MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Technical University of Moldova

Theoretical bases of the electrical engineering department

THEORETICAL BASES OF THE ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Computer-assisted laboratory guide

Chisinau 2015
The given manual is intended for the help of the students of High Educational

Institutions for non electrical specialty, which

studies the electrical engineering in
English, to perform the laboratory works, including the application of the computer. It
can also be used by the post-graduate students and beginning teachers to study the
terminology in English both training the skills of their realizations and making up the
reports . The manual also contains some items with information about using the
MULTISIM 2001 program, which is necessary to carry out the laboratory works.

Author: Mihail Kiorsak, univ. prof., Dr. hab. Sc., Mariana Ababii, univ. lector
The responsible redactor:
Referent:

, T.U.M., 2015

The order of the admission to execute the laboratory works

In order to be admitted to execute the next laboratory work, the students should
beforehand present and sustain the report on the previous laboratory work, which was
done. To be familiarized with its contents, to know basic formulas and theoretical
material for execution of the given laboratory work. To have prepared the necessary
tables for the initial data and for record the results of measurements.
The experimental part of laboratory work the students carry out independently under
teacher's supervision with the respect of the safety rules.
The safety precautions for execution of the laboratory works
At assembling the given electrical circuit for the given laboratory work, first of
all, the consecutive circuits of current should be assembled, which includes the
current circuits of wattmeters (varmeters, voltampermeters), phasemeters and
ampermeters , at the second, it should be assambled the parallel voltage circuits of the
wattmeters (varmeters, voltampermeters), phasemeters and voltmeters.
After the assembling the electrical circuit, before its switching on to a source of
the electric power, it should be checked up by the teacher and only after this, it can be
switched to the power source.
In case of any malfunctions, the circuit should be immediately switched off
from the power source, with the message to teacher about malfunction.
Processing of results
The received experimental data are writing in the given tables and are shown to the
teacher for confirmation, before dismantle the circuit.
If the experimental data are unsatisfactory, it is necessary to repeat the
experiments, untill getting the satisfactory data.
The obtained experimental data are partially processed in the laboratory and
finally at home. The students prepare a report on the carried out laboratory work by
respecting: the requirements to the laboratory report, technical design standards and
the standards of presentation of electrical elements. The paper should contain: the
theme and purpose of the work, electric diagrams, tables with experimental data,
calculation results tables, calculating formulas used with a calculating variant for
measurement (experiment), graphs and necessary vector diagrams on millimeter paper,
respecting the chosen scale, the experimentally obtained graphs at the oscilloscope or
computer, work conclusions. The report is presented and sustained by the student
before making the next laboratory work.

THE USE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory works involve the providing modern computing technology through

mathematical modeling of physical processes to the computer, by using Multisim-2001
program, taking place in reality in all its diversity and complexity, which makes it
possible to study the respective material more deeply.
MULTISIM 2001 PROGRAM OVERVIEW

Input file of the program represents the circuit scheme with elements parameters,
their name, nodes and if it is necessary, explanatory text (Fig. 1).

Fig.1 The aspect of an initial scheme of Multisim 2001 program

The introduction process of the circuit elements in Multisim 2001 program is simple and
fast due to the way of graphic representation of components. It is like the drawing of a
principle electric scheme.
By pressing a button from a group selection buttons (Figure 2) it opens a submenu
where you can find the necessary components: sources, passive components, diodes,
analog circuits, indicators, etc., electro-mechanical elements bar.

Fig. 2. Bar of elements

Once all components are selected, they are iterconnected for making the needed
circuit. For this, the cursor is positioned on the terminal of the element, it presses the left
mouse button and then the cursor moves to the second terminal pressing the left button
again to make the connection. If you need to connect two wires which intersect, instead
of the intersection they put the connection node.
After having been drawn the scheme, the circuit is saved. To do this, it presses the
button to activate the pictogram of a floppy disk or from the File menu, by choosing the
Save command and showing the saved file name and the place where it will be saved.

- Pictogram of the save button

Multisim 2001 program provides to the user 11 virtual instruments of measurement
which are represented in (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3. Virtual instruments of measurement

Due to the outside vision of the measure devices "as real" is very simple to work with
them.
Instruments menu contains: multimeter, operating generator, wattmeter,
oscilloscope etc.
After the mounting of the scheme for simulating it switch on
necessary to press the run button, or press F5.

to the source, it is

Laboratory work nr. 1

THE STUDY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY TRANSPORTING THROUGH THE
DIRECT CURRENT LINE
The purpose of the work. The study of DC line modes of operation and building
the main characteristics of the circuit for the variation of load resistance from 0 to
.
General concepts
For DC electric energy transporting from the generator to the consumer they are

used two-wire power lines. Since the power line has always a resistance R , there are
voltage loss across it U, and losses of power P and energy W inside it.
For the scheme shown in Figure 1.1 it can be written the following relations:
1. Voltage losses in the electric line:
U = U1 - U2 = R I,
Where:

(1.1)

U1- input voltage at the beginning of the line, V;

U2- output voltage at the end of the line V.

R =

2l
S

- wires resistance,

specific resistance of the material,

Ohm mm 2
m

l line length, m;
S cross-section of the conductor, mm2.
2. From (1.1) we obtain the relation between voltages U1 and U2:
U 1= U2 + U = U2 + R I

(1.2)

3. The electrical power given by the electric energy source, W:

P1 = U1I = P2 + P,
2
Where: P2 = Rs I

(1.3)

- power consumed by the load, W;

P2 = RI 2 - power losses in the line, W.

4. The line ratio is calculated using the following formula:

P2
=100%
=
P1

P1 -P
100% = 1-
P1

U 2 I
=100%
=
U1 I

or

P
100%

P1

U2
100%
U1

,
(1.4)

In the power lines they are possible the following operating modes:
) normal operating mode or working mode

According to Ohm's law, the current :

where:
Rs resistance of the load , ;

I=

(0 < Rs < )
U1
,
R +RS

(1.5)

R electrical line resistance, .

U1 and R are constant quantities, so the current in the circuit depends on the
value of the load resistance;
b) open mode of operation (Rs = ), the consumer (load) is switch off.
I=0; U=0; P=0; P1=P2=0; U 2= U1 ;
) short circuit mode of operation (Rs = 0), the consumer (load) is shorted.
U2=0; I =

U1
;
R

U =U1 = R I ;

P =I 2R = P1 ; P2 = RS I 2 =0 .
- R I 2 , we can see, that if the Rs do not
From the relation P2 = P1 -P =UI
1
changes, power P2 is a function of the square of current.

When the Rs = R, the load is into the accordance with a wire resistance, the current
I=

2
U1
I
= sc and the power P2 = Rs I 2 = I sc = P2
max has the max value.
2Rs
2
4

Order to perform the work:

1)

mount the electric circuit shown on (Fig. 1.1) or at the computer in Multisim
2001 program (Fig. 1.2)

Fig. 1.1. The mounted scheme

V

+
15.000

R1

50ohm

J1

V1
30V

Key = Space
+
30.000

R2

+
15.000

50%
0.300

+
A

100Ohm
Key = a

Fig. 1.2. Arrangement of the scheme in Multisim 2001 program.

2) varying load resistance Rs from maximum value to zero, to study the line at
different operating modes, from the open mode (Rs = ) to short circuit mode (Rs =
0), maintaing input voltage U1 = const., (recommended by the teacher).
3) according the experimental data to calculate:
P1 power supplied by the circuit source; P2 power received by the consumer
(load);
Rs load resistance; R electrical line resistance; U voltage losses on the
line;
P power loss in the line; ratio of the line.
Experimental data and calculation results to introduce in Table 1.1
Table of measurements
Table 1.1
Measurements
Nr.

I1,A

U1,
V

U2,
V

Calculations
U,
V

P1,
W

P2,
W

P,W

,%

1
2
....
....
....
....
10
4) To build dependency graphics U=f(I); U2=f(I); P1=f(I); P=f(I); P 2=f(I);
=f(I).

5) To make work conclusions :

Questions:
1. What is the power loss in lines and how does this value depend on the geometric
parameters of the power line?
2. How do the voltage losses and power losses depend in transmission lines on the
load?
3. Under what conditions the power transmitted to the load is maximum?
4. How does the ratio depend on the load resitance?
5. How can electrical line resistance be determined?
References: References: [5 p.41-43], [10 p.103-105], [9 task 1-20, p.26]

Laboratory work nr. 2

THE STUDY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THROUGH THE METHOD OF
VOLTAGE EQUIVALENT GENERATOR
The purpose of the work: Experimental verification of the method of voltage
equivalent generator.
General concepts
The method of voltage generator is applied to determine the current or voltage only
in one branch of electric circuit. The essence of the method is that, the total circuit (Fig.
2.1) is replaced by an active dipole (Fig. 2.2) of which terminals ab is connected the
chosen branch with the resistance R3.

Fig. 2.1. Circuit scheme

Fig. 2.2. Equivalent scheme of the VEG

In relation to the chosen branch ab with R3 resistance, the active dipole can be
replaced by a voltage equivalent generator (VEG) with two parameters: equivalent
electromotive force (EMF) Ee and internal resistance Re.
VEG parameters can be determined experimentally and analytically. For
experimental determination of VEG parameters are made the following modes:

) open circuit mode (branch with R3 resistance is disconnected). With the voltmeter is
measured the voltage between ab terminals. This voltage is equal to the EMF of the
equivalent generator:
Ee U ab m. g
(2.1)
b) short circuit mode (ab branch resistance is zero - R3 =0). In this case with the
ampermeter it measures the short circuit current Iab.s.c in this branch.
Using the obtained results in this experience is calculated the internal Re resistance
of the equivalent generator. According to the equivalent scheme (fig.2.2), the current in
the branch with R3 resistance is determined according to Ohm's law:
I3

Ee .
Re R3

(2.2)

From formula (2.2) into the short circuit mode R3=0, we obtain:
I 3 s .c

U
E3 , when:
Ee
Re
ab m. g .
I 3 s .c
I 3 s .c
Re

(2.3)

The determination of equivalent generator parameters analytically.

If the electrical circuit (Fig. 2.1) parameters are known, the calculation of
equivalent generator
parameters can be done in the following sequence:
) the resistance R3 is disconnected, the branch with the resistance R3 is switch off
(open circuit mode, R3 = (fig.2.3), it determines the potentials of the terminals
(nodes) a and b.
According Ohm's Law it determines the currents I ' and I:
I

E1
R1 R4

E2
.
R2 R5

(2.4)

Fig. 2.3 The scheme of the open circuit mode of operation

If we assume conventionally, that the potential of the node c is equal to zero
(the node is connected to the earth c = 0), we obtain:
a c I R4

E1 R4
;
R1 R4

b c I R5

E2 R5
.
R2 R5

Therefore, EMF of the VEG is:

E e U ab m. g . a b

E R
E1 R4
2 5
R1 R4 R2 R5

(2.5)

b) The input resistance from the terminals ab of the VEG as passive dipole Rab in= Re
(Fig. 2.4):
Re Rab int .

R1 R4
R R
2 5
R1 R4 R2 R5

Fig. 2.4. Equivalent resistance scheme for calculation of internal resistance of the VEG.

Having calculated VEG parameters , the current through the resistence R 3 in the branch
ab (Fig.2.2), is determined according to Ohm's law as:
I3

U ab m. g .
Ee

Re R3 Rab int . R3

(2.7)

The power transmitted from the VEG to the load (R 3 ) can be expressed as follows:
Ee2 R3
P3 I R3
( Re R3 ) 2

(2.8)

2
3

By changing the load resistance R3 we can obtain the mode which corresponds to
maximum power transmitted to the load when R3 = Re.
From the mathematical point of view this confirmation, that the power P 3 has
dP

3
maximum value when R3 = Re , can be determined to take the derivate dR 0 from
3
the expression (2.8)

R3 Re

Maximum power transmitted to the load will be equal to:

P3 max . I 32 R3

Ee2 R3
Ee2

( Re R3 ) 2 4 Re

(2.9)

The order of work execution:

1) Mount the electrical circuit shown in the (Fig. 2.5) or at the computer using
Multisim 2001 program (Fig. 2.6)

Fig. 2.5. The mounted scheme

2) Connect the circuit and set EMF values of the electrical source in the range
indicated by the teacher : E1 = 16 ... 22V, E2 = 24 ... 30V, keeping them constant
during the experiments.
R1

R2

+
22.538

50ohm

80ohm

S2
V1
40V

S3

Key = Space
+
40.000

Key = Space

V2

R4

R5

20ohm

100ohm

20V
+

-20.000

+
0.020n

R3

20ohm

Fig. 2.6 Arrangement of the scheme in Multisim 2001program

3) Set the switch K1 in average position (open circuit mode of operation). Insert in the
Table 2.1 indication of the V3 voltmeter (EMF of the equivalent generator).
4) Transfer switch K1 in position 1-1 (short circuit mode) and incert in Table 2.1 A4
ampermeter indication (Iab s.c. short circuit current).
5) Transfer switch K1 in position 2-2 (operating mode) and incert in Table 2.1 of the V3
voltmeter and of the A4 ampermeter indications (Uab and Iab voltage and current
through R3 resistance).
Determine the values of Re, R3 and insert the results in Table 2.1

Table of measurements
Table 2.1
Measured
values

Modes of
operations

Calculated values

Uab

Iab

Open circuit
mode

Re R intr. ab

Short circuit
mode
Operating
mode

R3

U ab m. g .
I ab s.c.

U ab

I ab

6) With the help of the obtained results verify the equivalent generator method according
to the formula:

U ab m. g .
Ee
I3

Re R3 Rint r .ab R3
Compare the obtained value of the current I3 with that measured experimentally in
the operation mode.
7) Switch off and remove the circuit, install electrical circuit with an EMF source and by
the "voltmeter - ampermeter" determine the values of all resistors that were used in the
previous circuit.
Write the results in table 2.2.
8) Using EMF values E1 and E2 and values of the resistances R1 ... R5 from the table
2.2, calculate Ee U ab m.g . and Re=Rab intr.
Table for calculating resistances
Table 2.2
Resistances
U, V
I, A
R

U
I

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

9) Calculate the power P3 which is given from the source to the load (given by VEG
to the R3) when R3 is variable and find the condition of maximum power transfer, when
R3=Re
Questions:
1. Describe the VEG method.
2. How can you determine internal resistance and EMF of the VEG?
3. In which conditions the power transmitted from VEG to the load has maximum
value? Derive the formula for determining this condition.
... References: References: [5 p.38-42], [10p.96-103], [9 p.11-12, task 1-60, p.55]

Laboratory work nr. 3

Rheostat, Inductance Coil and Capacitor in Electric Circuits of Direct and
Alternating Currents
The purpose of the work: To study the phenomena, which takes place in the electrical
circuit, when the rheostat, inductance coil and capacitor are connected in turn at the direct
and alternating current sources.
General concepts
When the rheostat (active resistance R), inductance coil (inductance L) and capacitor
(capacitance C) are connected to the source of direct current by measuring the voltage
applied across them with the voltmeter of direct current and the currents through them by
ampermeter of direct current, we can observe that the current through the condenser C is
equal to zero, because the direct current doesnt flow through the condenser.
In accordance of the Ohms law, the resistances of the rheostat (active resistance R),
and inductance coil (inductance L) are:
R=Ur/Ir for the rheostat and RL=UL/IL =l/F for the inductance coil, because
the coil into the direct current circuits has only an active resistance. In those formulas Ur,
UL and Ir, IL - the voltages across and the current through the rheostat and coil; the
specific resistance of the material of the wires; l, F- the length and the cross section of the
coil wire.
When the rheostat (active resistance R), inductance coil (inductance L) and
capacitor (capacitance C) are connected to the source of alternating sinusoidal current in
accordance of the Ohms law, the resistances R of the rheostat, impedances of the
inductance coil ZL and capacitor ZC are:
R=Ur/Ir for the rheostat;
ZL=UL/IL for the inductance coil and
ZC =Uc/Ic for the capacitor , because the coil and capacitor (the sinusoidal current
flows through the capacitor) into the sinusoidal current circuits have also the reactive
resistance respectively XL = L=2f, XC= 1/ C=1/2fC and can be find as:

X L = Z L2 - RL2 , X c = Z c2 - Rc2 , where ZL = R L2 +X L2 and ZC = Rc2 +X c2 .

L = X
L

Whence

, C = 1 X c .

The resistance R of the rheostat can be also find as:

R=Pr/Ir2 , where Pr the
power disseminated into the resistance R, computed or measured by the wattmeter .
Power factor: cos = P UI and arccos = P UI .

The order of work execution:

1) Mount the scheme shown n fig. 3.1:

Fig.3.1. Experimental scheme

2) By connecting on turn to demountable jacks of the circuit rheostat R, rheostat R
both inductance L and condenser C to the direct current and alternating sinusoidal
current, write down in the table 3.1 for each case the indications of the ampermeter,
wattmeter and voltmeter .
3) Calculate the required values indicated in the table , using the given up formulas .
Measured and calculated parameters
Elements Type of
of circuit current

Rheostat
Inductanc
e coil
Capacitor
all in turn

Measured
U
I
P
V
A
W

Table 3.1
cos
gr.

Calculated
R
Z
X

L
mH
n

C
F

4) Draw the vectors diagrams of the currents, voltages, triangles of resistance and power
for each case.
Questions:
1. Why cant the direct current flow through the condenser and the coil in the
direct current circuits hasnt the reactive resistance?
2. Explain the character and direction of the currents reference of applied voltages
across the resister, inductance and capacitance ?
3. In what kind of energy is the electrical energy transformed into resistance ?
References: : [1 p.107-109], [6p.104-107], [4 p.11-12, task 1-60]

Laboratory work nr. 4

Voltage resonance into sinusoidal single phase electrical circuits
The purpose of the work: to study the phenomena of voltage resonance, which can
occur in the sinusoidal single phase electrical circuits.
General concepts
The voltage resonance phenomena can occur into the sinusoidal single phase
electrical circuits, when the elements: resistence R, inductance L and capacitance C are
connected in series and inductive reactance XL is equal to capacitive reactance XC (XL=
Xc).
g

In this case Z = R + j(X L - X C ) = R ; U = U R + U L + U C = R I+ j(X L - X C ) I = R I and

g

and can be 6-7 times bigger that voltage U = U . from the

R
U L = jX L I = -U C = - jX C I
source
The resonance frequency :
g

0 =

1 L
.
L C

The order of work execution:

1) Mount the electrical circuit shown in the (Fig. 4.1) ), or at the computer using
Multisim 2001 program (Fig. 4.2)

Fig.4.1. Experimental scheme

condensator
XWM1

Ptot
v

1kohm

Itot
+
0.858

Uint

C1

V2

80.002

41%

30uF
Key = a

R2

L2

30ohm

800mH

Uc

bobina

R1

Ub
-

215.069

113.14V 50Hz 0Deg

+
217.281

Crez=12uF
Crez=41% din 30uF

Fig. 4.2 Arrangement of the scheme in Multisim 2001program

1) 1) Obtain the voltage resonance condition XL =XC by maintaining constant
U1 =3035V, inductance L = Const (inductance switch in position 12-16) and
changing the capacitance C (take 11-12 values) till voltages across inductance
(UL) and capacitance (UC) are equal between them. Near the resonance point
take five values changing capacitance with step
1 F, outside the resonance point change capacity over 4-5 F (4-5 F
variance step).
Table of measurements and results
Measured

Calculated

Nr. I

Ub Uc

Zb

Rb

Xb

1
...
...
12

Xc

cos

mH F

Observaii
comments

Tabel 4.1

At the resonance the current (I) has maximum value (I=U1/R). Further rising of
capacitance (C) is followed by decreasing of the current (I1) and appearance discrepancy
between voltages (UL) and (UC).
3) During the experiment, record the devices indications shown in fig.4.1 and write
there in table 4.1.
4) Calculate the required values indicated in the table 4.1, using the formulas:
cos =P/(U1 I); = arc cos (P/(U1 I)); R=P/I2 ; Z= U1/I; XC=UC/I;
L=XL
Measured and Calculated parameters
I

U1

Measured
UL UC
V

cos

grad

XL=UL/I;

Table 4.1
Calculated
Z
R XC

XL

mHn

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5) Draw graphs of dependences: I=f(C); UL =f(C); UC= f(C); = f(C) and the vector
diagrams for: XL=XC; XL>XC and XL<XC.
Questions:
1. The conditions of voltage resonance?
2. How we can obtain the voltage resonance?
3. Which are the main characteristics of voltage resonance?
4. Can the voltage resonance taken pleases in to the branched circuit? Which is
the resonance condition?
References: [1 p.109-111], [5 p.38-42], [10p.96-103], [9 p.11-12, task 1-60, p.55]

Laboratory work nr. 5

Current resonance into sinusoidal single phase electrical circuits
The purpose of the work: to study the phenomena of current resonance, which can
occur in the sinusoidal single phase electrical circuits.
General concepts
The current resonance phenomena can occur into the sinusoidal single phase
electrical circuits, when the elements: resistence R, inductance L and capacitance C are
connected in parallel and inductive susceptance bL is equal to capacitive susceptance bC
(bL= bc).
In this case, the full conductance

Y = g - j(bL - bC ) = g , when g = 1 R - admitance of the circuit,

bL = 1

and bc = 1 X =C - inductive and capacitive susceptances of the

C

=1
XL
L

circuit.
g

I = I R+ I L+
g

g
IC
g

= gU - j(bL - bC )U = I R , where

I R = U / R = gU ;

I L = U / X L = bL U ;
g

g
IC

;
and can be 6= U / X C = bC U I L = - I C

7 times bigger that current I = I R from the source. The resonance frequency can be
finding using the same formula:

0 =

1 L
.
L C

The order of work execution:

1) Mount the electrical circuit shown in the (Fig. 5.1), or at the computer using
Multisim 2001 program (Fig. 5.2)

Fig. 5.1. Experimental scheme

Ptot
XWM1

Itot
v

+
0.147

Uint
99.999

Crez=41% de la 30uF
Crez=12uF

141.42V 50Hz 0Deg

0.395

~E

Ib
+

0.399

V2

Ic
+

R3

C2

R1

30ohm

30uF
Key = a

1kohm

41%

L1
800mH

Bobina

Condensator

Fig. 5.2 Arrangement of the scheme in Multisim 2001 program

2) Keeping with laboratory autotransformer voltage U 1 = 40..50 V, measure and
register indicated values in tabel.5.1:
a) for inductance L Const (inductance switch in position 12-16) and capacity
C Var (take 11-12valori C). Near the resonance point change the C by step 1 F,
besides the resonance point change by step of 4-5 F.
b) for capacity C C0 Const and L Var (change the inductance L from position 10
till position 20 by inductance switcher).
Measured
U

Calculated

Ib

Ic

cos

A W Sm Sm Sm Sm mH F

P Yb gb bb bc

Nr.
V A
1

Observaii comments

Tabel 5.1

3) Construct vector diagrams of the circuit, using points 2 for three values of capacity:
C C0 ;

C C0 ;

C C0 .

4) Build on graph paper graphs of the columns 'measured' of tables 5.1 depending on
the capacity C .

Questions:
5. The conditions of current resonance?
6. How we can obtain the current resonance? The resonance frequency ?
7. Which are the main characteristics of current resonance?
8. In which circuits are used the resonance phenomena?
References: [1 p.123-127], [5 p.38-42], [10 p.96-103], [9 p.11-12, task 1-60, p.55],
[8]

Laboratory work nr. 6

Three Phases Sinusoidal Alternating Current Circuits
(Y and connections)
The purpose of the work: to study the quantities which characterize three-phases
alternating current circuits in different modes of operation.
General concepts
Three phases of sinusoidal current circuits can be connected in <<Y>> -wye and <<
>>- delta.
<<Y -Y>> wye- wye connection with neutral wire (fig.6.1).

Fig.6.1 <<Y>> -wye connection of the three phases electrical circuits

The relations between linear UL and phases UPh voltages and currents IL and IPh ,
when three phases of electrical circuits are balanced ( Z a = Zb = Zc ) and connected in
<<Y>> -wye connection, are :

U L = 3U Ph
The powers :

and I L = I Ph .

S = 3U L I L - apparent power; P = 3U L I Lcos - active;

Q = 3U L I L sin - reactive power. There are the followers relation between S, P, Q :

Q
2
2
S = P + jQ = 3U L I Lcos + j 3U L I L cos ; S = P + Q = P cos = sin .

cos = P , where = arctg Q .

S
P

The power factor :

When three phase circuit is connected in <<Y-Y>> (bows, source and load are
connected in Y connection) with the neutral wire we have basically two cases:
- balanced, symmetrical three phase circuit, in the phases A, B, C the load is
symmetrical : Z a = Z b = Z c , the currents of the phases are symmetrically with equal
modules and can be find as:
g

E
;
IA =
Z A

I B = I A e - j120

g
IC

= I A e j120

; I A = I B = I C = I L = I Ph

Here Z A Z A Z a , where Z A and Z a are the impendances of the wire and of the load
of phase A.
g

The current through neutral wire

I N = I A+ I B+

g
IC

= YN U 0' 0 0 .

The phases and linear voltages at the load:

g

U a = E A - Z A I A ; U b = E B - Z B I B ; U c = EC g

g
Zc I c
g

U ab = Ua- Ub; U ab = Ua- Ub and modules are equal

U ab = Ua- Ub;

between them and equal consequently to the phase U Ph.L and linear U LL voltages of the
load:
g

U ab = U ab = U ab = U LL .

U a = U b = Uc = U Ph.L ;

U LL = 3 U Ph.L .

Of cores

- unbalanced, unsymmetrical three phase circuit, in the phases A, B, C the load is

unsymmetrical : Z a Zb Z c . The phases currents are un symmetrically:
g

I A I B I C and can be find as:

g

IA =

where U 0 '0

YN =

E A - U 00'
Z A + Za

; IB =

E C - U 00'
E B - U 00
; IC =
,
Z B + Zb
ZC + Z c
'

g
g
g
1
1
1
E A Y A + E B Y B + E C Y C ; Y A =
;
Y
=
;
Y
=
;
B
A

=
Z A + Za Z B + Zb ZC + Zc
YA + YB + YC + YN

1
- summary conductances of the phases A,B,C and neutral wire.
ZN

The current through neutral wire

I N = I A+ I B +

g
IC

YN U 0'0 0 .

The phases and linear voltages at the load:

g

Ua = E A - Z A I A ; Ub = EB g

g
Z B I B ; U c = EC - Z c I c
g
g
g
g

U ab = Ua- Ub; U ab = Ua- Ub; U ab = Ua- Ub and there modules are not
equal between them .
When the neutral wire is cut, in both cases, symmetrical or unsymmetrical load
g

I N = I A+ I B +
g

U 0 '0 =

g
IC

= 0 , but U 0 '0 =0 if the load is symmetrical and

g

E A Y A + E B Y B + E C Y C if the load is unsymmetrical.

YA + YB + YC + YN

<<Y - >> wye- delta connection (fig.5.2).

Fig.6.2 <<Y - >> wye- delta connection of the three phases electrical circuits
The relations between linear UL and phases UPh voltages and currents IL and IPh at the
load , when the load is balanced ( Z ab = Z bc = Z ca ) and connected in << >> -delta
connection, are :

U L = U Ph and I L = 3I Ph .
The powers S,P, Q can be find as in the case <<Y>> -wye connection.
For calculation the currents we shod transform the load connected in << >> in to the
equivalent <<Y>> -wye connection :

Za =

Z ab Z ca
Z ab Z bc
Z ca Z bc
; Zb =
; Zc =
,
Z ab + Z bc + Z ca
Z ab + Z bc + Z ca
Z ab + Z bc + Z ca

where Z a , Zb , Z c - the equivalent impendances of the phases for the load, connected in
equivalent <<Y>> -wye connection. After those transformation , the currents and
voltages can be find as in the precedent case when three phase circuit is connected in
<<Y-Y>> .
The phases currents of the load can be find as:
g
I ab

g
g
g
U ab g
U bc g
U
=
; I bc =
; I ca = ca , where U ab , U bc , U ca - the linear voltages of the load.
Z ab
Z bc
Z ca

The order of work execution:

1. <<Y>> -wye connection
1. 1. Mount the electrical circuit shown in the (Fig. 6.3) ), or at the computer using
Multisim 2001 program (Fig. 6.4)
For this circuit we should studied the quantities which characterize three-phases
alternating current wye connected circuit (load) in different modes of operations:
- balanced load mode of operation with neutral wire;
- unbalanced load mode of operation with neutral wire;
-unbalanced load mode of operation without neutral wire.

Fig.6.3 <<Y>> -wye connected study circuit

+
80.002

J2
V1

R3

+
0.030m

Key = Space

200ohm
113.14V 50Hz 0Deg

80.002
138.568

V3

+
138.568

R1

0.400

200ohm
113.14V 50Hz 240Deg

80.002

V2

138.568

R2

+
0.400

200ohm

113.14V 50Hz 120Deg

+
0.400

0.105n

J1
+

Key = Space

Fig. 6.4 Arrangement of the scheme in Multisim 2001 program

1.2. Introduce the measured and calculated values of the lines and phases voltages and
currents including neutral current for balanced (symmetrical) and unbalanced
(unsymmetrical) load with and without neutral wire in the table 6.1.
Table 1
Modes of
Variants UAB UBC UCA UAX UBY UCZ IA IB IC IN
operation
V
V
V
V
V
V
A
A
A
A
Symmetrical
1
load with
2
neutral wire
Unsymmetrical
1
load with
2
neutral wire
Unsymmetrical
1
load without
2
neutral wire
1.3 For wall cases draw the vectors diagrams of voltages and currents.
2. << >> -delta connection
1. 1. Mount the electrical circuit shown in the (Fig. 6.5) ), or at the computer using
Multisim 2001 program (Fig. 6.6)
For this circuit we should studied the quantities which characterize three-phases
alternating current connected circuit (load) in two modes of operations:
- balanced load mode of operation;
- unbalanced load mode of operation.

Fig.6.5 << >> - delta connected study circuit

J1

V1
+
1.255

113.14V 50Hz 0Deg

Key = A

+
+

0.693
138.568

V3
+

+
138.568

1.160

R3

0.674

V2

200ohm

113.14V 50Hz 240Deg

138.568

+
0.600

J3

Key = B

R1
200ohm

113.14V 50Hz 120Deg

+
0.475

R2
200ohm

Fig. 6.6 Arrangement of the scheme in Multisim 2001 program

2.1. Introduce the measured and calculated values of the lines and phases voltages and
currents in the table 6.2.

Modes of
Variants UAB
operation
V
Symmetrical
1
load
2
Unsymmetrical
1
load
2

UBC
V

UCA
V

UAX
V

UBY
V

UCZ
V

IA
A

IB
A

Table 1
IC IN
A
A

1.3 For those two cases draw the vectors diagrams of voltages and currents.
Questions:

1.What are the relationships between the lines and phases voltages and currents in a
three phase balanced (simmetrical) and unbalanced (unsimmetrical) circuits ?
2.In which cases appeare the current in neutral wire and voltage betwin neutrals of
the source and the load is bigeer? Haw realy to evoid in three phase power circuits the
dangerous values of this voltage?
3. The particularities of the operation of the three phase circuit when the phase
conductor cuted, phasor diagram in this case?
4. The particularities of the operation of the three phase circuit when the phase
conductor is shorted to the eath, phasor diagram in this case?
References: [1p.137-149], [5 p.38-42], [10 p.256-277], [9 p.11-12, task 1-60, p.55],
[7]
Literature:
1.A. Kasatkin, M.Perekalin. Basic Electrical Enginearing.Translating from the russian.
. :1976.
2. . , . . . . : 1970.
3. Simon S. Electrotehnica teoretic.- Bucureti:1980.
4.ora C. Dfzele electrotehnicii.Editura didactic i pedagogic- Bucureti:1979.
5. .. . . :1973.
6. .. . . : 1969.
7. Charles A., Desoer and Ernest S. Kuh. Basic circuit theory. Mc.Graw-Hill Book
Company.New York:1969.
8. Louis Denton. Theoretical and Practical Electrical Engineering: Comprising a Course
of Lectures Given at the Bliss Electrical School Upon the Principles and . Both Direct
and Alternating Current Apparatus: 2011.
9. .. .
. :1973.
10. .., .. . . : 1975.