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NewcastleDiseaseinBirds:Causes,Signs,Treatment,andPrevention
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NewcastleDiseaseinBirds:Causes,
Signs,Treatment,andPrevention
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OftenreferredtoasAvianDistemperorVelogenicViscerotropicNewcastleDisease,(VVND),
NewcastleDiseaseisoneofthemostseriousofallaviandiseases.Firstidentifiedin1926in
NewcastleonTyneinEngland,thediseasewaslaterfoundintheUnitedStatesin1944.Now,the
diseasehasspreadtoincludeworldwideavianpopulations,affectingbirdsofallages.Itismost
prevalent,however,inbirdsimportedfromSoutheastAsiaandCentralAmerica.
WhatcausesNewcastleDisease?
NewcastleDiseaseiscausedbyavirus(paramyxovirus,oftheGroup1serotype).Especially
aggressive,thefirstwidespreadoutbreakofNewcastleDiseaseoccurredintheUnitedStatesin
southernCalifornia.In1972,infectedbirdsinanexoticaviaryspreadtheinfectiontochickenson
neighboringfarms.Beforeitwasover,millionsofchickenseitherdiedorwereeuthanizedina
successfulattempttocontrolfurtherspread.ThisoutbreakwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheUSDA's
adoptionofquarantinesystemsforimportedbirdsin1974.Sincethattime,therehasnotbeen
anotheroutbreakofsimilarseverity.
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HowisNewcastleDiseasetransmitted?
Withanaffinityforredbloodcells,thevirusspreadsrapidlythroughoutthebody.Thevirusis
highlycontagiousandspreadindroppingsandnasaldischargeviadirectcontact,throughtheair,
oroncontaminateditemssuchasbottomsofshoes,food,orinfecteddishesandcages.Thevirus
canalsopenetrateeggshellsthatcomeincontactwithinfectedtissueorfood,thereby,infecting
theembryo.Itcansurviveoutsideahostforseveralweeksinawarmandhumidenvironmentand
indefinitelyinfrozenmaterial.
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WhatarethesignsofNewcastleDisease?
Theincubationperiod(timefromexposuretothedevelopmentofsignsofdisease)is4to7days.
Ingeneral,signscanincludeocularand/ornasaldischarge,dyspnea,andbloodydiarrhea.
Centralnervoussystemsignscanalsooccur,includingdepressionortheopposite
hyperexcitabilityvestibularorbalanceproblemstremors,especiallyoftheheadandneck
weaknessandpartialortotalparalysis.Theonsetofsignsmaybesemiacutetosuddendeath.
Signsvarydependingonthestrainofvirusandthespeciesofbird.
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HowisNewcastleDiseasediagnosed?
Thediagnosisismadebyisolatingthevirusfromeitherthefecesoflivebirdsortheorgansof
infectedanimalsavailableatnecropsy.AllsuspectcasesmustbereportedtotheUnitedStates
DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA),andanalysismustbedoneinagovernmentapproved
laboratory.Oncediagnosisisconfirmed,theUSDAwillmakerecommendationsonthe
euthanasiaanddisposalofinfectedbirds,andtheadministrationofquarantinestoprevent
spread.
WhatisthetreatmentforNewcastleDisease?
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Thereisnotreatmentorvaccinehowever,injectionsofhyperimmuneserum havebeenused
toprotectexposedbirdsbeforetheybecomesymptomatic.Whenbirdsbeginshowingsymptoms,
thisisineffective.Unfortunately,theprognosisforthisdiseaseispoor,withnearlya100percent
mortalityrate,onceinfected.
HowisNewcastleDiseaseprevented?
Sincethequarantinerequirementswereintroducedin1974,theincidenceofNewcastleDisease
hasbeengreatlyreduced,butitisnotyeteradicatedworldwide.Althoughheartyandableto
surviveinmanyenvironments,thevirusisdestroyedrapidlybydehydrationandexposureto
ultravioletrays(sunlight).
ThefollowingprotocolsandrecommendationsarehelpingtoreducetheincidenceofNewcastle
Disease:
AllbirdstobeimportedintotheUnitedStatesmustbequarantinedinfacilitiesoutsidethe
countryfor30daysbeforeenteringtheU.S.
AllsuspectedcasesofNewcastleDiseasemustbereportedtotheUSDA.
Newlyacquiredbirdsshouldbeisolatedforatleast30days6weeksisbetter.Setaside
shoesandclothingtobewornonlyinthequarantinearea.
Certificationshouldberequestedfromthesupplierofyourbirdsthatconfirmsyourbirdor
birdsarelegallyimportedorareraisedintheU.S.Ahealthcertificateshouldberequested
andyoushouldverifythatthebird(s)willbetransportedinneworthoroughlydisinfected
cages.ThebiggestcontributortothespreadofNewcastleDiseaseistheaviansmuggling
industry
.
TheUSDAhasmadethefollowingrecommendationstopoultryfarmers:
Allowonlyessentialworkersandvehiclesonthefarmoratleastonlyintheareas
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NewcastleDiseaseinBirds:Causes,Signs,Treatment,andPrevention
immediatelyadjacenttoandincludingthepoultryhouses.
Providecleanclothingandcleansingfacilitiesforemployees.
Cleananddisinfectvehicles(includingtiresandundercarriages)enteringandleavingthe
farm.
Avoidvisitingotherpoultryoperations.
Maintainanallin,alloutphilosophyofflockmanagement:
Controlthemovementofallpoultryandpoultryproductsfromfarmtofarm.
Donotcullmaturebirdsfromaflocktobesoldinalivemarket.
Cleananddisinfectpoultryhousesbetweeneachlotofbirds.
Donotkeeppetbirdsonthefarm.
Protectflocksfromwildbirdstryingtonestinpoultryhousesanddonotfeedflocks
combinedwithdomesticbirds.
Maintainstrictcontrolsoverthedisposalandhandlingofbirdcarcasses,litter,and
manure.
Bringdiseasedbirdstoanapprovedlaboratoryforexamination.
Wecanallplayaroleinhelpingtoeliminatethisdeadlyaviandiseasebyfollowingtheguidelines
above.AnypoultryorpetbirdownersorveterinarianswhosuspectabirdmayhaveNewcastle
Disease,shouldimmediatelycontactStateorFederalanimalhealthauthorities.Anysuspicions
regardingsuppliersshouldalsobereported.
ReferencesandFurtherReading
Clubb,S.LawsandRegulationsAffectingAvicultureandthePetBirdIndustry.Altman,RClubb,SDorrestein,G
Quesenberry,K.(eds.).AvianMedicineandSurgery.W.B.Saunders.Philadelphia,PA1997.
Gallerstein,GAcker,H.TheCompleteBirdOwner'sHandbook.Simon&SchusterMacmillan.NewYork,NewYork
1994.
Olsen,GOrosz,S.ManualofAvianMedicine.Mosby,Inc.St.Louis,MO2000.
Rupley,A.ManualofAvianPractice.W.B.Saunders.Philadelphia,PA1997.
USDADepartmentofAgriculture.VeterinaryServices.ExoticNewcastleDisease.May,2001.
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