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Screening of Pipe,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Plate
and Inaccessible
Abstract
Geometries
Fiona
Colin
AEA
NDT
UK.
Wilbert
Krombraak
(0)162 42
43,
Abstract
Introduction
Concept
Theoretical Modelling
Defect Detection
Defect Characterisation
Acknowledgements
References
fillet can be monitored by the Creeping wave while the root region can be
monitored by the Head wave and the secondary Creeping wave [6]. They are
extremely useful for the detection of shallow surface-breaking flaws [7] as
they follow the surface but are not affected by surface spatter, liquid or
couplant. They have been used, for example, to detect radial fatigue cracks in
weep holes of airframe stiffeners [8]. Erhard [5], amongst others, carried out
theoretical work and showed that Creeping waves do not exist by themselves
on the surface and that the Head waves also formed during the generation of
the Creeping wave. This constant generation of the Head wave infers that the
first generation Creeping wave does not have a great range since energy is
being removed from it continuously. Consequently applications have
generally been for short range inspection for surface breaking defects.
The CHIME Technique
The Creeping and Head waves can be generated using a piezoelectric
transducer mounted on an angled shoe. The shoe is angled to produce
shear waves in the parallel walled material at the critical angle (Fig 2).
The transmitter fires a pulse of ultrasound which gives rise to the
Creeping waves propagating along both the surfaces, and the Head
waves are generated at all parts along these surfaces. If the receiver is
placed on the sample some distance away (up to 1m typically) then a
series of signals is observed at the receiver and the entire volume of the
sample between the transducers is inspected (Fig 2). The signal is a
series of peaks made up of a direct, Creeping wave, arrival followed by
a signal path that has carried out one full skip across the plate as a Head
wave and travelled the remaining distance as a Creeping wave. Then a
signal arrives which has carried out two full skips and travelled the
remaining distance as a Creeping wave and so on up to a maximum
number of skips. For each successive signal peak, the path length of the
Creeping wave is reduced. Note that each skip across the pipe takes
place anywhere between the transmitter and the receiver so each signal
is made up of a continuum of ray paths. In addition to the Creeping and
Head waves there will also be bulk waves generated below or above the
critical angle due to the beam divergence of a finite width transducer
(indicated in Fig 1). The first Creeping/Head wave combinations are
generally weak however the bulk waves, which travel in more direct
paths to the receiver, combine with the first few Head wave/Creeping
wave signals to produce a close pattern of peaks over the first half of
the signal (Fig 2). The Head waves are non-divergent plane waves
therefore they have little decay and show strong peaks in the latter half
of the signal.
Fig 4 shows an example of the CHIME signal response over a machined notch
of width 50mm, length 20mm and depth 4mm, in a 305mm diameter pipe of
wall thickness 11mm. The pitch catch and pulse echo responses show the
effect of the notch on the signal. In pitch catch the probes are either side of the
defect moving perpendicular to the line between the probes. The flat base of
the defect allows the signal to continue to the receiver but the arrivals are
displaced in time due to the shortened path length. The pulse echo signals
from one probe show reflections from the steep side of the notch.
Fig 5 and 6 show the pitch-catch responses due to real
defects. Fig 5 is an example of a CHIME B-scan on a
sample containing isolated corrosion pitting. The regions
of signal change in the CHIME signal are indicated and
the pits identified. In this sample the probe separation is
around 350mm and the isolated pits are located
somewhere between the probes.
The sizes of the pits are shown in Table 1. It is significant to note that the
amount of signal loss in the CHIME signal relates to the area and depth of the
pit.
Pit
ID
P1
P2
P3
Full Diameter at
Depth at
inner surface
centre(mm)
(mm)
11
2.4
62
7.8
30
4.8
Depth at centre
(% of wall
thicknesst)
31
100
61
Table 1. Diameter and depths of three corrosion pits inspected and detected
using CHIME.
the bulk waves have well-defined paths that can survive in the presence of
shallow corrosion. Their transmission is only disrupted in the presence of
deeper defects usually greater than 40 to 60% penetration into the sample
wall. Recent work has shown this correlation and some validation trials are
ongoing for the use of CHIME as an operator tool for monitoring pipe
supports and other inaccessible regions where corrosion can be a major
problem.
Discussion and Conclusions
CHIME is a novel technique principally for the rapid screening for, and
flagging of, defects in pipe or plate. CHIME is the transmission of
ultrasound between two probes placed a distance apart (up to 1m) in
parallel (or near parallel) walled material. The sound travels as a
Creeping wave along the surfaces and as a Head wave between the
surfaces. The unique way in which the waves propagate provides
complete isonification of plate or pipe with little attenuation allowing
the transmitting and receiving probes to be well separated compared to
traditional Creeping wave inspection.
The main features of the technique are:
100% wall coverage between two probes up to more than one
metre apart.
Large probe separation allows for rapid large area screening and
circumferential pipe inspection.
Complete coverage in pipe for outer/inner ratio not exceeding
approximately 1.2.
Measurement of wall thickness in areas between corrosion.
Wall thickness up to around 40mm.
The signal change is not directly proportional to the remaining
wall thickness but the signal loss can provide some information
on defect severity.
Tolerance to surface conditions and thin coating.
Some applications that have been identified to date are: Inaccessible
regions such as pipe supports, saddles or sleepers, riser clamps, vessels,
long pipelines, tank floors and pipes with limited access, e.g. half
buried.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the members of the Harwell Offshore
Inspection R&D Service who have sponsored this development. The
current HOIS members are Amerada Hess, British Gas, BP, DNV,
Norsk Hydro, Phillips Norway, Phillips UK, RTD, Saga, Saudi Aramco,
Shell, Statoil, Texaco Britain & HSE.
References
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Materials. Non-Destructive Testing - Australia. v33(6), pp164-168,
1996.
2. Mudge, P. J., Lank, A. M. and Alleyne D. N. A Long Range Method of
Detection of Corrosion under Insulation in Process Pipework. Paper
presented at the 5th European Union Hydrocarbons Symposium,
Edinburgh, 26-28 November 1996.
3. Newton, K. and Saunderson, D. H. NDT Research for the Oil and Gas
Industry. The British Journal of NDT. v34(3), pp 123-128, 1992.
4. Duffill, C. and Silk, M. Large Area Creeping Wave NDT. Patent No
WO 96/36874.
5. Erhard, A. and Krning, E. Generation, Propagation, and Utilisation of
Ultrasonic Creeping Waves. Materialprfung, v26(9), pp 323-326,
1984.
6. Erhard, A., Wstenberg, H., Schulz, E. and Eberhard M. Applications
of Longitudinal Creeping Waves in Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing,
and Practical Aspects of the Use of Creeping Wave
Probes.Materialprfung, v24(2), pp 43-48,1982.
7. Smith, P. H. Practical Applications of Creeping Waves. The British
Journal of NDT. v29(5) pp 318 - 321. 1987.
8. Nagy, P. B., Blodgett, M. and Golis, M. Weep Hole Inspection by
Circumferential Creeping Waves. NDT&E International v27(3), pp
131-142. 1994.
9. Hsu, N.N. Dynamic Green's Functions of an Infinite Plate - A
Computer Program. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of
Standards. NBSIR 85-3234. 1985.