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Chapters12
JohnJechura jjechura@mines.edu
Updated:July21,2014
Gases
Polymerization
Sulfur
Plant
Gas
Butanes
Alkyl
Feed
Gas
Separation &
Stabilizer
Fuel Gas
LPG
Alkylation
Polymerization
Naphtha
Isomerization
Light Naphtha
Alkylate
Isomerate
Aviation
Gasoline
Automotive
Gasoline
Reformate
Naphtha
Hydrotreating
Heavy
Naphtha
Sulfur
LPG
Sat Gas
Plant
Solvents
Naphtha
Reforming
Atmospheric
Distillation
Crude
Oil
Jet Fuels
Kerosene
Desalter
Distillate
Hydrocracking
AGO
LVGO
Vacuum
Distillation
Kerosene
Gas Oil
Hydrotreating
Fluidized
Catalytic
Cracking
Cat
Naphtha
Solvents
Distillate
Hydrotreating
Cat
Distillates
Treating &
Blending
Heating Oils
Diesel
Fuel Oil
HVGO
Cycle Oils
Residual
Fuel Oils
DAO
Solvent
Deasphalting
Visbreaking
Vacuum
Residuum
Coker
Naphtha
Heavy
Coker
Gas
Oil
SDA
Bottoms
Asphalts
Naphtha
Distillates
Fuel Oil
Bottoms
Lube Oil
Lubricant
Greases
Solvent
Dewaxing
Waxes
Waxes
Coking
Light Coker
Gas Oil
Coke
Topics
Blendingspecifications/targets
Typicalgasolineblendstockproperties
Adjustingupstreamoperationstomeetdownstreamtargets
TypicalBlendGasolineStockProperties
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Component
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
iC6
LSRgasoline(C5180F)
LSRgasolineisomerizedoncethrough
HSRgasoline
Lighthydrocrackate
Hydrocrackate,C5C6
Hydrocrackate,C6190F
Hydrocrackate,190250F
Heavyhydrocrackate
Cokergasoline
Lightthermalgasoline
C6+lightthermalgasoline
FCCgasoline,200300F
Hydrog.lightFCCgasoline,C5+
Hydrog.C5200FFCCgasoline
Hydrog.lightFCCgasoline,C6+
Hydrog.C5+FCCgasoline
Hydrog.300400FFCCgasoline
Reformate,94RON
Reformate,98RON
Reformate,100RON
Aromaticconcentrate
Alkylate,C3=
Alkylate,C4=
Alkylate,C3=,C4=
Alkylate,C5=
Polymer
RVP,psi
71.0
52.0
19.4
14.7
6.4
11.1
13.5
1.0
12.9
15.5
3.9
1.7
1.1
3.6
9.9
1.1
1.4
13.9
14.1
5.0
13.1
0.5
2.8
2.2
3.2
1.1
5.7
4.6
5.0
1.0
8.7
(R+M)/2
92.5
92.5
92.0
72.0
78.8
64.0
82.1
60.5
82.6
87.4
74.6
77.3
67.5
63.7
76.8
72.5
84.6
82.1
86.5
80.2
85.9
85.8
89.2
92.3
94.1
100.5
89.1
96.6
93.8
89.3
90.5
MON
92.0
92.0
90.8
72.4
78.4
61.6
81.1
58.7
82.4
85.5
73.7
75.6
67.3
60.2
73.2
68.1
77.1
80.9
81.7
74.0
80.7
81.3
84.4
86.5
88.2
94.0
87.3
95.9
93.0
88.8
84.0
RON
93.0
93.0
93.2
71.5
79.2
66.4
83.0
62.3
82.8
89.2
75.5
79.0
67.6
67.2
80.3
76.8
92.1
83.2
91.2
86.3
91.0
90.2
94.0
98.0
100.0
107.0
90.8
97.3
94.5
89.7
96.9
APl
78.6
80.4
48.2
79.0
86.4
85.0
55.5
49.0
57.2
74.0
55.1
49.5
51.5
58.1
49.3
54.8
48.5
45.8
43.1
41.2
70.3
59.5
Table12.1BlendingComponentValuesforGasolineBlendingStreams
PetroleumRefiningTechnology&Economics 5th Ed.
byJamesGary,GlennHandwerk,&MarkKaiser,CRCPress,2007
4
GasolineBlendingConsiderations
Availableblendstocks
Specificationoffinalproduct(s)
Amounts
Amount(s)
Properties
Properties
Appropriatetodetermineproduct
properties
Associatedcosts/values
Volatility/RVP(maximum)
Octanenumber(minimum)
DrivabilityIndex
Distillation
o
T10(minimum)
T50(range)
T90(maximum)
Composition
o
Sulfur(maximum)
Benzene&totalaromatics(maximums)
Olefins(maximum)
Value
GeneralGasolineBlendingConsiderations
ReduceRVPgiveaway
iC4hashighervaporpressurethannC4.Alsomorevaluableasalkylationfeedstock.
ReduceOctanegiveaway commonmistakes
Settingconstantreformerseveritytarget hydrogen&octanebalancehighlydynamic
constraints
Blendinglowoctanecomponentstoreduceoctanegiveaway maybetheresjusttoo
muchhighoctaneblendstock?
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Redefining_Gasoline_RVP_Giveaway
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Top_3_Refinery_Octane_Blending_Mistakes/
GeneralGasolineBlendingConsiderations
Manyblendingproblemsfixesrequireupstreamoperationchanges
RVP
Poordepropanizer operationallowingpropaneintothebutanepool?
PropersplittinginDeisobutanizer &isostrippers?
Octane
Correctcutpointsbetweenheavynaphtha&kerosene?
Reducereformerseverity?
o
Maynotbepossibleifhydrogenneeded.
Batchoperatingreformerseverity?
o
Wouldprovidebalancebetweenoctaneenhancement&volumetoblending
Reducingreformerfeedrates
Sellinghighoctanecomponents
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Redefining_Gasoline_RVP_Giveaway
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Top_3_Refinery_Octane_Blending_Mistakes/
GasolineBlendExample 2BlendStocks,1Spec
Example,blendingLSRonlywithReformate
onecase100RON,other94RON
TomakeRegularorPremiumspec,
essentiallydilutingtheReformate
94RONReformatealonecannotbringLSR
uptofinalspec
GasolineBlendExample 3BlendStocks,2Specs
Use3blendstockstomakepremiumgasoline(92roadoctane)forbothsummer
(9psiRVP)&winter(15psiRVP)
R+M
RVP
1.25
71.0
1.25
vnC4 11.1
1.25
vLSR 3.2
1.25
vRef
GasolineBlending ModifyUpstreamOperations
HowmuchgasolinecanbeproducedbyblendingReformate+LSR withrespectto
theReformersseverity?
10
DieselBlendingConsiderations
Availableblendstocks
Specificationoffinalproduct(s)
Amounts
Amount(s)
Properties
Properties
Appropriatetodetermineproduct
properties
Associatedcosts/values
Cetane index(minimum)
FlashPoint(minimum)
Distillation
o
T90(minimum&maximum)
Coldproperties
o
Cloudpoint(minimum)
Pourpoint(minimum)
Composition
o
Sulfur(maximum)
Aromaticity (maximum)
Carbonresidue(maximum)
Color
Value
11
Kerosenevs.Jetvs.Dieselvs.HeatingOil
ASTMSpecificationsforMiddleDistillates
Property
CetaneNumber
Aromatics
[vol%]
Sulfur
[wt%]
FlashPoint
[C]
Distillation(D86)
T10 [C]
T20 [C]
T50 [C]
T90 [C]
[C]
EP [C]
DistillationResidue [vol%]
DistillationLoss
[vol%]
FreezingPoint
[C]
PourPoint
[C]
CarbonResidue
[wt%]
KinematicViscosity
@40C mm/s
mm/s
No.2Kerosene
min
max
max
max
max
max
min
max
max
max
max
max
max
min
max
0.3
38
205
JetA
JetB
25
0.3
25
0.3
205
145
190
245
300
282
338
282
338
282
338
0.35
0.35
6
0.35
1.9
4.1
1.9
4.1
1.9
4.1
300
40
50
12
Cutpoint Economics
Adjustupstreamcutpoints tomeetneedsinthedownstreamblending
HeavyLSRvalueasblendingcomponent
versusReformerfeed
HeavyNaphthavalueasReformerfeed
versuskeroseneblendstock
HeavyKerosenevalueaskeroseneblend
stockversusdieselblendstock
HeavyDieselvalueasdieselblendstock
versusFCCfeed
HeavyGasOilvalueasFCCfeedversus
resid/asphaltproductionorcoker feed
TherefineryLPcandeterminetheoptimum
cutpointforeachofthesegivenanysetofconstraints
Cutpoints ToMeetOperatingEconomies
TBP Cut Points (F) for Various Crude Oil Fractions
Cut
IBP
EP
LSR
90
90
80
180
190
220
330
330
380
420
480
520
610
800
1050+
180
190
220
380
330
330
520
480
520
650
610
610
800
1050
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel
GasOil
VGO
Resid
Processing Use
MinLSRcut
NormalLSRcut
MaxLSRcut
Maxreformingcut
Maxjetfuel
Minreformingcut
Maxkerosenecut
MaxJetAcut
Maxgasoline
Maxdieselcut
Maxjetfuelcut
Min diesel cut
Catcrackerfeed
Catcrackerfeed
Cokerfeed,asphalt
OptimizeFCCGasolineDistillation
Frametheanalysis
Whatisthevalueofthemoleculesinthestream
above?
Whatisthevalueofthemoleculesinthestream
below?
Whatupstreamunitoperationsaffectthestream
value?
Whatdownstreamunitoperationsaffectthe
streamvalue?
Whatunitspecificoperationsaffectthestream
value?
Whatproductblendingconstraintsaffectthe
streamvalue?
Ref:http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Truly_Optimize_FCC_Gasoline_Distillation
15
OptimizeFCCGasolineDistillation
Valuetothestreamabove?
Valuetothestreambelow?
Upstreamunitaffects?
Downstreamunitaffects?
Unitspecificaffects?
Productblendingconstraints?
LCN
Mayhavesuboptimalamountofolefins:
Alkylationunitdownstreamhavecapacityforthe
olefins?
Typeofalkyunit?SulfuricAlkycantakemore
C5=olefins;HFAlkylimitedbystrengthconcerns
Timeofyear?Alkyeconomicsbetterduring
summer
Whendistillatemorevaluable thangasolineminimize
theLCN/HCNcutpointtomaximizedistillate
productionfromHCNcontributions
Degreeofhydrotreatingpossibletogivelowsulfur
contentinfinalproduct
DestinationofLCN?
GasolineHydrotreater&thentoblendpool
SelectiveHydrogenationUnit&thento
Reformer
Higholefincontentwillincreasehydrogen
requirementsindownstreamhydrotreaters
Subtleconstraintssuchasolefincontentandoctane
valuewillbeinfluencedbyacombinationofriserand
distillationtargets.
Cattooilratioaffectsproductmix,thusdistillation
strategies.
Usuallyroutedtogasoline needtoolefins,sulfur,
andaromatics
HCN
Whendistillatemorevaluable thangasolineminimize
theLCN/HCNcutpointtomaximizedistillate
productionfromHCN
Dieselpriceshigherthangasoline,minimizeHCNend
point&stillmakedieselflashlimit
IfLCOisroutedtoaHydrocrackerHCNendpointcan
beadjustedtomakejetflashlimit.
HCNendpointcanalsobeusedtooptimizeheavyfuel
oilblendingwhenLCOisusedasacutter
Degreeofhydrotreatingpossibletogivelowsulfur
contentinfinalproduct
IfroutedtoGasolineHydrotreatermayreduceend
pointtobettermakegasolinesulfurspecs
IfroutedtoJetHydrotreaterthenmakeuphydrogen
constraintsmaylimitendpoint
Fractionatordrawconstraintsmaybehandledby
adjustingFCCreactorconditions&yields
Whenroutingtogasoline,useHCNendpointtoadjust
gasolinesulfur,endpoint,andaromatics.
Whenroutingtojet,useHCNIBPtomeetjetflash&
endpointtomanagejetfreeze&smokepoint.
Whenroutingtodiesel,useIBPtomanagediesel
flash
Ref:http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Truly_Optimize_FCC_Gasoline_Distillation
16
Topics
Blendingspecifications/targets
Typicalgasolineblendstockproperties
Adjustingupstreamoperationstomeetdownstreamtargets
17