Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Vedic Culture
into circulation.
Transformation Of Vedic
MEDIEVAL INDIA
Life Of People Under Delhi
Sultanate
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Rise Of Sufism
Sufism is a common term used for Islamic
mysticism. The Sufis were very liberal in
their religious outlook. They believed in
the essential unity of all religions.
They preached spirituality through music
and doctrines that professed union with
God. Sufism originated in Iran and found a
congenial atmosphere in India under the
Turkish rule.
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Political Background
Cultural Developement
Bhakti Movement
disregarded caste and encouraged of like. For example, Kabir was a weaver,
Sadhana was a butcher, Ravidasa was a
women to join in their religious
cobbler and Sena wasa barber.
gatherings.
Kabir
Kabir was Ramanandas favourite disciple.
LikeNanak, he criticised the existing social
order andcalled for Hindu-Muslim unity.
Kabir, the son of a Muslim weaver, strongly
denounced idol worship, taking part in
formal worship such as Namaz,
pilgrimages or bathing in rivers.
Guru-Nanak
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Music
Sikhism
However, ordinary people retained
students of history and religion think that
the flair for folk music and folk
songs to commemorate their local the seeds for the birth and growth of this
chiefs like Alha-Udal, Dulla-Bhatti, religion were present in the Bhakti
movement, in its nirguna branch.
Jaimal-Phatta etc.
South India
Between 9th and 11th centuries AD a
dynasty known as Cholas was ruling
Choamandalam in Southern India. They
developed strong navy as well as army
Rajendra Chola is said to have conquered
some Indonesian Islands.
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Kamasutr.
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The Vedas
Earliest known literature in India, in
Sanskrit and handed down orally over
generations.
'Ved' literally means knowledge, they
treat whole world as one whole family
Vasudeva Kutumbakam.
There are four Veds, namely, theRig Ved, Yajur Ved, Sam Ved and
Atharva Ved. Each Ved consists of
the Brahmans, the Upanishads and
the Aranyaks
Rig Ved
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follower of Nizam-ud-din
Auliya.Among the important works
composed by him are Laila Majnun
and Ayina-I-Sikandari dedicated to
Alau-din-Khalji.
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Hindi Literature
These was a tremendous growth of
regional languages like Hindi, Bengali,
Assamese, Oriya, Marathi and Gujarati
during this time. In the South, Malayalam
emerged as an independent language in
the 14th century The emergence of all
these languages resulted in the decline of
Sanskrit as they came to be used as the
medium through which the administrative
machinery functioned.
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place in Adi-Granth.
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the universe.
Vaisheshika philosophy.
Propounder Kapila - Samkhya
but the best among treatise is
Sutra
the one written by
Also explained doctine of
Prashastapada in the sixth
century AD.
evolution.
explained the phenomena of the
Yoga
universe by the atomic theory,
union of the two principal
the combination of atoms and
entities.
molecules into matter and
origin of yoga Yogasutra of
explained the mechanical
Patanjali believed to have been
process of formation of
written in the second century
Universe.
BC.
purifying and controlling
Mimansa
changes in the mental
mechanism, yoga systematically
analysis of interpretation,
brings about the release of
application and the use of the
purusha from prakriti
text of the Samhita and
freedom could be attained by
Brahmana portions of the Ved.
practising self-control (yama),
Mimamsa philosophy Vedas are
observation of rules (niyama),
eternal and possess all
fixed postures (asana), breath
knowledge, and religion means
control (pranayama), choosing
the fulfilment of duties
an object (pratyahara) and fixing
prescribed by the Vedas.
the mind (dharna),
elements.
Jain Philosophy
SOPHY IN MEDIEVAL
INDIA
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Sufism In India
Major Silsilahs
The Chisti Silsilah
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form.
Bhagavata Puran of ninth century
was not written in the old Puranic
form. Centered around Krishnas
childhood and youth, this work uses
Krishnas exploits to explain deep
philosophy in simple terms.
A more effective method for
spreading of the Bhakti ideology
was the use of local languages.
Jnanadeva writing in Marathi, Kabir,
Surdas and Tulsidas in Hindi,
Shankaradeva popularising
Assamese, Chaitanya and Chandidas
spreading their message in Bengali,
Mirabai in Hindi and Rajasthani. In
addition, devotional poetry was
composed in Kashmiri, Telugu,
Kannad, Oriya, Malayalam, Maithili
and Gujarati.
Bhakti saints believed that
salvation can be achieved by all.
They made no distinction of caste,
creed or religion before God. They
themselves came from diverse
backgrounds.
Ramananda, whose disciples
included Hindus and Muslims, came
from a conservative brahman
family. His disciple, Kabir, was a
weaver. Guru Nanak was a village
accountants son. Namdev was a
tailor. The saints stressed equality,
disregarded the caste system and
attacked institutionalised religion.
They opposed sati and female
infanticide.
Women were encouraged to join
kirtans.
Guru-Nanak
He was born at Talwandi (Nakana Sahib).
From an early age, he showed leanings
towards a spiritual life. He was helpful to
the poor and needy. His disciples called
themselves Sikhs (derived from Sanskrit
sisya, disciple or Pali sikkha, instruction)
Guru Nanaks objective was to
remove the existing corruption and
degrading practices in society.
Heshowed a new path for the
establishment of an egalitarian
social order.
His vani (words) alongwith those of
other Sikh Gurus have been brought
together in the Guru Granth Sahib,
the holy book of the Sikhs.
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strength.
attempted to redefine social and
religious values. Saints like Kabir
and Nanak stressed upon the
reordering of society along
egalitarian lines.
Their call to social equality
attracted many a downtrodden.
The importance of the Bhakti and
Sufi saints lies in the new
atmosphere created by them, which
continued to affect the social,
religious and political life of India
even in later centuries.
Akbars liberal ideas were a product
of this atmosphere in which he was
born and brought up.
Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the
Sikhs grew into a formidable
political force in the politics of
North India.
The interaction between the Bhakti
and Sufi saints had an impact upon
Indian society.
The Sufi theory of Wahdat-al-Wujud
(Unity of Being) was remarkably
similar to that in the Hindu
Upanishads.
Many Sufi poet-saints preferred to
use Hindi terms rather than Persian
verses to explain concepts. Thus we
find Sufi poets such as Malik
Muhamniad Jaisi composing works
in Hindi
Mir Abdul Wahid wrote a treatise
Haqaiq-i-Hndi to explain their
Islamic equivalents. In later years
this interaction continued as Akbar
and Jahangir followed a liberal
religious policy.
New musical compositions were
written for the purpose of group
singing at kirtans.
Even today Miras bhajans and
Tulsidass chaupais are recited at
prayer meetings, A Musical
Renaissance.
INDIAN PAINTING
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Rabindranath Tagore,
Abanindranath Tagore, E.B. Havell
and Ananda Kehtish
Coomaraswamy played an
important role in the emergence of
the Bengal school of Art.
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Decorative Art
Mithila Painting
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Odisha Patachitra
Batik Print
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Gond Art
Kalighat Paintings
temple in Kolkota.
Indian Handicraft
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Abhinavaguptas (993-1055)
Abhinavabharati provides useful
information about music.
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Mutthuswami Dikshitar.
music.
Carnatic Music
Folk Music
life.
Pandwani of Chhattisgarh is a
narrative put to music.
Natyashastra of Bharata, is a
primary source of information, and
basically deals with drama. Bharata
has discussed dance and its various
angas (limbs) in detail. Facial
expressions, body movements,
hasta mudras and the footsteps
have all been brought together
under three broad
categoriesnamely, as nritta (pada
sanchalan), nritya (anga sanchalan)
and natya (abhinay).
Dances Of India
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Drama
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Folk Theatre
1) Bengal - Jatra, Kirtania Natak
2) Bihar-Bideshia
3) Rajasthan - Raas, Jhumar, Dhola Maru
4) Uttar Pradesh - Raas, Nautanki, Svaang,
Bhaand
5) Gujarat - Bhawaii
6) Maharashtra - Larite, Tamasha
7) Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka Kathakali,
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INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Granarquarters.
Harappan Period
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Vedic Aryans
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Free-standing Temples
Mukteshwara temple at
Bhubaneshwar and the Jagannath
temple at Puri.
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Regional Kingdoms
Bahamani
Mughals
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of Saint Francis.
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Mathematics
Pattin Ganita (calculations on
board), Anka Ganita (calculations
The town planning of Harappa
with numerals). Geometry is called
shows that the people possessed a
Rekha Ganita (line works) and
good knowledge of measurement
Algebra, Bija Ganita (seed analysis),
and geometry.
Astronomy and Astrology are
By third century AD mathematics
included in the term Jyotisa.
developed as a separate stream of
study.
Astronomy
Indian mathematics is supposed to
Jyotishvedanga texts established
have originated from the
systematic categories in astronomy
Sulvasutras.
but the more basic problem was
Apastamba in second century BC,
handled by Aryabhatta (499 AD).
introduced practical geometry
Aryabhattiya is a concise text
involving acute angle, obtuse angle
containing 121 verses. It contains
and right angle. This knowledge
separate sections on astronomical
helped in the construction of fire
definitions, methods of
altars where the kings offered
determining the true position of
sacrifices.
the planets, description of the
Main contributions in the field of
movement of the sun and the moon
and the calculation of the eclipses.
mathematics were the notation
The reason he gave for eclipse was
system, the decimal system and the
that the earth was a sphere and
use of zero. Carried to West by
rotated on its axis and when the
Arabs.
shadow of the earth fell on the
Brahmaguptas 'Brahmasputa
moon, it caused Lunar eclipse and
Siddhanta' is the very first book
when the shadow of the moon fell
that mentioned zero as a number,
on the earth, it caused Solar eclipse.
hence, Brahmagupta is considered
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Medicine
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Geography
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Chemistry
Mathematics
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Astronomy
Hikmat.
The Musalajati-Darashikohi of
Nuruddin Muhammad, dedicated to
Darashikoh deals with Greek
medicine.
Medicine
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Agriculture
SCIENTISTS IN ANCIENT
Knowledge of astronomy,
particularly knowledge of the tides
and the stars, was of great
importance in trade, because of the
requirement of crossing the oceans
and deserts during night time.
INDIA
Baudhayan
Aryabhatta
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Brahmagupta
He introduced negative numbers and
operations on zero into mathematics. He
wrote Brahm Sputa Siddantika through
which the Arabs came to know our
mathematical system.
Bhaskaracharya
Science
Kanad
Varahamihira
Mahaviracharya
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longevity of life.
Three Doshas
1. Vata(Wind)-Air & Akasha
elements
Nagarjuna
Susruta
Though not successful but,In his
treatise, Rasaratnakara, he has
In Susruta Samhita, over 1100
discussed methods for the
diseases are mentioned including
extraction of metals like gold, silver,
fevers of twenty-six kinds, jaundice
tin and copper.
of eight kinds and urinary
complaints of twenty kinds. Over
760 plants are described. All parts,
roots, bark, juice, resin, flowers etc.
were used.
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Charaka
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OF MEDIEVAL INDIA
Mathematics
Biology
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Chemistry
An important application of
Chemistry was in the production of
paper. Kashmir, Sialkot, Zafarabad,
Patna, Murshidabad, Ahmedabad,
Aurangabad and Mysore became
well known centres of paper
production.
Astronomy
Medicine
Musalajati-Darshikohi of Nuruddin
Muhammad, dedicated to
Darashikoh, deals with Greek
medicine and contains, at the end,
almost the whole of Ayurvedic
material medical.
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Agriculture
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EDUCATION IN INDIA
Education In The Ancient Period
Vedic Period
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Gupt Period
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Language
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Memorising,
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Untouchability
Slavery
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