HIS 109

Reading on the Portuguese in Africa

The Portuguese in Africa, 14151600

Access to commodities such as fabrics, spices, and gold motivated a European quest for a faster
means to reach South Asia. It was this search that led the Portuguese down the coast of West
Africa to Sierra Leone in 1460. Due to several technological and cultural advantages, Portugal
dominated world trade for nearly 200 years, from the fifteenth to the sixteenth centuries. While,
in the fifteenth century, the rest of Europe was decimated by the Black Plague, Portugal was
protected by its physical isolation. Additionally, Portugal had an unusually strong national
identity, due to its natural geographic borders, allowing the pooling of the considerable economic
resources necessary to fund these ambitious explorations. Additionally Portugal's extended
contact with Islam, and therefore with its superior mathematical knowledge and sailing
technologies, including sail shapes, hull designs, and maritime weaponry, resulted in a
Portuguese fleet capable of negotiating the high Atlantic seas.
Many African cities were even deemed to be larger, more hygienic, and better organized than
those of Europe.
As a consequence, most of the West African coast was explored in the period from 1415 into the
1600s. Preserved maps from this period show a remarkably accurate understanding of the
complicated coastline. African exports consisted primarily of gold, ivory, and pepper. However,
over 175,000 slaves were also taken to Europe and the Americas during this period. In 1600,
with the involvement of the Dutch and English, the magnitude of the slave trade grew
exponentially.
From the time of their arrival on the shores of Sierra Leone in 1460, and until their gradual
decline as leaders in world exploration in the sixteenth century, the Portuguese had an ambiguous
relationship with their African trading partners. Disembarking at cities that were equally large,
complex, and technologically advanced as Lisbon at the time, the Portuguese actually
experienced far less culture shock than we might expect. In fact, they encountered urban centers
in West Africa comparable to those back in Europe, governed by elaborate dynasties, organized
around apprenticeship-based artistic guilds, and with agricultural systems capable of feeding
their large populaces. Many African cities were even deemed to be larger, more hygienic, and
better organized than those of Europe. Additionally, the Portuguese shared many beliefs about
magic, the supernatural, and the treatment of illness with the African societies they encountered.
Protective amulets in both cultures were considered medicinally valuable, and sickness in
general was attributed to witchcraft.

Africa, Portugal
Portuguese trading stations in West Africa and the slave trade

Portuguese expansion into Africa began with the desire of King John I to gain access to the goldproducing areas of West Africa. The trans-Saharan trade routes between Songhay and the North
African traders provided Europe with gold coins used to trade spices, silks and other luxuries
from India. At the time there was a shortage of gold and rumours were spreading that there were
states in the south of Africa which had gold. This news encouraged King Johns son, Prince
Henry, to send out expeditions to explore these possibilities.
At first, the Portuguese established trading stations along the west coast of Africa rather than
permanent settlements. They built forts at Cape Blanco, Sierra Leone and Elmina to protect their
trading stations from rival European traders. In this way, the Portuguese diverted the trade in
gold and slaves away from the trans-Saharan routes causing their decline and increased their own
status as a powerful trading nation.
During the 1480s the Portuguese came into contact with the kingdom of the Kongo, situated
south of the Congo river in what is today northern Angola. The Kongo became powerful through
war and capturing and enslaving the people they defeated.
The Portuguese did not conquer this region but chose rather to become allies of the Kongo king.
The king was eager to make use of Portuguese teachers and craftsmen to train his people. He also
allowed Catholic missionaries to work among his people. The Portuguese traded guns for slaves
captured by the Kongo in wars against rival kingdoms in the interior. Other than small amounts
of copper and raffia cloth, the area did not provide any profitable trade in gold or silver, which
was disappointing for the Portuguese. The traffic in slaves more than made up for this
disappointment.
In the 1490s sugar plantations were established on the islands of So Tom and Princip. The
Portuguese settlers on these islands used slaves bought from the Kongo traders to work on these
plantations. Very soon So Tom became the largest producer of sugar for Europe. When Brazil
became a Portuguese colony in the 1530s, the demand for slaves to work on the sugar plantations
established there increased. So Tom became an important holding station for slaves before they
left on the trans-Atlantic voyage to South America.
As the demand for slaves increased in Brazil, the So Tom traders found a better supply of
slaves further south near Luanda and Benguela. Wars fought in this region provided a constant
supply of slaves. In exchange for slaves, the Portuguese provided the Ndongo and Lunda kings
with guns, cloth and other European luxuries. The guns enabled the kings to defeat their enemies
and maintain a dominant position in the region.
In 1641, the Dutch seized the slave trade in Angola away from the Portuguese and they were able
to control it until 1648 when the Portuguese took back control again. Angola only became a
Portuguese colonial settlement after the decline of the slave trade in the nineteenth century.

Consequences on the indigenous society

The Portuguese introduced agricultural products grown in South America such as maize,
sugar cane and tobacco. Coffee plantations were introduced to Angola in the nineteenth
century. Coffee is one of Angolas major exports today.
The Portuguese introduced guns to the region which changed the nature of warfare and
enabled their allies to dominate other kingdoms.

The Portuguese encouraged wars between rival kingdoms to maintain a constant supply
of slaves. The result of this was that the region was constantly at war and millions of
young people, mainly men, were forced to leave Africa and work as slaves in the
Americas.

The Portuguese language is mainly spoken in urban areas of Angola today. However, the
indigenous languages have survived among the rural population.

In modern Angola, about ninety per cent of the population is Christian, mainly Catholic,
as a result of Portuguese missionary activity in the area. The remainder of the population
follows traditional African religions.