Characteristics strength of material

Characteristics strength of material

Characteristic Strength is a term used regionally in order to describe the
engineering strength of a material. In other words, the Characteristic
Strength is the strength of a material (i.e. steel, concrete, etc.) which has
been established by a testing and standards body such that, statistically, a
defined percentage of material samples, when tested, exhibit strength at or
above the characteristic value.
Tensile Strength
it is the ultimate strength of a given alloy or product that determines how
much load it can withstand before breaking, or being pulled apart.
Proof Load
It is applied tensile load that fastener must support without permanent
deformation and represents the usable strength of a certain standards.
Thread Strength
It should be taken into consideration as the threaded section is the weakest
part of the fastener so it remains a critical aspect of strength and clamping
force.

Creep
At ordinary temperatures metals under load normally change their
dimensions only when the load they are under is changed.
Fatigue Strength
It is subjected to repeated cyclic loads can suddenly and unexpectedly break,
even if the loads are well beneath the strength of the material.
Shear Strength
Shear Strength is the maximum load that can be supported prior to fracture
when applied at a right angle to the fasteners axis.
Torque
It is a twisting force that causes the rotation of a shaft or will set up a twist in
a stationary shaft and is generally expressed in foot-pounds (ft-lbs) or inchpounds.
Strength-to-Weight-Ratio
In application where load supporting parts are to be lifted or moved against

the pull of gravity the strength-to-weight ratio (SWR) becomes an important

figure.

Compressive characteristic strength of concrete

Characteristic strength of concrete is the strength of concrete specimens
casted and tested as per given code of practice and cured for a period of 28
days; 95% of tested cubes should not have a value less than this value.
Characteristic strength of concrete is one of the important properties of
concrete which indeed unanimously by engineer or any other person
involved in the construction sector.
The compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic
compressive strength of 150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days (fck)- as
per Indian Standards (ACI standards use cylinder of diameter 150 mm and
height 300 mm). The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the
concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to
fall.
Tensile characteristic strength of concrete
Proposed a new indirect method of deterring the tensile strength of concrete.
In this test a compressive load is applied along the middle of two opposite
faces of a concrete cube. The tensile stress thus setup result in a rupture of
the specimen along the plain containing the load. As in the case of split test
applied to cylinders, the same moulds and loading apparatus can be used for
both tension and compression tests. Moreover the test is even simpler as the
problem of alignment does not arise. Nevertheless a detailed experimental
and theoretical investigation is required to make the test generally
acceptable and to define all the conditions and limitations that may be

necessary. For example no optimum relation between the width of loading

strip and the cube size has been given.Concrete is most widely used
construction materials because of its specialty of being cast in any desirable
shape. It has replaced stone and brick masonry. In spite of all this, it has
some serious deficiency for its remarkable qualities of resilience, flexibility
and ability to redistribute stress, would have prevented its use as a building
material Plane concrete is weak in tension and has limited ductility and little
resistance to cracking. Micro cracks
are present in concrete and because of its poor tensile strength; the crack
propagates with the application offloads, leading to brittle fracture of
concrete. Micro cracks in concrete are formed during the hardening stage.

BS Code
British Standard code of practice for the design and construction of steel,
concrete and composite bridges. It is applicable to highway, railway and
pedestrian bridges.The standard specifies the requirements and the code of
practiceon design of steel, concrete (reinforced, prestressed or composite)
and composite bridges that use steel sections (rolled or fabricated, cased or
uncased) as well as the materials and workmanship in bridge erection.The
standard also includes the specification and calculation of standard bridge
loads, the application of the limit state principles, analysis, and fatigue load
calculationand the reservoir method for fatigue load cycle counting. The
standard also covers the structural design of bridge foundations and design
and requirements on bridge bearings for ordinary and moving bridges.

Failure
Cracking of the concrete section is nearly impossible to prevent; however,
the size and location of cracks can be limited and controlled by appropriate
reinforcement, control joints, curing methodology and concrete mix design.
Cracking can allow moisture to penetrate and corrode the reinforcement.
This is a serviceability failure in limit state design. Cracking is normally the
result of an inadequate quantity of rebar, or rebar spaced at too great a
distance. The concrete then cracks either under excess loading, or due to
internal effects such as early thermal shrinkage while it cures.
Ultimate failure leading to collapse can be caused by crushing the concrete,
which occurs when compressive stresses exceed its strength, by yielding or
failure of the rebar when bending or shear stresses exceed the strength of
the reinforcement, or by bond failure between the concrete and the rebar.
Capping
Capping is the preparation of the ends of cylindrical concrete specimens to
ensure that a test cylinder or core has smooth, parallel, uniform bearing
surfaces that are perpendicular to the applied axial load during compressive
strength testing. Most common methods for end preparation of compressive
strength test specimens are to use bonded sulfur mortar caps or a system of
unbonded neoprene pads in metal retainer rings. With either method it
should be ensured that the specific criteria for planeness and
perpendicularity of the ends are in accordance with the applicable standard.

The ends of cylinders may also be cut or ground and tested without end caps
if the ends of the test specimens meet the requirements in ASTM C39.
Types of capping

Automatic single head screw-on capping machines

Automatic linear single head pick & place screw capping machines
Semi-automatic single head screw-on capper

Measurement of Dimension
A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined
and adopted by convention or by law that is used as a standard for
measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical
quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of
measurement.For example, length is a physical quantity. The metre is a unit
of length that represents a definite predetermined length. When we say 10
metres (or 10 m), we actually mean 10 times the definite predetermined
length called "metre".The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of
measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early
ages up to this day. Different systems of units used to be very common. Now
there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern
form of the metric system.
Compression testing machine
It is important to test the quality of cementconcrete work. Testing of raw
material freshconcrete and hardened concrete is aninseparablepart of any
quality controlprogramfor concrete which helps to achieve higherefficiency of
the material used and greaterAssuranceof the performance of the concretein

regard to both strength and durability.Heico compression machine have been

designed to accurately measure thecompressive, flexure, strength of
concrete.

Principal of operation: operation of the machines is by hydraulic transmission

of load from the test specimen to separately housed load indicator. The
hydraulic system is ideal since it replaces transmission of load through levers
and knife edges, which are prone to wear and damage due to shock on
rupture of test pieces. Load is applied by a hydro-statically lubricated ram.
Main cylinder pressure is transmitted to the cylinder of the pendulum
dynamo-meter system housed in the control panel. The cylinder of the
dynamo-meter is also of self-lubricating design. The piston of the dynamometer is constantly rotated to eliminate friction. The load transmitted to the
cylinder of the dynamo-meter is transferred through a lever system to a
pendulum. Displacement of the pendulum actuates the rack and pinion
mechanism which operates the load indicator pointer and the autographic
recorder. application:fie compression testing machine is designed for test
materials under compression bending, transverse and shear loads. Hardness
test on metals can also be conducted.