutsawitprimarilyasanappendixtotherestofthepsyche.

Individuation
Jungconsideredindividuation,apsychologicalprocessofintegratingtheoppositesincludingthe
consciouswiththeunconsciouswhilestillmaintainingtheirrelativeautonomy,necessaryforapersonto
becomewhole.[4]
Individuationisaprocessoftransformationwherebythepersonalandcollectiveunconsciousisbrought
intoconsciousness(bymeansofdreams,activeimaginationorfreeassociationtotakesomeexamples)
tobeassimilatedintothewholepersonality.Itisacompletelynaturalprocessnecessaryforthe
integrationofthepsychetotakeplace.[43]
Besidesachievingphysicalandmentalhealth,[43]peoplewhohaveadvancedtowardsindividuationtend
tobeharmonious,matureandresponsible.Theyembodyhumanevaluessuchasfreedomandjusticeand
haveagoodunderstandingabouttheworkingsofhumannatureandtheuniverse.[4]

Persona
Inhispsychologicaltheorywhichisnotnecessarilylinkedtoaparticulartheoryofsocialstructure
thepersonaappearsasaconsciouslycreatedpersonalityoridentityfashionedoutofpartofthe
collectivepsychethroughsocialization,acculturationandexperience.[44]Jungappliedthetermpersona,
explicitlybecause,inLatin,itmeansbothpersonalityandthemaskswornbyRomanactorsofthe
classicalperiod,expressiveoftheindividualrolesplayed.
Thepersona,heargues,isamaskforthe"collectivepsyche",amaskthat'pretends'individuality,sothat
bothselfandothersbelieveinthatidentity,evenifitisreallynomorethanawellplayedrolethrough
whichthecollectivepsycheisexpressed.Jungregardedthe"personamask"asacomplicatedsystem
whichmediatesbetweenindividualconsciousnessandthesocialcommunity:itis"acompromise
betweentheindividualandsocietyastowhatamanshouldappeartobe".[45]Buthealsomakesitquite
explicitthatitis,insubstance,acharactermaskintheclassicalsenseknowntotheatre,withitsdouble
function:bothintendedtomakeacertainimpressiontoothers,andtohide(partof)thetruenatureofthe
individual.[46]Thetherapistthenaimstoassisttheindividuationprocessthroughwhichtheclient
(re)gainshis"ownself"byliberatingtheself,bothfromthedeceptivecoverofthepersona,andfrom
thepowerofunconsciousimpulses.
Jung'stheoryhasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinmanagementtheorynotjustbecausemanagersand
executiveshavetocreateanappropriate"managementpersona"(acorporatemask)andapersuasive
identity,[47]butalsobecausetheyhavetoevaluatewhatsortofpeopletheworkersare,inorderto
managethem(forexample,usingpersonalitytestsandpeerreviews).[48]

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Spirituality
Jung'sworkonhimselfandhispatientsconvincedhimthatlifehasaspiritualpurposebeyondmaterial
goals.Ourmaintask,hebelieved,istodiscoverandfulfillourdeepinnatepotential.Basedonhisstudy
ofChristianity,Hinduism,Buddhism,Gnosticism,Taoism,andothertraditions,Jungbelievedthatthis
journeyoftransformation,whichhecalledindividuation,isatthemysticalheartofallreligions.Itisa
journeytomeettheselfandatthesametimetomeettheDivine.[49]UnlikeFreud'sobjectivist
worldview,Jung'spantheismmayhaveledhimtobelievethatspiritualexperiencewasessentialtoour
wellbeing,ashespecificallyidentifiesindividualhumanlifewiththeuniverseasawhole.[50][51]Jung's
ideasonreligiongaveacounterbalancetotheFreudianscepticismofreligion.Jung'sideaofreligionas
apracticalroadtoindividuationhasbeenquitepopular,andisstilltreatedinmoderntextbooksonthe
psychologyofreligion,thoughhisideashavealsobeencriticized.[52]

Alchemy
TheworkandwritingsofJungfromthe1940sonwardsfocusedonalchemy.
In1944JungpublishedPsychologyandAlchemy,whereheanalyzedthealchemicalsymbolsand
showedadirectrelationshiptothepsychoanalyticalprocess.[b]Hearguedthatthealchemicalprocess
wasthetransformationoftheimpuresoul(lead)toperfectedsoul(gold),andametaphorforthe
individuationprocess.[20]
In1963MysteriumConiunctionisfirstappearedinEnglishaspartofinTheCollectedWorksofC.G.
Jung.MysteriumConiunctioniswasJung'slastbookandfocusedonthe"MysteriumConiunctionis"
archetype,knownasthesacredmarriagebetweensunandmoon.Jungarguedthatthestagesofthe
alchemists,theblackening,thewhitening,thereddeningandtheyellowing,couldbetakenassymbolic
ofindividuationhisfavouritetermforpersonalgrowth(75).

AlcoholicsAnonymous
Jungrecommendedspiritualityasacureforalcoholismandheisconsideredtohavehadanindirectrole
inestablishingAlcoholicsAnonymous.[53]JungoncetreatedanAmericanpatient(RowlandHazardIII),
sufferingfromchronicalcoholism.Afterworkingwiththepatientforsometimeandachievingno
significantprogress,Jungtoldthemanthathisalcoholicconditionwasneartohopeless,saveonlythe
possibilityofaspiritualexperience.Jungnotedthatoccasionallysuchexperienceshadbeenknownto
reformalcoholicswhereallelsehadfailed.
HazardtookJung'sadviceseriouslyandsetaboutseekingapersonalspiritualexperience.Hereturned
hometotheUnitedStatesandjoinedaFirstCenturyChristianevangelicalmovementknownasthe
OxfordGroup(laterknownasMoralReArmament).HealsotoldotheralcoholicswhatJunghadtold
himabouttheimportanceofaspiritualexperience.OneofthealcoholicshebroughtintotheOxford
GroupwasEbbyThacher,alongtimefriendanddrinkingbuddyofBillWilson,latercofounderof
AlcoholicsAnonymous(AA).ThachertoldWilsonabouttheOxfordGroup,andthroughthemWilson
becameawareofHazard'sexperiencewithJung.TheinfluenceofJungthusindirectlyfounditswayinto
theformationofAlcoholicsAnonymous,theoriginaltwelvestepprogram,andfromthereintothe
wholetwelvesteprecoverymovement,althoughAAasawholeisnotJungianandJunghadnorolein
theformationofthatapproachorthetwelvesteps.

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TheaboveclaimsaredocumentedinthelettersofJungandBillWilson,excerptsofwhichcanbefound
inPassItOn,publishedbyAlcoholicsAnonymous.[54]Althoughthedetailofthisstoryisdisputedby
somehistorians,JunghimselfdiscussedanOxfordGroupmember,whomayhavebeenthesameperson,
intalksgivenaround1940.Theremarksweredistributedprivatelyintranscriptform,fromshorthand
takenbyanattender(Jungreportedlyapprovedthetranscript),andlaterrecordedinVolume18ofhis
CollectedWorks,TheSymbolicLife("Forinstance,whenamemberoftheOxfordGroupcomestomein
ordertogettreatment,Isay,'YouareintheOxfordGroupsolongasyouarethere,yousettleyour
affairwiththeOxfordGroup.Ican'tdoitbetterthanJesus.'"Junggoesontostatethathehasseen
similarcuresamongRomanCatholics).[55]

Arttherapy
Jungproposedthatartcanbeusedtoalleviateorcontainfeelingsoftrauma,fear,oranxietyandalsoto
repair,restoreandheal.[16]Inhisworkwithpatientsandinhisownpersonalexplorations,Jungwrote
thatartexpressionandimagesfoundindreamscouldbehelpfulinrecoveringfromtraumaand
emotionaldistress.Heoftendrew,painted,ormadeobjectsandconstructionsattimesofemotional
distress,whichherecognizedasmorethanrecreational.[16]

Politicalviews
Viewsonthestate
Jungstressedtheimportanceofindividualrightsinaperson'srelationtothestateandsociety.Hesaw
thatthestatewastreatedas"aquasianimatepersonalityfromwhomeverythingisexpected"butthat
thispersonalitywas"onlycamouflageforthoseindividualswhoknowhowtomanipulateit",[56]and
referredtothestateasaformofslavery.[57][58][59][60]Healsothoughtthatthestate"swallowedup
[people's]religiousforces",[61]andthereforethatthestatehad"takentheplaceofGod"makingit
comparabletoareligioninwhich"stateslaveryisaformofworship".[59]Jungobservedthat"stageacts
of[the]state"arecomparabletoreligiousdisplays:"Brassbands,flags,banners,paradesandmonster
demonstrationsarenodifferentinprinciplefromecclesiasticalprocessions,cannonadesandfiretoscare
offdemons".[62]FromJung'sperspective,thisreplacementofGodwiththestateinamasssocietyledto
thedislocationofthereligiousdriveandresultedinthesamefanaticismofthechurchstatesoftheDark
Ageswhereinthemorethestateis'worshipped',themorefreedomandmoralityaresuppressed[63]
thisultimatelyleavestheindividualpsychicallyundevelopedwithextremefeelingsof
marginalization.[64]

Germany,1933to1939
JunghadmanyfriendsandrespectedcolleagueswhowereJewishandhemaintainedrelationswiththem
throughthe1930swhenantisemitisminGermanyandotherEuropeannationswasontherise.
However,until1939,healsomaintainedprofessionalrelationswithpsychotherapistsinGermanywho
haddeclaredtheirsupportfortheNaziregimeandtherewereallegationsthathehimselfwasaNazi
sympathizer.
In1933,aftertheNazisgainedpowerinGermany,JungtookpartinrestructuringoftheGeneral
MedicalSocietyforPsychotherapy(AllgemeinerztlicheGesellschaftfrPsychotherapie),aGerman
basedprofessionalbodywithaninternationalmembership.Thesocietywasreorganizedintotwodistinct
bodies:
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1. AstrictlyGermanbody,theDeutscheAllgemeinerztlicheGesellschaftfrPsychotherapie,led
byMatthiasGring,anAdlerianpsychotherapist[65]andacousinoftheprominentNaziHermann
Gring
2. InternationalGeneralMedicalSocietyforPsychotherapy,ledbyJung.TheGermanbodywasto
beaffiliatedtotheinternationalsociety,aswerenewnationalsocietiesbeingsetupinSwitzerland
andelsewhere.[66]
TheInternationalSociety'sconstitutionpermittedindividual
doctorstojoinitdirectly,ratherthanthroughoneofthenational
affiliatedsocieties,aprovisiontowhichJungdrewattentionina
circularin1934.[67]ThisimpliedthatGermanJewishdoctors
couldmaintaintheirprofessionalstatusasindividualmembersof
theinternationalbody,eventhoughtheywereexcludedfromthe
Germanaffiliate,aswellasfromotherGermanmedicalsocieties
operatingundertheNazis.[68]
C.G.JungInstitute,Ksnacht,
Switzerland

Asleaderoftheinternationalbody,Jungassumedoverall
responsibilityforitspublication,theZentralblattfr
Psychotherapie.In1933,thisjournalpublishedastatement
[69]
endorsingNazipositions andHitler'sbookMeinKampf.[70]In1934,JungwroteinaSwiss
publication,theNeueZrcherZeitung,thatheexperienced"greatsurpriseanddisappointment"[71]when
theZentralblattassociatedhisnamewiththeproNazistatement.
Jungwentontosay"themainpointistogetayoungandinsecurescienceintoaplaceofsafetyduring
anearthquake".[72]HedidnotendhisrelationshipwiththeZentralblattatthistime,buthedidarrange
theappointmentofanewmanagingeditor,CarlAlfredMeierofSwitzerland.Forthenextfewyears,the
ZentralblattunderJungandMeiermaintainedapositiondistinctfromthatoftheNazis,inthatit
continuedtoacknowledgecontributionsofJewishdoctorstopsychotherapy.[73]
InthefaceofenergeticGermanattemptstoNazifytheinternationalbody,Jungresignedfromits
presidencyin1939,[73]theyeartheSecondWorldWarstarted.

ResponsetoNazism
Jung'sinterestinEuropeanmythologyandfolkpsychologyhasledtoaccusationsofNazisympathies,
sincetheysharedthesameinterest.[74][75][76]Hebecame,however,awareofthenegativeimpactofthese
similarities:
JungclearlyidentifieshimselfwiththespiritofGermanVolkstumsbewegungthroughout
thisperiodandwellintothe1920sand1930s,untilthehorrorsofNazismfinallycompelled
himtoreframetheseneopaganmetaphorsinanegativelightinhis1936essayonWotan.[77]
TherearewritingsshowingthatJung'ssympathieswereagainst,ratherthanfor,Nazism.[c]Inhis1936
essay"Wotan",JungdescribedtheinfluenceofHitleronGermanyas"onemanwhoisobviously
'possessed'hasinfectedawholenationtosuchanextentthateverythingissetinmotionandhasstarted
rollingonitscoursetowardsperdition."[78][79]
Jungwouldlatersaythat:
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Hitlerseemedlikethe'double'ofarealperson,asifHitlerthemanmightbehidinginside
likeanappendix,anddeliberatelysoconcealedinordernottodisturbthemechanism...
Youknowyoucouldnevertalktothismanbecausethereisnobodythere...Itisnotan
individualitisanentirenation.[80]
InaninterviewwithCarolBaumannin1948,JungdeniedrumorsregardinganysympathyfortheNazi
movement,saying:
ItmustbecleartoanyonewhohasreadanyofmybooksthatIhaveneverbeenaNazi
sympathizerandIneverhavebeenantiSemitic,andnoamountofmisquotation,
mistranslation,orrearrangementofwhatIhavewrittencanaltertherecordofmytruepoint
ofview.Nearlyeveryoneofthesepassageshasbeentamperedwith,eitherbymaliceorby
ignorance.Furthermore,myfriendlyrelationswithalargegroupofJewishcolleaguesand
patientsoveraperiodofmanyyearsinitselfdisprovesthechargeofantiSemitism.[81][d]
EvidencecontrarytoJungsdenialshasbeenadducedwithreferencetohiswritings,correspondenceand
publicutterancesofthe1930s.[82]Hisremarksonthesuperiorityofthe"Aryanunconscious"andthe
corrosivecharacterofFreudsJewishgospelhavebeencitedasevidenceofanantisemitism
fundamentaltothestructureofJungsthought.[83]

Culturalinfluence
Literature
LaurensvanderPost,Afrikanerauthorwhoclaimedtohavehada16yearfriendshipwithJung,
fromwhichanumberofbooksandafilmwerecreatedaboutJung'slife.[84]Theaccuracyofvan
derPost'sclaimsabouttheclosenessofhisrelationshiptoJunghasbeenquestioned.[28]
HermannHesse,authorofworkssuchasSiddharthaandSteppenwolf,wastreatedbyJoseph
Lang,astudentofJung.ForHessethisbeganalongpreoccupationwithpsychoanalysis,through
whichhecametoknowJungpersonally.[85]

Art
ThevisionarySwisspainterPeterBirkhuserwastreated
byastudentofJung,MarieLouisevonFranz,and
correspondedwithJungregardingthetranslationofdream
symbolismintoworksofart.[86]
AmericanAbstractExpressionistJacksonPollock
underwentJungianpsychotherapyin1939withJoseph
Henderson.Histherapistmadethedecisiontoengagehim
throughhisart,andhadPollockmakedrawings,whichled
totheappearanceofmanyJungianconceptsinhis
paintings.[87][88]
Contrarytosomesources,[89]JungdidnotvisitLiverpool
butrecordedadreaminwhichhehad,andofwhichhe
wrote"Liverpoolisthepooloflife,itmakestolive."Asa
resultastatueofJungwaserectedinMathewStreetin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung

OriginalstatueofJunginMathew
Street,Liverpool,ahalfbodyona
plinthcaptioned"Liverpoolisthe
pooloflife"
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1987but,beingmadeofplaster,wasvandalisedandreplacedbyamoredurableversionin
1993.[90]

Televisionandfilm
FedericoFellinibroughttothescreenanexuberantimageryshapedbyhisencounterwiththe
ideasofJung,especiallyJungiandreaminterpretation.FellinipreferredJungtoFreudbecause
Jungiananalysisdefinedthedreamnotasasymptomofadiseasethatrequiredacurebutratheras
alinktoarchetypalimagessharedbyallofhumanity.[91]
BBCinterviewforFacetoFacewithJohnFreemanatJung'shomeinZurich.1959.[92]
ADangerousMethod,a2011filmdirectedbyDavidCronenberg,isafictionaldramatisationof
Jung'slifeasapsychoanalystbetween1904and1913.Itmainlyconcernshisrelationshipswith
FreudandSabinaSpielrein,aRussianwomanwhobecamehisloverandstudentand,later,an
analystherself.
MatterofHeart(1986),adocumentaryonJungfeaturinginterviewswiththosewhoknewhim
andarchivefootage.[93]

Seealso
Topics
Animaandanimus
Archetypalliterarycriticism
Archetypalpedagogy
Archetypalpsychology
Arttherapy
BollingenTower
CarlJungpublications
TheCollectedWorksofC.G.Jung
Jungianinterpretationofreligion
JungianTypeIndex
JungTypeIndicator
KeirseyTemperamentSorter
LiberNovus
Logos
Logotherapy
NeoFreudian
Nekyia
Participationmystique
Personalitytest
Psychodynamics
RedBook
Synchronicity
Unusmundus
Woundedhealer
People
RichardNoll
JeanShinodaBolen
MartinBuberseetheBuberJungdisputations
JosephCampbellmythologist,popularizerofJungianideas
ClarissaPinkolaEsts
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Jungfrauen
ErichNeumanndeveloperofmatriarchalmythologicaladaptationsofJungianthought
JoelRyceMenuhinproponentofsandplaytherapy
HerbertSilberer
D.T.SuzukiseeAnIntroductiontoZenBuddhism,forwhichC.G.Jungwroteapreface
RichardWilhelmTranslatoroftheIChing
Organizations
InternationalAssociationofAnalyticalPsychologists
InternationalAssociationforJungianStudies
Junginworksoffiction
PossessingtheSecretofJoy
TheInterpretationofMurder
ADangerousMethod
Pilgrim

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85. "HermannHesse"(http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hhesse.htm).Retrieved20071202.
86. Birkhuser,PeterMarieLouisevonFranz,EvaWertanschlagandKasparBirkhuser(19801991).Light
fromtheDarkness:ThePaintingsofPeterBirkhuser.Boston,MA:BirkhuserVerlag.ISBN376431190
8.
87. AbstractExpressionism,JacksonPollock's"PsychoanalyticDrawings"Paintings"(http://serdarhizli
art.com/abstract_art/jackson_pollock_psychoanalytic_drawings.htm)Retrieved24July2010
88. Stockstad,Marilyn(2005).ArtHistory.UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey:PearsonEducation,Inc.ISBN0
131455273.
89. Grant,Linda(20030605)."HistorybrokeLiverpool,anditbrokemyheart"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2003/jun/05/artsfeatures.europeancapitalofculture2008).TheGuardian
(London).Retrieved20100224.
90. Cavanagh,Terry(1997).PublicsculptureofLiverpool(http://books.google.com/?
id=05hJrW5yuakC&pg=PA111).LiverpoolUniversityPress.ISBN9780853237112.Retrieved23May
2012.
91. Bondanella,PeterE.TheFilmsofFedericoFellini.p.94.ISBN0521575737.
92. "BBCinterview"
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/radio4/2011/02/face_to_face_john_freeman_and_his_remarkable_guests.html).
19February2011.
93. MatterofHeart

Notes
a. AsauniversitystudentJungchangedthemodernizedspellingofhisnametotheoriginalfamilyform.Bair,
Deirdre(2003).Jung:ABiography.NewYork:BackBayBooks.pp.7,53.ISBN0316159387.
b. 'ForJung,alchemyisnotonlypartoftheprehistoryofchemistry,thatis,notonlylaboratorywork,butalso
anessentialpartofthehistoryofpsychologyasthehistoryofthediscoveryofthedeepstructureofthe
psycheanditsunconscious.Jungemphasizedthesignicanceofthesymbolicstructureofalchemicaltexts,a
structurethatisunderstoodasawayindependentoflaboratoryresearch,asastructureperse.'Calian,George
Florin(2010).AlkimiaOperativaandAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesonthe
HistoriographyofAlchemy
(http://www.archive.org/stream/AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe/F
lorinGeorgeCalian
AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnTheHistoriographyOfAlchemy#page/n
0/mode/2up).Budapest:AnnualofMedievalStudiesatCEU.pp.167168.
c. C.G.Jung,DieBeziehungenzwishendemIchunddemUnbewuten,chapterone,secondsection,1928.Also,
C.G.Jung,AufsatzezurZeitgeschichte,1946.Speechesmadein1933,1937areexcerpted.Hewasprotesting
the"slaverybythegovernment"andthe"chaosandinsanity"ofthemob,becauseoftheveryfactthatthey
werethepartofthemobandwereunderitsstronginfluence.Hewrotethatbecauseofthespeecheshe
deliveredhewasblacklistedbytheNazis.Theyeliminatedhiswritings.
d. AfullresponsefromJungdiscountingtherumorscanbefoundinC.GJungSpeaking,Interviewsand
Encounters,PrincetonUniversityPress,1977.

Bibliography
Introductorytexts
Jung,CarlGustavMarieLuisevonFranz(1964).ManandHisSymbols.Doubleday.ISBN84
49301610.
CarlGustavJung,AnalyticalPsychology:ItsTheoryandPractice(TheTavistockLectures)(Ark
Paperbacks),1990,ISBN0744800560
AnthonyStevens,Jung.AVeryShortIntroduction,OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,1994,ISBN
0192854585
AnthonyStevens,OnJung,PrincetonUniversityPress,1990(1999).
TheBasicWritingsofC.G.Jung,editedbyV.S.deLaszlo(TheModernLibrary,1959)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung

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ThePortableJung,editedbyJosephCampbell(VikingPortable),ISBN0140150706
EdwardFEdinger,EgoandArchetype,(ShambhalaPublications),ISBN087773576X
RobertHopcke,AGuidedTouroftheCollectedWorksofC.G.Jung,ISBN1570624054
EdwardC.Whitmont,TheSymbolicQuest:BasicConceptsofAnalyticalPsychology,Princeton
UniversityPress,Princeton,NewJersey,1969,1979,ISBN0691024545
O'Connor,PeterA.(1985).UnderstandingJung,understandingyourself.NewYork,NY:Paulist
Press.ISBN0809127997.
TheCambridgeCompaniontoJung,secondedition,edsPollyYoungEisendrathandTerence
Dawson,publishedin2008byCambridgeUniversityPress.
TextsinvariousareasofJungianthought
RobertAziz,C.G.Jung'sPsychologyofReligionandSynchronicity(1990),currentlyinits10th
printing,isarefereedpublicationofStateUniversityofNewYorkPress.ISBN0791401669.
RobertAziz,SynchronicityandtheTransformationoftheEthicalinJungianPsychologyinCarl
B.Becker,ed.,AsianandJungianViewsofEthics.Westport,CT:Greenwood,1999.ISBN0313
304521.
RobertAziz,TheSyndeticParadigm:TheUntroddenPathBeyondFreudandJung(2007),a
refereedpublicationofTheStateUniversityofNewYorkPress.ISBN9780791469828.
RobertAziz,ForewordinLanceStorm,ed.,Synchronicity:MultiplePerspectivesonMeaningful
Coincidence.Pari,Italy:PariPublishing,2008.ISBN9788895604022
WallaceClift,JungandChristianity:TheChallengeofReconciliation.NewYork:TheCrossroad
PublishingCompany,1982.ISBN0824504097
EdwardF.Edinger,TheMysteryofTheConiunctio,ISBN0919123678
WolfgangGiegerich,TheSoul'sLogicalLife,ISBN3631382251
JamesAHallM.D.,JungianDreamInterpretation,ISBN0919123120
JamesHillman,"HealingFiction",ISBN0882143638
Montiel,Luis,"Elrizomaocultodelapsicologaprofunda.GustavMeyrinkyCarlGustavJung",
Frenia,2012,ISBN9788469535400
CatherineMNutting,ConcreteInsight:Art,theUnconscious,andTransformativeSpontaneity,
UVicThesis2007214
AndrewSamuels,CriticalDictionaryofJungianAnalysis,ISBN0415059100
JuneSinger,BoundariesoftheSoul,ISBN0385475292.Onpsychotherapy
MarionWoodman,ThePregnantVirgin:AProcessofPsychologicalTransformation,ISBN0
919123201
Simosko,Vladimir.Jung,Music,andMusicTherapy:PreparedfortheOccasionoftheC.G.
"JungandtheHumanities"Colloquium,1987.Winnipeg,Man.,TheAuthor,1987
Academictexts
AndrewSamuels,ThePoliticalPsyche(Routledge),ISBN0415081025.
LucyHuskinson,NietzscheandJung:TheWholeSelfintheUnionofOpposites(Routledge),
ISBN1583918337
Davydov,Andrey.FromCarlGustavJung'sArchetypesoftheCollectiveUnconsciousto
IndividualArchetypalPattern.HPAPress,2014.ISBN9781311820082
Remo,F.Roth:ReturnoftheWorldSoul,WolfgangPauli,C.G.JungandtheChallengeof
PsychophysicalReality[unusmundus],Part1:TheBattleoftheGiants.PariPublishing,2011,
ISBN9788895604121.
Remo,F.Roth:ReturnoftheWorldSoul,WolfgangPauli,C.G.JungandtheChallengeof
PsychophysicalReality[unusmundus],Part2:APsychophysicalTheory.PariPublishing,2012,
ISBN9788895604169.
JungFreudrelationship
Kerr,John.AMostDangerousMethod:TheStoryofJung,Freud,andSabinaSpielrein.Knopf,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung

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1993.ISBN0679404120.
Otherpeople'srecollectionsofJung
vanderPost,Laurens,JungandtheStoryofOurTime,NewYork:PantheonBooks,1975.ISBN
0394492072
Hannah,Barbara,Jung,hislifeandworkabiographicalmemoir,NewYork:G.P.Putnam's
Sons,1976.SBN:399503838
Criticalscholarship
Grossman,Stanley(1979)."C.G.JungandNationalSocialism".JunginContexts:AReader
(http://books.google.com/books?id=dQxozVpaXF8C&pg=PA92).ISBN9780415205580.
Hanegraaff,WouterJ.(1996)."NewAgeReligionandWesternCulture:EsotericismintheMirror
ofSecularThought".Leiden/NewYork/Koln:E.J.Brill.
Wulff,DavidM.(1991)."PsychologyofReligion:ClassicandContemporaryViews".NewYork:
JohnWiley&Sons.
PaulBishop,CarlJung(CriticalLives)(ReaktionBooks,2014).
Noll,Richard(1994).TheJungCult:OriginsofaCharismaticMovement(1sted.).Princeton
UniversityPress.p.336.
RichardNoll,TheAryanChrist:TheSecretLifeofCarlJung(RandomHouse,1997)
AnthonyStevens,OnJung(secondedition).
SonuShamdasani,CultFictions,ISBN0415186145.
SonuShamdasani,JungandtheMakingofModernPsychology:TheDreamofaScience,ISBN0
521539099
SonuShamdasani,JungStrippedBare,ISBN1855753170
Bair,Deirdre.Jung:ABiography.Boston:Little,BrownandCo,2003.

Externallinks
PublicationsbyandaboutCarlJung
(http://libraries.admin.ch/cgibin/gw/chameleon?

Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:CarlJung
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoCarlGustav
Jung.

skin=helveticat&lng=en&inst=consortium&conf=.%2fchameleon.conf&host=biblio.admin.ch%2b
3601%2bDEFAULT&search=KEYWORD&function=INITREQ&SourceScreen=VIEWHISTOR
Y&elementcount=2&t2=Carl+Jung&u1=1003&op1=1&t1=Carl+Jung&u2=21&op2=0&pos=1&r
ootsearch=KEYWORD)inthecatalogueHelveticatoftheSwissNationalLibrary
CarlJung:ForewordtotheIChing(http://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm)
TheAssociationMethod(http://www.allaboutpsychology.com/associationmethod.html)Full
textarticlefrom1916.OriginallyPublishedintheCollectedPapersonAnalyticalPsychology.
OnThePsychology&PathologyofSoCalledOccultPhenomena(http://www.allabout
psychology.com/psychologyofoccultphenomena.html)Fulltextarticlefrom1916.Originally
publishedintheCollectedPapersonAnalyticalPsychology.
TheSevenSermonstotheDead,1916(http://www.gnosis.org/library/7Sermons.htm)CarlGustav
Jung
C.G.JungInstitute,Zurich(http://www.junginstitut.ch/english/about/)
CarlJungResources(http://www.carljung.net/)
Jung's'EssayonWotan'(http://www.philosopher.eu/otherswritings/essayonwotanwnietzsche
cgjung/)
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TheJungPage(http://www.cgjungpage.org/)
PhilemonFoundation(https://www.philemonfoundation.org/)
BollingenFoundationCollection(http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/031.html)FromtheRare
BookandSpecialCollectionsDivision,LibraryofCongress(http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/)
CarlGustavJung:Arquetipos,MsticaeInconscienteColectivo(JungSocietyDublin)
(http://rinabrundu.com/2015/02/28/carlgustavjungarquetiposmisticaeinconscientecolectivo/)

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