Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
TOPIC 1:
MEASUREMET AND ERROR
DEE1012- MEASUREMET
Learning outcome:
1) Understand measurement process; primary sensing
3)
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Measuring is basically is used to monitor a process or
DEFINITION OF MEASUREMENT
The process of determining the amount, degree, or
DEFINITION OF MEASUREMENT
PROCESS,
MACHINE
OR SYSTEM
BEING
MEASURED
OUTPUT
INPUT
True value
of
variable
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM
Measured
value of
variable
equipment
10
11
Amplified
signal
Human
readable
form
12
13
14
15
i.
16
17
iii.
The level of the output from the previous stage may not
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
DEFINITION OF ERROR
The deviation/ different between true
25
1.ABSOLUTE ERROR
=
Where;
e = absolute error
26
% =
100%
% =
100%
% =
100%
= 100% %
27
28
29
EXAMPLE 1
A voltmeter reads 7.2 V and the true value of the
Yn = 7.2 V
Xn = 7.5 V
e = Yn -Xn= 7.5V-7.2 V=0.3V
% e = Yn Xn X 100 =
Yn
30
EXAMPLE 2
A circuit below have 20V power supply connected
31
Solution:
R1 and R2 parallell with power supply 20V. So VR1 and
VR2 =20 V.
Yn
Xn
= 20 V
= 19.5V
%e
=
=
=
Yn - Xn X 100 %
Yn
20 - 19.5 X 100%
20
2.5 %
32
EXERCISE
1. A Voltmeter reads 111.5V. The error taken from an
100%
111.5
% =
100% = 5.3%
111.5
5.3
(
)100% =
100
111.5 = 0.053
0.053 = 111.5
= 117.74V
33
34
1. GROSS ERROR
These are mainly due to human mistakes :
carelessness or lack of experience of human being
mistakes in reading, recording observation and
calculating results
incorrect adjustment of instruments
Improper applications of instruments: Using a 0100
V voltmeter to measure 0.1 V, etc.
35
1. GROSS ERROR
The complete elimination of gross error is not
36
2. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Occur due to shortcomings of the instruments, such
37
2. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Way to minimize :
38
3. RANDOM ERROR
These are errors that remain after gross and
approximation reading
39
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASUREMENT
1.
2.
40
41
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASUREMENT
42
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASUREMENT
3. Resolution The smallest change in the measured
43
Significant Figures
52
520
5.14
5.014
5.1250
0.0034
21000
0.0213
1.000
1000.0
3
4
2
5
3
4
5
44
2.Primary Standards
3. Secondary Standards (Reference standard)
4. Working Standards
45
1.International Standards
Define by international agreement. They represent
46
1.International Standards
47
1.International Standards
48
2.Primary Standards
Maintain by national standards laboratories in
of secondary standards
SIRIM.
49
measurement laboratories.
50
4. Working Standards
Working standard is the principle tools of a
51
international agreement )
standards laboratories)
measurement laboratories)
52