The Islamic State of Madina

Political & Military aspect

Inner Light for ALL

Why this topic ?

Two

aspect of Prophets life

Meccan Period
Medinan Period

Some aspects of Prophets life not known

Islamic state of Medina
First constitution of Islamic state

Military/political

aspect of Prophets personality

Introduction

Salar e Zaman P-110

Background

Social Structure

Tribe - based on blood relations

Social status of slaves & attached people
Economic

life based on trade,

agriculture

Wars

for worldly gains

Muslim life in Mecca

Ummah
Threat

& brotherhood

to established order

Excessive

persecution

Shayab Abi Talib

Hijrat to Abyssinya

No

retaliation allowed

Political Social status of Medina

Pagan Tribes

Two tribes : Aus , Khazraj

Profession : Agriculture
Involved in years of warfare
Jews

Three tribes : B.Qainuqah, B.Nazir, B.Quraiza

Profession : Trade, Agriculture, Usury
Militarily strong

Development of Islam in Medina

Exposure to Islam: 5th year of Nabuwa

First

Pact of Aqaba ( 10th Nabvi)

Initial commitments to lead a pious life

Second

Pact of Aqaba (12 Nabvi)

Invitation to Prophet to migrate

Commitment to protect the Prophet
Pact of War

Importance of Hejirah

Foundation of first Islamic State

-MedinaMakkah

A constitution was required for the first state to regulate

its political and social life

Misaq e Medina
All

tribes of Medina will be single Ummah

Central Authority of Prophet

Matters of difference referred to Prophet

No war without permission of Prophet

Insistence

on Loyalty
Warning against treachery & oppression.
Insistence on mutual advice & consultation

Misaq e Medina : Internal affairs

Diyat

& Fidya Collective responsibility of Muslims

Joint action against treachery, rebellion & oppression.
No Muslim will help an un-Believer against a Muslim
No Muslim will help a treacherous element

Qisas : Death penalty for murderer

Blood money (Diyat) : money paid to the family of murdered person
Fidya : money paid to relieve a prisoner

Misaq e Medina : Internal Affairs

Protection given by a Muslim will be binding on all

Muslims

Punishment for killing a Muslim

If a person kills a Muslim, without reasonable cause, he shall be given death

punishment in return or pay blood money if relatives agree- All Muslims will jointly
act against the killer

No one will be stopped from taking revenge for injury

Any one who is wronged must be helped

Yasrib will be treated as Haram

Pact of Medina : External Affairs

Joint defence during attack on Yathrib
No separate peace
Unbelievers will not

protect life & property of Quraysh

interfere with the Muslims in such a matter

Muslims will avenge the Blood of one

another when fighting in the path of Allah
Quraysh & their allies will not be helped

Misaq e Medina: Status of Jews

Equality

& help to Jews

Religious
Jews

Freedom

will help Muslims in war

Punishment

for treachery & oppression

Enemies & Friends of Medina

Ghassan
International
trade route
Khaiber
Medina
Zamra
,Juhaina
,Mazina

Makkah

Nejd Tribes

Initial Expeditions : Hijrat - Badr

8 Expeditions before Badr/6 diplomatic in nature

Military impact
Other benefits

Navigation in the desert

Observe Meccan trade caravans
Military training
Develop Leadership qualities

Permission to fight given in Safar 2 A.H

) ( )
( )
(

Initial Expeditions : Hijrat - Badr

Ghassan
International
trade route
Khaiber
Medina
Zamra
,Juhaina
,Mazina

Makkah

Nejd Tribes

Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H

Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H

Result

14 Muslim martyr
70 killed,70 POW
Islamic

state demonstrates its defensive

capability
Immense Prestige for Muslims
Quraysh seek revenge
Reaction of Jews

Military Strategy

Network of Spies

Immediate

preparation & attack

Element of surprise

Steadfastness on the field

Inclination

towards Peace

Campaigns : Badr - Uhud

Ghazwa B.Qainqah Jews exiled

Sirya Zaid B Harisa Against trade caravan
Ghazwa Sawiq
Ghazwa Kadr
Ghazwa Ghatfan
Due to sound military
Ghazwa B.Sulaim
tactics, enemy retreated
without battle in all these
campaigns

The Battles : Uhud

Mount Uhud

0
40
m

The Battles : Uhud

The Battles : Uhud

Lessons learnt
Never disobey the Leader
Lack of Discipline can be fatal

Muslim

prestige diminishes

Muslim state could not be defeated by

Quraysh alone

Period between Uhud & Ahzab

Muh 4 AH-Sha 5 AH

7 Military Campaigns

Sirya Qatn
Sirya Wadi Urna
Ghazwa Banu Nazir (Jews of Medina exiled)
Ghazwa Badr al Moid
Ghazwa Zaat Al Riqah
Ghazwa Dumat ul Jandal
Ghazwa Bani Mustaliq ( casualties)

2 Religious campaigns

Bair Maona (40 Muslim preachers murdered)

Rajih (2 Muslim preachers murdered)

Battle of Trench: Ahzab 26-27

Battle of Trench

Confederation of tribes
10,000 Vs 3,000
Trench
10 km in 6 days
22 wide, 16 depth

Role of Jews

Battle of Trench : 5 AH
Quraysh, Ghatfan,
Sulaim,Ashja,Marra, Saad,
Asad, B.Qainuqah,B.Nazir

Uhud
10 km in 22 days
22 wide, 16 deep
Medina

Treason
B.Quraiza

Result : The
AyrIslamic State demonstrates
impregnable defence.

Ghazwa Banu Quraiza

B.Quraiza

)violated Pact of Medina (Cl 17,26,34,46

Ahzab 26-27

Ahzab Fatah Mecca

Total 16 Campaigns(2 Ghazwa)

4 Battles
2 against individuals
1 against trade caravan

Hudaibiya : Zi Qad 6 AH
Muslims stopped from Umra
Peace pact

Meccans recognize the Islamic State

Invitation letters to Head of States
Islam starts to spread

Hudaibiya : The Victory

Pact of Medina Clause 20: Muslims will avenge the blood of one
another when fighting in the path of Allah
Mutah

Khyber

Jizya imposed
5 attacks on Nejd

Total 15 campaigns
Makkah

Prophets Military Skill

Meccans surrendered without battle

To fight and conquer in all your battles is not
supreme excellence;
supreme excellence consists in breaking the
enemys resistance without fighting.
Sun Tzu

The Last Ghazwa : Tabuk Raj 9 A.H

News of Romans gathering for war
Prophet prepares 30,000 strong Muslim army
with 10,000 horse
Tabuk

Romans did not turn up after 20 days

Result
Year of Delegations
Medina

Makkah

Muslim State should have a strong

)army (Anfaal:60

)(
)(
) (

)(

Analysis of Campaigns
Total 72 Campaigns
Ghazwa : 27
Siraya : 45

Campaigns during different Phases

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Tot

W in

Los

Dra

H ihrah-P re B adr-Uhud
B adr

A /UhudA hz ab

A /A hz ab- A /Hudaibiy a-A /M ec c a-E nd

Hudaibiy a F M ec c a

Analysis of Campaigns : Casualties

Prophets campaigns = 1200-1500

WW I = 21 million

WW II = 50 million

Iraq

: < 1 mil (antiwar.com)

Afghan

(due Russian invasion) : 0.6-2 mil

Campaigns : Blood Shed

Bloodshed
38%

No Bloodshed
62%

Cause of Muslim Victories

Leadership

based on talent

Zaid B Harisa commanded 12 Sirya

Devotion

to cause
Martyrdom (shahadat)
Iron discipline
Hazrat Umar & Abu Bakr placed under Usama bin Zaid.

Superior

Military Strategy

Qualities of a Winning Army Sun Tzu

Which of the two Ruler carries moral authority over his subjects?
Which of the two generals has most ability?

With whom lie the advantages derived from terrain & climate?
On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?

Which army is stronger?

On which side are officers and men more highly trained?

In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and

punishment?

Role of Muslim Women

Uhud :

Umm e Ammara

Tabuk :

Social boycott of Sahaba

Hazrat Abu Bakrs example

Yarmuk :

Muslim women avoid retreat.

Karbela :

Spread of Islam during Prophets life

10 lac Sq mile

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