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UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING

LEARNING OUTCOME
Student should be able to:
1. List
advantages
of
networked
computing relative to standalone
computing.
2. Differentiate between peer-to-peer
networks and client/server networks
3. Differentiate Local Area Network
(LAN), Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN)

WHAT IS NETWORKING?
Networking is the practice of linking two
or more computing devices together for
the purpose of sharing data.
Networks are built with a mix of computer
hardware and computer software.
A network is nothing more than two or
more computers connected to each other
so that they can exchange information,
such as email messages or documents or
share resources, such as disk storage.

CHARACTERISTIC OF
COMPUTER NETWORK

http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm

NETWORKING
Advantages
A user can logon to a
computer anywhere on the
network and access their
work files from the file
server.
Computers can be managed
centrally - with the same
software installed on each
one.
Time - it is much faster to
install an application once
on a network - and copy it
across the network to every
workstation.

Disadvantages
If
something
goes
wrong with the file
server
the
whole
network.
The technical skills
needed to manage a
network
are
much
higher than working on
a
stand-alone
computer.

http://www.ictgnvq.org.uk/unit10/advantages_and_disadvantages.htm

NETWORK VS STAND ALONE


Advantages

Disadvantages

Sharing printers, plotters,


modems etc saves money
and time.
Security - the Network
Manager
can
allocate
usernames and passwords
to all users to try to prevent
unauthorized access.
I is easy and convenient to
monitor users for example
websites
visited
or
documents printed this can
be done using software
running on the server.

It can be frustrating to print to


a printer in another room and
then find after a long trek that
there is no paper in the
printer!
Users may use up too much
of the storage space and this
may cause problems on the
network.
Users may use too much
bandwidth for example when
listening to music files or
watching
video
clips
preventing others from using
the
network
facilities
properly.

http://www.ictgnvq.org.uk/unit10/advantages_and_disadvantages.htm

PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
(P2P)

PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
(P2P)
1. The simplest form of a network.
2. Traditional p2p networks typically
consist of two or more general purpose
personal
computer,
with
modest
processing capabilities.
3. By default, no computer on a peer to
peer has more authority than another.
4. However, each computer can be
configured to share only some of its
resources and prevent access to other
resources.

PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
(P2P)
1. Each computer holds its files and resources.
Other computers can access these resources
but a computer that has a particular resource
must be turned on for other computers to
access the resource it has. For example, if a
printer is connected to computer A and
computer B wants to printer to that printer,
computer A must be turned ON.
2. A Peer to peer capable network operating
system, such as Windows 95, Windows 98 and
Windows for Workgroups are usually the best
choices for home and small office networks.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF P2P
Advantages
Network is fast and
simple to setup and
maintain.
Less expensive to set
up and maintain than
other
types
of
networks.
No need for network
administrator.

Disadvantages
Not secure enough. In
simple installations, data
and other resources shared
by network users can be
easily discovered and used
by unauthorized people.
Not practical for larger
computer.
Not flexible as network
grows larger, adding or
changing
significant
elements of the network
may be difficult.

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORKS

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORKS
A network that uses a server to enable
clients to share data, data storage space,
and devices is known as a client/server
network.
Another way of designing a network is to
use a central computer, known as a
server, to facilitate communication and
resource
sharing
between
other
computers on the network, which are
known as clients.
http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson06.htm

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORKS
Every computer on a client/server
network acts as a client or a server.
(It is possible, but uncommon, for
some computers to act as both.)
Clients on a network can still run
applications from and save data to
their local hard disk. But by
connecting to a server, they also have
the
option
of
using
shared
applications, data, and devices.

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORKS
Clients do not share their resources directly
with each other, but rather use the server as
an intermediary through connectivity devices
such as switches or routers.
Client-Server network operating systems,
such as Windows NT and Novel NetWare are
better for larger scale organizations that
require fast network access for video,
publishing,
multimedia,
spreadsheet,
database, and accounting operations.

ADVANTAGES OF CLIENTSERVER NETWORKS


User logon accounts and passwords
for anyone on a server-based network
can be assigned in one place.
Access to multiple shared resources
(such as data files or printers) can be
centrally granted to a single user or
groups of users.
Problems on the network can be
monitored, diagnosed, and often fixed
from one location.

ADVANTAGES OF CLIENTSERVER NETWORKS


Servers are optimized to handle
heavy
processing
loads
and
dedicated to handling requests from
clients, enabling faster response time.
Because of their efficient processing
and larger disk storage, servers can
connect more than a handful of
computers on a network.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)


Supplies networking capability to a
group of computers in close
proximity to each other such as in an
office building, a school, or a home.
A LAN is useful for sharing
resources like files, printers, games
or other applications. A LAN in turn
often connects to other LANs, and to
the Internet or other WAN.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)


Most local area networks are built with
relatively inexpensive hardware such as
Ethernet cables, network adapters, and
hubs. Wireless LAN and other more
advanced LAN hardware options also exist.
Specialized operating system software may
be used to configure a local area network.
For example, most flavors of Microsoft
Windows provide a software package called
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that
supports controlled access to LAN
resources.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)


The term LAN party refers to a
multiplayer gaming event where
participants bring their own computers
and build a temporary LAN.

METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK (MAN)

METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is
a computer network that usually spans
a city or a large campus. A MAN
usually interconnects a number of
local area networks (LANs) using a
high-capacity backbone technology,
such as fiber-optical links, and
provides up-link services to wide area
networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK (MAN)
The IEEE 802-2002 standard describes a MAN
as being :
A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical
area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of
buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend
on communications channels of moderate-tohigh data rates. A MAN might be owned and
operated by a single organization, but it usually
will be used by many individuals and
organizations. MANs might also be owned and
operated as public utilities. They will often
provide means for internetworking of local
networks.

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)


A wide area network (WAN) is a computer
network that covers a broad area (i.e., any
network whose communications links cross
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
This is in contrast with personal area networks
(PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus
area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area
networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a
room, building, campus or specific metropolitan
area (e.g., a city) respectively.

LEARNING OUTCOME
Student should be able to:
1. Explain client, server, workstation,
network interface card, network
operating system, node, connectivity
device, backbone, segment, topology
and transmission media.
2. Distinguish the computer network
topologies : bus, ring, star and hybrid.

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Client
Transmission
Media

Server

Topology

Workstation

ELEMENT
Connectivity
Device

Network
Interface Card

Network
Operating System

Backbone

Segment

Node

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Client
A computer on the network that
request resources or services from
another computer on a network.
Server
A computer on the network that
manages shared resources among
client.

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Workstation
A computer on which a person performs
everyday
regular
assignments.
A
workstation is primarily a personal
computer (PC). It can also be a
laptop. Almost any modern PC can be
used as a workstation and participate to a
network.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
The device inside the computer that
connect a computer to the network.
http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson02.htm

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Network Operating System (NOS)
The software that run on a server and enables the server to:
i. Manage data and other resources for a number of
client.
ii. Ensure that only authorized users access the network.
iii. Control which type of files a user can open and read.
iv. Restrict when and from where users can access the
network.
v. Dictate which rules computer to communicate.
vi. Supply application to clients.
A software that allows multiple computers to communicate,
share files and hardware devices with one another.
Examples of network operating systems include Novell
NetWare, Microsoft Windows NT, Microsoft Windows 2008
Server, Sun Solaris, Linux.

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Node
A client, server or other device that can
communicate over the network and that is
identified by a unique number, known as its
network address.

Segment
A part of network. Usually a segment is
composed of a group of nodes that use the
same communications channel for all their
traffic.

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Backbone
The part of a network (connection) to
which segments and shared devices
connect. A backbone is sometimes
referred to as a network of network
because its role in interconnecting
smaller parts of LAN or WAN.

ELEMENT IN CLIENT-SERVER
NETWORKS
Connectivity Device
A specialized device that allow multiple
networks or multiple parts of the networks to
connect and exchange data. Examples :
repeater, hub/switch, bridges, router, gateways.
Topology
The physical layout of a computer networks.
Transmission Media
The means through which data is transmitted
and received. Examples : coaxial cable, STP,
UTP, fiber optic.

Network Topology
BUS

STAR
RING
HYBRID

BUS

Each node (workstation, server, switch and etc) is


connected to a single cable.
A signal from the source travels in both directions to all
machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the
intended recipient.
If the machine address does not match the intended
address for the data, the machine ignores the data.

BUS

Alternatively, if the data does match the


machine address, the data is accepted.
Since the bus topology consists of only one
wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when
compared to other topologies. However to
manage this network topology require higher
cost.

BUS

What is the advantages of this topology?


Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a
linear bus.
Requires less cable length than mesh or star
topologies.
It is cheaper than any other topologies.

BUS

What happen is the single cable fail or


damaged?
Additionally, since only one cable is
utilized, it can be the single point of
failure. If the network cable breaks, the
entire network will be down.

BUS

Others disadvantages of this topology?


Terminators are required at both ends of the
backbone cable.
Addition of new devices requires modification
or replacement of the backbone.
The managing cost of network is too high.

STAR
Each network host is
connected
to
a
central hub or switch
with a point-to-point
connection.
All
traffic
that
traverses the network
passes through the
central hub.
The hub acts as a
signal repeater.

STAR
The star topology is considered
the easiest topology to design
and implement.
What is the advantages of this
topology?
Easy to install and reconfigure.
No disruptions to the network
when connecting or removing
devices.
Easy to detect faults and to
remove parts.
Robustness, that is, if one link
fails, only that link is affected,
other links remain active.

STAR
The star topology is
considered
the
easiest topology to
design and implement.
What is the advantage
of this topology?
An advantage of the
star topology is the
simplicity of adding
additional nodes.

STAR
What is the disadvantage
if this topology?
The primary disadvantage
of the star topology is that
the hub represents a
single point of failure.
Requires
more
cable
length
than
a
bus
topology.
More expensive than bus
topologies because of the
cost of the hubs and etc.

RING
A network topology
that is set up in a
circular fashion in
which data travels
around the ring in
one direction and
each device on the
right acts as a
repeater to keep the
signal strong as it
travels.

RING
Each
device
incorporates
a
receiver
for
the
incoming signal and a
transmitter to send
the data on to the next
device in the ring. The
network is dependent
on the ability of the
signal to travel around
the ring.

http://www.datacottage.com/nch/troperation.htm

RING
What
is
the
disadvantage
of
this topology?
The failure of one
machine will cause
the entire network
to fail.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Advantages_and_disadvantages_of_topologi

HYBRID
Hybrid
networks
use a combination
of any two or more
topologies in such a
way
that
the
resulting
network
does not exhibit one
of
the standard
topologies
(e.g.,
bus, star, ring, etc.).

HYBRID
A hybrid topology is
always
produced
when two different
basic
network
topologies
are
connected.
Two
common examples
for Hybrid network
are:
star
ring
network and star

bus network

HYBRID
Star Ring Network

Star Bus Network

HYBRID
Advantages of this topology?
Can be designed in many ways for
various purposes.
Provides better result according to the
management.
Disadvantages of this topology?
Difficult to identify the problem if
entire system is down.

Learning Outcome
Student should be able to:
1. Identify organization that set standards
for networking : ANSI, EIA, TIA, IEEE,
ISO, ITU, ISOC, IANA, ICANN.
2. Explain
source,
channel
and
destinations.
3. Explain rules of communications.
4. Explain message encoding, formatting,
size, timing and patterns.

Information Search

Form group of 3 students.


You will be entering Poster Competition about the standards for
networking:
1. ANSI (American_National_Standards_Institute) fares | faeez
2. EIA/TIA (Electronic_Industries_Alliance /
Telecommunications Industry Association) eynani | leow
3. IEEE anselm | farhan
4. ISO (International_Organization_for_Standardization)
amirul hakim | az-syafiz
5. ITU (International_Telecommunication_Union) walid |
syahmi
6. ISOC (Internet_Society) kugendran | fauzie
7. IANA (Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority)
khumuthavalli
8. ICANN nur hanani

EXERCISE
1. Draw a diagram showing three computer
and one printer connecting to each
other using:
a. Bus topology
b. Star topology
c. Ring topology

2. One computer wants to send file to


printer. By using the diagram you
created in question one, draw the data
path/route taken by this file for the three
topology mention above.

PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION
Channel
SOURCE

DESTINATION

Channel
A distinct communication path between
two or more nodes, much like a lane is a
distinct transportation path on a freeway.
Channels may be separated either
logically (as in multiplexing) or physically
(as when they are carried by separate
wires).

PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION
Channel
SOURCE

DESTINATION

The sender (source) who creates the


message to be transmitted
A medium that carries the message.
(channel)
The receiver (sink) who receives the
message. (destinations).

RULES OF COMMUNICATION
Establish a link
Issue a command and command qualifier
Send, receive

Acknowledgment of command
Acknowledgement field in Ethernet frame

Dissection messages
Packet, frame

Error detection and correction


cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

Termination of transmission

EXAMPLE

TERMINOLOGIES IN NETWORK
1. Message Encoding
Example: Specific Area Message Encoding or
SAME is the protocol used to encode the
Emergency Alert System (EAS) and NOAA
Weather Radio in the U.S
2. Message Formatting
Example: ICMP message use in ping, tracert
3. Message Size
Example: Thus smtp2.example.com declares
that it will accept a fixed maximum message
size no larger than 14,680,064 octets

TERMINOLOGIES IN NETWORK
4. Message Timing
Example: ttl time to live
5. Message Patterns
A Message Exchange Pattern (MEP)
describes the pattern of messages
required by a communications protocol to
establish or use a communication
channel.

Learning Outcome
Student should be able to:
1. Identify cards on expansion board inside
a computer : PIC NIC, PIC Express NIC.
2. Identify
cards
installed
to
the
computers bus externally : PCMCIA
adapter, USB port, FireWire, Compact
Flash NIC.
3. Identify On-board NIC.
4. Identify NIC.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD


(NIC)
Various types of Network Interface Card
:
1. Cards on an expansion board inside a
computer (PCI NIC, PCI Express NIC)
2. Cards installed to the computers bus
externally (PCMCIA adapter, USB
port, Fire Wire, Compact Flash NIC)
3. On board NIC
4. Wireless NIC

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD


(NIC)
A circuit board or chip, which allows the
computer to communicate to other computers
on a Network for the purpose of sharing
resources, information and computer hardware.
This board can be connected to a cable or other
method of transferring data such as infra red.
Utilizing network cards to connect to a network
allow users to share data such as companies
being able to have the capability of having a
database that can be accessed all at the same
time, send and receive e-mail internally within
the company, or share hardware devices such
as printers.

PART OF NETWORK INTERFACE


CARD (NIC)
CONNECTORS
Network cards have three main types of connectors.
Below is an example of what a network card may look
like.

BNC - As illustrated in the above picture, the BNC


connector is a round connector which is used for Thinnet
or 10Base-2 Local Area Network.
DB9 - DB9 connectors were commonly used before

for serial peripheral devices like keyboards, mice,


joysticks, etc.
In network it used in token ring topology network.

PART OF NETWORK INTERFACE


CARD (NIC)
RJ45 - Today, one of the most popular types
of
connections used with computer
networks. RJ45 looks similar to a phone
connector or RJ11 connector but is slightly
larger.

PART OF NETWORK INTERFACE


CARD (NIC)
LED -The LEDs indicates if it detects a
network; generally by a green light
which may flash as it communicates,
and then a red light which indicates
collisions which will generally flash or
not flash at all.

TYPES OF NETWORK
INTERFACE CARD (NIC)

Installed on an expansion board inside a


computer
PCI NIC

PCI Express NIC

TYPES OF NETWORK
INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
Cards installed to the computers bus
externally
PCMCIA Adapter
USB Network Adapter
FireWire Network Adapter
Compact Flash NIC

PCMCIA - Personal Computer


Memory Card
International Association

is an industry organization best know


for developing a standard network
adapter using the PC Card form factor.
The PC Card form factor was designed
for thinness, and PCMCIA is therefore
especially well suited for notebook
computers. Most notebooks contain
two PCMCIA slots that hold one or two
of these cards.

USB NETWORK
ADAPTER

FIREWIRE NETWORK
ADAPTER

Compact Flash NIC

TYPES OF NETWORK
INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
On-board NIC

TYPES OF NETWORK
INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
Wireless NIC

Wireless PCI network adapter

Wireless PCMCIA network adapter

Wireless USB adapter


Wireless Compact Flash network adapter

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Repeater
An electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher
power, so that the signal can cover longer
distances.
To regenerate the signal when the signal
received is weak or interference, this device will
make a copy of bits to bits by the original signal
strength.
Repeaters work with the actual physical signal,
and do not attempt to interpret the data being
transmitted, they operate on the Physical Layer,
the first layer of the OSI model.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Hub
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub,
repeater hub or hub is a device for
connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic
Ethernet devices together and making them
act as a single network segment.
Hubs work at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of
the OSI model

Active Hub is called multiport repeater.


participate in collision detection, forwarding
a jam signal to all ports if it detects a
collision.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Switch
A network switch or switching hub is a
computer networking device that connects
network segments.
The term commonly refers to a network
bridge that processes and routes data at the
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
Switches that additionally process data at the
Network Layer (Layer 3 and above) are often
referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer
switches.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Difference between Hub & Switch
A switch learns which devices are
connected to its ports and then forwards
on packets to the appropriate port only.
Hubs repeat everything they receive and
resulting unnecessary traffic being sent to
all devices on the network.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
HUB
Hub is broadcasting device.

SWITCH
Switch is point to point
communication.
Hub operates at physical layer. Switch operate at data link
layer.
Hub is not an intelligent service Switch is intelligent device.
(dummy device).
Hub simply broadcast the
Switch uses switching table to
incoming.
find the correct destination.
Hub cannot be used as repeater. Switch can be used as a
repeater.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Bridges
A network bridge connects multiple network
segments at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of
the OSI model.
Used to transmit data between networks that
using the same protocol.
A bridge and switch are very much alike; a
switch being a bridge with numerous ports.
Bridges can analyze incoming data packets
to determine if the bridge is able to send the
given packet to another segment of the
network

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Router
A device that forwards data packets along networks.
A router is connected to at least two networks,
commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs
network. Routers are also located at gateways, the
places where two or more networks connect.
Makes decisions on how to manage the contents of
the frame based on protocol and network address.
Routers use headers and forwarding tables to
determine the best path for forwarding the packets,
and they use protocols such as ICMP to communicate
with each other and configure the best route between
any two hosts.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Router
A router is a networking device whose
software and hardware are customized to
the tasks of routing and forwarding
information.
A router has two or more network
interfaces, which may be to different
physical types of network (such as copper
cables, fiber, or wireless) or different
network standards
Works in Layer 3 OSI model

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Gateway
A network gateway is an internetworking
system capable of joining together two
networks that use different base protocols.
A network gateway can be implemented
completely in software, completely in
hardware, or as a combination of both.
Depending on the types of protocols they
support, network gateways can operate at
any level of the OSI model.

LAN CONNECTIVITY
HARDWARE
Gateway
Connect two systems using different
formatting, communications protocols, or
architecture
Repackage information to be read by another
system
Operates at multiple OSI Model layers

E-mail gateway
Internet gateway
LAN gateway
Voice/data gateway
Firewall

Learning Outcome
Student should be able to:
1. Install and configure NIC hardware
and software.
2. Illustrate
repeater,
hub/switch,
bridges, routers, gateways.

Learning Outcome
Student should be able to:
1. Build simple peer-to-peer network
using TIA/EIA-568-A or TIA/EIA-568-B
wiring standard.
2. Build simple LAN using two hosts and
a switch.
3. Build network drive to share a file.
4. Assemble and configure a network
printer in a simple LAN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Ins
titute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Industry_Ass
ociation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieee
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Sta
ndardization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_
Union
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Auth
ority
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icann

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