RICHARD TORRES

CLASS A

PHYSIC HOMEWORK
REVIEW OF NIVELACIN

1. MEASUREMENTS AND VECTORS

The laws of physics express relationships among physical quantities. Physical quantities are numbers
that are obtained by measuring physical phenomena. For example, the length of a book is a physical
quantity, as is the amount of time it takes to read this sentence and the temperature of the air in the
classroom.
THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

Quantity name

Unit name

length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic
temperature
amount of substance
luminous intensity

meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin

Unit
symbol
m
kg
s
A
K

mole
candela

mol
cd

VECTORS: We represent a vector graphically using an arrow. The length of the arrow, drawn to scale,
indicates the magnitude of the vector quantity. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the
vector quantity.

y,
Definition of axes and unit vectors ( i , j , k ; x , y , z ; ^x , ^
Example. Given the vectors:

A =2 i + j2 k

and

B =3 i 4 k

^z )

, find: the vectors

A +
B ,

A
B

A +
B = 5 i + j6 k

A
B = i + j+2 k

2. KINEMATICS
The study of motion, and the related concepts of force and mass, is called mechanics. We begin our
investigation into motion by examining kinematics, the branch of mechanics that deals with the
characteristics of motion.
Position and displacement: To describe the motion of a particle, we need to be able to describe the
position of the particle and how that position changes as the particle moves.

Displacement:

x=x f x i

Average velocity and speed:

Average speed =

total distance s
=
total time
t

Average velocity=

x x f x i
=
t t f t i

Acceleration:

Average acceleration=

v x v fx vix
=
t
t f t i

Instantaneous acceleration= lim

t 0

vx
t

Kinematic equations:

3. DYNAMICS: It concerned with the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion.
Newtons Laws

First law. An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by an external force. An object in motion
continues to travel with constant speed in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.

Second law. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and
the reciprocal of the mass of the object is the constant of proportionality. Thus,

a =

F net
, where
F net =
F
m

Third law. When two bodies interact, the force

magnitude and opposite in direction to the force

F BA=

F BA exerted by object B on object A is equal in

F AB
exerted by object A on object B. Thus,

F AB

Fundamental Forces: All the forces observed in nature can be explained in terms of four basic
interactions: gravitational interaction, electromagnetic interaction, weak interaction and strong nuclear
interaction (also called the hadronic force).
Contact Forces: Contact forces of support and friction and
those exerted by springs and strings are due to molecular forces
that arise from the basic electromagnetic force.
Hookes law: When an unstressed spring is compressed or
extended by a small amount the restoring force it exerts is
proportional to

x:

F X =k x

(k elastic constant)

4. WORK. ENERGY AND POWER

Work is done on an object by a force when the point of application of
the force moves through a displacement. Because the force acts on
the box in the same direction as the displacement, the work W done
by the force on the box is:

W =F x

Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion. Potential energy is

energy associated with the configuration of a system, such as the separation distance between two
objects that attract each other.
Kinetic Energy:

1
K= m v 2
2

Work-Kinetic-Energy Theorem:

1
1
W total= K= m v 2f m v 2i Power:
2
2

Potential:

U=mgy

Elastic (spring):

p=

dW
= F . v
dt

1
U= k x 2
2

Mechanical Energy: The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system is called the total
mechanical energy.

Emech =K sys +U sys

Conservation of Mechanical Energy: If no external forces do work on the system, and if no internal no
conservative forces do work, then the mechanical energy of the system is constant.

K f +U f =K i+ U i
Thermodynamics
Heat (Q): If energy is transferred from one system to another due to a temperature difference, the energy
transferred is called heat.
Heat Capacity: Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a substance
by one degree.

=C T =mc T
Q= E
Fusion and Vaporization: Both melting and vaporization occur at a constant temperature.

Latent heat of fusion: The heat needed to melt a substance is the product of the mass of the

Lf .

substance and its latent heat of fusion

Qf =m L f

Latent heat of vaporization: The heat needed to vaporize a liquid is the product of the mass of
the liquid and its latent heat of vaporization

Lv .

Qv =m Lv
First Law of Thermodynamics: The change in the internal energy of a system equals the energy
transferred into the system via heat plus the energy transferred into the system via work:

=Q+Won
E
5. LINEAR MOMENTUM
When Newton devised his second law, he considered the product of mass and velocity as a measure of
an objects quantity of motion. Today, we call the product of a particles mass and velocity linear
momentum,
o

p .

Definition for a particle:

p=m v
2

o Kinetic energy of a particle:

K=

p
2m

Law of conservation of momentum: If the net external force acting on a system remains zero,
the total momentum of the system is conserved.

Impulse:

Collisions:

Ft=m v

Elastic collisions: An elastic collision between two objects is one in which the sum of their kinetic
energies is the same before and after the collision.
Relative speeds of approach and separation: For an elastic collision, the speed of separation equals
the speed of approach. For a head-on elastic collision,

v 2 f v1 f =v 1i v 2 i
Perfectly inelastic collisions: Following a perfectly inelastic collision, the two objects stick together and
move with the velocity of the center of mass.
Coefficient of restitution: The coefficient of restitution e is a measure of the elasticity. It is the ratio of the
separation speed to the closing speed.

e=

v 2 f v 1 f
v 1 iv 2 i

For an elastic collision

e=1 ; for a perfectly inelastic collision e=0 .

6. DISTANCE FORCES
GRAVITY
o Keplers Three Laws
Law 1. All of the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.
Law 2. A line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
Law 3. The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the planets mean distance
from the Sun:

T 2 =C r 3

T2=

4 3
r
G Ms

Gravitational Potential Energy: The gravitational potential energy U for a system consisting of a particle
of mass m outside a spherically symmetric object of mass M and at a distance r from its center is:

U ( r )=

GMm
r

Mechanical Energy:

1
GMm
E= m v 2
2
r

ELECTROSTATIC
Charge: There are two kinds of charge, positive and negative. Charges of like sign repel, those of
opposite sign attract.
Magnitude:

e=1.60 x 1019

Coulombs Law: The force exerted by point charge q1 on point charge q2 a distance r12 away is given by
where unit vector

r^12 points from q1 toward q2.


F12=

k q1q2
r

2
12

r^12

Coulomb constant:

k =8.99 x 109 N . m2 /C2

7. ROTATION
Angular velocity:

d
dt

Angular acceleration:

Tangential acceleration: at =r

d
dt

Tangential velocity:

v t =r

v2
a
=
=r 2
c
Centripetal acceleration:
r

Equations for rotation with constant angular acceleration:

Moment of Inertia:

I = mi r 2i

Energy

Kinetic energy for rotation about a fixed axis.

Kinetic energy for a rotating object.

Power:

P=

1
K= I 2
2

1
1
2
2
K= M v cm + I cm
2
2

( torque)

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Young and Freeman, University Physics with Modern Physics: Chapter 1 - 10, 13 th edition,
Pearson Education.
Serway Vuille, College Physics: Chapter 1-8, 9th edition, Brooks/Cole.
Tipler and Mosca, Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 6th edition, W.H. Freeman and Company.