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ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 2
L1
L2
N
L3
Earthing System
Why Earthing
Have you ever wander if the neutral of the power transformer is not
connected to earth (ground), the risk of being electrocuted will be
elaminated?
The answer is not so straight forward, please see few demo as follow:
1.) Isolated earthing
2.) Vertual earth due to stray capacitance
3.) One of the phase grounded
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 4
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 6
2.) The other two phases (in this case L1 & L2) will have line voltage with
respect to earth, in this demo, will be 433Volts. Neutral to earth will be about 250
Volts.
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 7
Earthing System
One More Reasons to Earth the System
Loads
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 8
Circuit Breaker
with Earth
Protection
Earthing System
Neutral Earthed
L1
L2
N
L3
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 9
Earthing System
Earthing for System Protection
Uo
Un
Any way the virtual earth will still formed for large installation
People Protection
IEC 60479-1
SS 97
IEC 61008
No perception
Perception
Reaction (involuntary
contraction)
Let-go
Physiological effects
IEC describes as follow the current effects:
T ime ms
Perception Tetanization
Fibrillation
1000
No reaction
2 No harmful physiological effect
3 Reversible pathological effects
4 Fibrillation risk greater than
50%
1
5000
> 50%
50%
2000
5%
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
0,1 0,2
0,5
10 20
mA
Below 500 A
No reaction
Amp
Meter
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 19
Isolation
Transformer
Variac
Transformer
Below 50Volt
No reaction
Volt
Meter
Earthing System
Direct Contact
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 20
Earthing System
Selectivity
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 21
Amplifier
Amplifier
Earthing System
Selectivity 10mA
10mA:
Hospital
Kindergarten, etc
Id
Id
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 23
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Can be voltage
dependent
Earthing System
Selectivity 30mA
30mA:
Household, office
Consumer unit
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
MCB.
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 24
Earthing System
Selectivity 100mA
100mA:
Human life protection and proper discrimination
Sub-board circuit
Id
Id
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 25
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Earthing System
Pulsation DC Leakage
Electronics circuit with Rectifiers or PV panel, generating DC source
volatge, standard AC types of RCCB or RCBO may not be sensitive
enought to trip at the designed value, A and B types are available.
Id
A type.
(to cater for electronic / loads and
Id 100mA circuitry )
t = 0 sec.
Id
A type
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Electronics Circuitry
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 26
Id
A type
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Earthing System
Pulsation DC Leakage Demo 5
Isolation
Transformer
R = 150ohm
Variac
Transformer
AC
Type
Id
A
Type
Id
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 27
mA
Fluke
43B
Earthing System
Selectivity 300mA
300mA:
Id
Id
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 29
500mA
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id 300mA
t = x sec.
Earthing System
Leakage more than 300mA Demo 6
300mA:
500mA
Id
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Load
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 30
Id 300mA
t = x sec.
Earthing System
Earth Leakage or Earth Fault
Earth Leakage
Low current
Measuring using Toroid
Earth Fault
High current
Measuring using CT
Earthing System
Earth Fault
10 to 20% of In or 120A which ever is lower
10 to 20% or 120A
which ever is lower
t = 2 x sec.
EFR
EFR
IG
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 32
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
EFR
10 to 20% or 80A
which ever is lower
t = x sec.
Earthing System
What causes the Fault
Human Errors
Pollution
Mechanical faults
Animals
Bad Connections
Outdoor Substation
Earthing System
Earthing Systems
Letter code meanings:
1st letter : situation of the electrical system in
relation to the earth
T
Earthing Systems
Letter code meanings:
2nd letter : situation of the exposed-conductive-parts of
the installation in relation to the earth
T
Earthing Systems
Letter code meanings:
Subsequent letter (if any): N and PE conductors
arrangement
S
Power system:
no connection between live parts and earth
or
connection by high value impedance
Electrical installations:
exposed conductive parts connected
(independently or collectively) to earth
Small
Proposed solution
Id
Id
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 49
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 10mA
t = 0 sec.
Sub-board circuit
Id
Id
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 50
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
LSIG
External Relay
EFR
EFR
IG
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 51
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
EFR
10 to 20% or 80A
which ever is lower
t = x sec.
Depends on the
type of loads
LSIG
External Relay
EFR
5 to 10% of In
t = x sec.
EFR
IG
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 52
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
EFR
UMC
1000mA
ELR
300mA
A type prefered
EFR
RCD
EMC
Filter
IG
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
VSD
M
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 53
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 54
Id
Id 30mA
t = 0 sec.
MCB.
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 55
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 56
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 57
Additional Info
Protection of lines
L max
0.8 U S
1.5 r 2 Imin
Protection of lines
L max
0.8 U0 S
1.5 r (1 m) Imin
Protection of lines
I min 1.2 I 3
Magnetic threshold
Max magnetic threshold
tolerance
Ik = U0 / Rt
where:
50
RT
Id
RT Ground resistance
RN
RT
Id Tripping differential
current
- G or S type
- Max delay 1 sec
distribution circ.
50 V normal environment
25 V shipyard,
ambulatory, stable
TT Sistems
Nominal
currents
In
Ground
resistance
Indirect protection
normally done with
a RCD + a
coordination with
Ground resistance
Security
30mA
Rt
5
10
30
100
300
500
1
3
5
10
20
mA
mA
mA
mA
mA
mA
A
A
A
A
A
10
kW
5
kW
1666
W
500
W
166
W
100
W
50
W
16,6 W
10
W
5
W
2,5 W
RT
DDA
DDA
Ik = Ur / Z
where:
Z is the impedance of the fault loop
comprising the source, the live conductor up
to the point of the fault and the line
capacitance;
Ur is the rated voltage between phases
Ik = Ur / Rt
where:
Ik = Ur /2Zs
where:
Zs is the impedance of the fault loop
comprising the phase conductor and the
PE conductor;
Ur is the rated voltage between phases
-U1
Vref = 400 V
LLLN / TN-S
Plf = 70 kW
Qlf = 34 kvar
Example
IkLGmin=3.1kA
1E3s
-QF1
T1B 160 TMD125-1250
breaker
cable
100s
-WC1
10s
Conductor: Cu
3x(1x50)+1x(1x25)+1G25
Insulator: PVC
1s
PVC Cu
dV = 0.41 %
Ib = 112.3 A
0.1s
-B1
Iz = 153.0 A
Df = 1.00
L = 20 m
V = 398.3 V
Cosphi = 0.90
0.1kA
1kA
I"k LLL = 11.3 kA
Ik LG = 3.1 kA
-L1
Sr = 77.78 kVA
From the tripping curve, it is clear that the
Cosphi = 0.90
Ir = 112.3 A
s
UF = 100%
dV = 0.41 %
for a current value lower than 950 A.
10kA
A good compromise
needs
an appropriate Earthing Systems connected to all exposed conductive
parts
Electrical installations:
Exposed conductive parts connected to earth
electrodes electrically independent of the
earth electrodes of the power system.
Typical applications:
domestic and small industrial installations fed by
the utilities directly from the low-voltage network
Small
Or
Ik = U0 / Zs
where:
Zs is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the
source, the live conductor up to the point of the fault and
the protective conductor between the point of the fault
and the source [];
U0 is the rated voltage between phase and ground
Thank You
ABB Group
April 15, 2013 | Slide 86