Turramurra High School Chemistry 2003

16. a)
Name of Polymer

Systematic name of
monomer

Common name of
monomer

Polyvinylchloride

chloroethene

Vinyl chloride

polystyrene

ethenylbenzene

styrene

b) Polyvinylchloride: Because of its rigid, insoluble, and low-density properties, it is often used
to make rigid pipes/gutters. Because of its fire-retardant properties, it is often used as
electrical insulators.
Polystyrene: because of its low density and insulation properties, it is often used to make
foam cups. Because of its durability and ability to be moulded to protect goods, it is often
used to make fruit boxes and egg containers.
c) Polyethylene is an addition polymer; ie. It undergoes an addition reaction. The double bond
in the monomer ethene, breaks open, allowing long chains of monomers to add to each other,
creating an addition polymer.
(C=C)n (temperature, pressure, catalyst) (-C-C-)n
17. a) The monomer base that makes up cellulose is (beta)-glucose.
b) cellulose is a condensation polymer
c) Cellulose has potential as a raw material as it contains the basic carbon-chain structures
needed to make petrochemicals for use as fuels or as raw materials for the production of
polymers. It can be modified to make new polymers by changing its structure, broken down to
produce carbon compounds (eg. Ethene), and converted to glucose to use as a food source.
18. a) Ethanol can be used as a fuel in spirit burners, or can be mixed with petrol (10%) to be
used in cars.
b) Ethanol is a renewable resource because the rate of human consumption of this resource
at the moment is lower than the rate of production.
c) i) The molar heat of combustion of a compound is the energy released (as heat) when 1
mole of a fuel is burnt.
ii) calculation19. a) b) diagramc) As copper is more electronegative than silver, it undergoes oxidation, meaning it loses
electrons:
Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2eTherefore, silver undergoes reduction, meaning it gains electrons:
2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag(s)
20. a) Technitium-99m is used to identify the location of tumours.
b) Technitium-99m is chemically bonded to an organic molecule such as glucose, and then
inserted into the patients system. Because Tc-99m is metastable, as denoted by the m, it
means the nucleus is in an excited state. This extra energy is released in the form of gamma
radiation. Hence, Tc-99m is a source of pure gamma radiation, which can be detected by
imaging machinery to diagnose diseases.

c) The advantage to this radioisotope is that both its short half-life of 6 hours, and its emission
of low energy gamma rays, ensures that the imaging machinery can still sense the gamma
radiation, with minimal risk to damage of the patients cells. However, disadvantages of this
radioisotope stem from the same reason. Its short half-life means it constantly has to be
made, and like all radioactive substances, there is the risk that cells may be killed in the
process.
21. a) Some everyday uses of indicators include the testing of soil pH, water pH of swimming
pools, fish tanks, etc.
b) Through the extraction of the red dye obtained by boiling of red cabbage leaves, a simple
natural indicator can be made.
c) calculation22. a) Equilibrium will shift to the right, as more CO 2 (g) will become CO2 (aq) as the pressure
increases.
b) The pH of the solution will become more acidic, as the aqueous CO 2 will react with water to
form carboxylic acid, which is a weak acid that will lower the pH of the solution.
c) calculation23. a) One way pH can be measured is with a pH probe and data logger.

24. a) This statement is true. Lavoisier and Davys theories only described properties of acids
and bases discovered through experiment, but did not provide a general theory explaining
and predicting chemical behaviour. This is the main difference between their theories
compared to Arrhenius theory, which was based on concepts, and allowed others to explain
and predict the chemical behaviour of acids and bases.
b) The Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid is that it is a proton donor.
c)