Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CBSE Board:
Marks weightage
11
12
10
10
8
6
5
3
Marks weightage
2
0
Dual nature of
radiation and matter
Electronic devices
Communication
systems
Marks weightage
11
10
5
3
Marks weightage
Atoms and nuclie
Electronic devices
Communication
systems
Dual nature of
radiation and
matter
Page
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Page
Neutrons and Protons comprises nucleus. The total number of protons in a nucleus is
known as Atomic number . It is represented by a letter Z.
or N = A Z
Isotopes of Hydrogen deuterium and tritium must contain only one proton each . But
masses of nuclei of Hydrogen , deuterium and tritium are different , so there must be
an additional neutral material present in the nucleus.
Neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. Alpha particles from polonium
metal are allowed to strike beryllium metal. Penetrating rays emerging from beryllium
metal were permitted to impinge upon a block of paraffin from which protons were
found to come out with high speed.
Page
Chadwick assumed that the radiation emitted from beryllium on being bombarded
with alpha particles was not rays, but were uncharged particles with a mass
approximately that of proton. These uncharged particles were known as Neutrons.
8O
16
, 8O17 , 8O18
Average atomic mass of element is taken as weighted average of the masses of these
isotopes based on occurrence of each isotope in the nature.
Let A be an element having three stable isotopes A1, A2,A3 and Let u1 , u2 , u3 be
respective atomic masses of these isotopes and x, y, z are their relative abundances of
these isotopes
Then average atomic mass of element A =
Isobars : The atoms of an element which having same mass number but different
atomic numbers are called isobars.
Same mass number means, it consists of same number of nucleons.
Ex : 1H3 , 2He3
Isotones: The atoms whose nuclei having same number of neutrons are called
isotones.
Ex : 4Be9 and 5B10
5. Write a short note on Nuclear size and Nuclear Density?
Page
The size of the nucleus has been measured with the help of a variety of experiments
involving scattering of particles such as electrons , Protons and neutrons . From all
these experiments it is found that
A) Nuclear size : The finite size of nucleus is evident from Rutherford Alpha ray
scattering experiment. The distance of closest approach of the alpha particle helped in
estimating the size of nucleus. The radius of Gold nucleus was estimated to be 4.1 x
10-14 m. At Kinetic energy more than 5.5 MeV distance of closest approach will be
smaller. At Kinetic energy more than 5.5 MeV attractive nuclear forces start effecting
coulombs repulsive force.
Page
4. Nuclear forces are saturated forces, A nucleon inside the nucleus does not
experience nuclear force due to all other nucleons. It experiences force only due to its
nearest neighbouring nucleons.
Page
Average energy required to release a nucleon from the nucleus is called binding energy
per nucleon.
The deviation of nuclear mass from the mass number is expressed in the form of a
quantity called Packing fraction.
Packing fraction measures the stability of nucleus. Smaller the value of Packing
fraction, Larger is the stability of the nucleus.
11. Explain briefly Binding energy curve?
A) Binding energy curve gives the stability of nucleus. In nucleus there is always
competition between electronic repulsion force and nuclear force. If nuclear force is
more binding energy per nucleon increases.
If Nuclear forces exactly balances the repulsive electromagnetic forces, then atom are
stable.
Iron and nickel are more stable elements and they found most in planet cores.
If Electro magnetic force dominates the nuclear force , Binding energy per nucleon
decreases. At high atomic numbers , in order to balance electro magnetic repulsive
force either it decays or undergoes fission.
From the graph , the following conclusions can be made
1. Average binding energy per nucleon for mass number < 3 is very small.
2. Nuclues having mass numbers between 3 and 20 have large binding energy per
nucleon than their neighboring nuclei , so these nuclei are more stable than their
neighbours.
3. For nucleus having mass number 30 and 62 , binding energy per nucleon increases
gradually till it attains a maximum value of 8.8 MeV per nucleon corresponding to
Ni nucleus. Iron and Nickel are stable elements.
Page
4. Nuclie having Mass number > 62 , binding energy per nucleon gradually decreases.
Page
R = -dN/dt
-dN/dt N
R = -dN/dt = N ----------- (1)
logeN = -t + C
logeN0 = C
logeN = -t + logeN0
logeN - logeN0 = -t
loge (N/ N0 ) = -t
(N/ N0 ) = e-t
= N = No e-t
Page
N = No e-t
The time during which half of the atoms of the radioactive substance disintegrate is
called life of radioactive substance.
--
z-2Y
A-4
+ 2He4 +Q
Beta Decay :
90U238
90Th234
+ 2He4
Page
Example :
10
--
z+1YA
+ -1e0
They are three types of Beta decay . + decay , - decay , electron capture.
In - decay , a neutron is transformed into proton and an electron with emission of
antineutrino (-)
0n
1P1 + -1e0 + -
To conserve momentum , the spin and angular momentum , anti neutrino is emitted.
In - decay atomic number of daughter nuclei increase by one.
ZXA
Example :
6C14
--
z+1YA
+ -1e0 + - + Q
1 P1
Example :
--
7N13
z-1YA
+ 1e 0 + + Q
In an Electron capture decay mode , parent nucleus captures one of its own orbital
atomic electron and emits a positron with neutrino. The final product after decay is a
nucleus whose charge is (Z -1) . Electron capture also due to excess protons relative to
neutrons. This is similar to + decay.
Gamma decay:
Page
The emission of Gamma rays from the nucleus does not alter either atomic number or
mass number. It just results in the change of energy state of a nucleus.
11
--
210 *
83Bi210 *
83Bi
210
+ ray
92U235
is represented as follows
92U235
56
Ba
141+ 36
The energy released during the fission of uranium nuclide is equivalent to the
difference between mass of reactants and mass of products.
Mass of
92U
235
= 235.124 a.m.u.
Mass of 0n1
= 1.009 a.m.u.
Mass of
36
141
= 140.95 a.m.u.
12
56
Page
Mass of
92U
235
19. Explain the principle involved in nuclear reactor? Name the main
components of nuclear reactor and state the function of each component?
A) A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear fission can be carried out through
sustained and a controlled chain reaction. It is also called as Atomic pile.
Construction of Nuclear reactor is as shown in figure
Nuclear fuel and Clad :
The fissionable material used in the
reactor is called Nuclear fuel.
The nuclear fuel is fabricated in the
from of thin and long cylindrical rods.
The part of nuclear reactor housing
the nuclear fuel is known as core of
reactor. The nuclear fuel used are
natural uranium , enriched uranium ,
plutonium , Uranium 233.
Moderator:
The material used to slow down the fast moving neutrons produced as a result of
nuclear fission is called moderator. In Nuclear reactor the moderator is either
graphite or Heavy water. Moderators should not absorb neutrons.
Control rods:
The materials that can absorb the neutrons are used to control the nuclear chain
reaction. Cadmium and boron rods are used for this purpose.
Page
A large amount of heat developed in the reactor due to chain reaction. The heat
generated in fuel elements is removed by using a suitable coolant to flow around them.
The coolants used are water at high pressure , molten sodium etc.,
13
Coolant :
If K = 1 , the rate of production of neutron is equal to rate of loss of neutron, the mass
of fissionable material is said to be critical and the chain reaction is sustained.
If K<1 , then chain reaction stops
14
K=
Page
It is given by
1 H2
2He3
Total energy released in this cycle = (0.42 + 5.49 + 12.86 ) = 18.77 MeV
Page
15
The two protons produced in the last step of the cycle repeat the proton proton cycle.