AFF IV: Animal Reproduction

Animal Development
Lecture 10 | 18/19 May 2015

Kompetensi 74 - 82
K74 - Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme
reproduksi aseksual hewan
K75 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan fertilisasi
hewan
K76 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ
reproduktif manusia
K77 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan transport
spermatozoa
K78 - Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan tiga tahap
perkembangan embrio
K79 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavage
K80 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasi
K81 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis
K82 - Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis

Nembrotha rutilans

Animal Reproduction
The sea slugs, or nudibranchs (Nembrotha chamberlaini), in figure above are
mating. If not disturbed, these marine molluscs may remain joined for
hours. Sperm will be transferred and will fertilize eggs. A few weeks later,
sexual reproduction will be complete. New individuals will hatch, but
which parent is the mother? The answer is simple yet probably
unexpected: both. In fact, each sea slug produces eggs and sperm.

Concept 1. Both asexual and sexual reproduction

occur in the animal kingdom

Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspring

by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female
gamete (egg) to form a zygote
Asexual reproduction is creation of offspring
without the fusion of egg and sperm

Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission

(separation of parent organism into two individuals of aproximately

equal size)

Anthopleura elegantissima (sea anemone)

K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan

Asexual reproduction can be a two-step process

fragmentation, the breaking of the body
into several pieces,
regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts
certain annelid worms can split into several
fragments, each regenerating a complete worm in
less than a week
Numerous sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates also
reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration.

K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan

 In budding, new
individuals arise from
outgrowths of existing
ones

Parent
Bud

Hydra

K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan

 Parthenogenesis is the development of a new

individual from an unfertilized egg
Several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards
reproduce only by a complex form of parthenogenesis
that involves the doubling of chromosomes after
meiosis

Sexual reproduction is a special problem for

organisms that seldom encounter a mate
One solution is hermaphroditism, in which each
individual has male and female reproductive
systems
K74: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan mekanisme reproduksi aseksual hewan

Concept 2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring

together sperm and eggs of the same species
In external fertilization, eggs shed by the female are
fertilized by sperm in the external environment

K75: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi hewan

 In internal fertilization,
sperm are deposited in
or near the female
reproductive tract, and
fertilization occurs
within the tract
Species with internal
fertilization provide
greater protection of the
embryos and more
parental care
K75: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi hewan

Belostoma

Concept 3. Reproductive organs produce and

transport gametes

Human Male
reproductive
Anatomy
The male gonads, or
testes produce sperm
in highly coiled tubes
called seminiferous
tubules

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia

Human Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovaries

Oviduct

Follicles
Uterus

Uterine wall Corpus luteum

Endometrium

Cervix
Vagina

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia

Human Female Reproductive Anatomy

Each ovary contains many follicles, which consist of a

partially developed egg, called an oocyte, surrounded by
support cells
Once a month, an oocyte develops into an ovum (egg) by
the process of oogenesis
Ovaries

Oviduct

Follicles
Uterus

Uterine wall Corpus luteum

Endometrium

Cervix
Vagina

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia

 Ovulation expels an egg cell from the follicle

The remaining follicular tissue grows within the ovary,
forming a mass called the corpus luteum
The corpus luteum secretes hormones that help to
maintain pregnancy
If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum
Oviduct
Ovaries
degenerates
Follicles
Uterus

Uterine wall Corpus luteum

Endometrium

Cervix
Vagina

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia

Epididymis

Human
Gametogenesis

Seminiferous tubule

Testis
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Primordial germ cell in embryo

Mitotic divisions

Gametogenesis, the
production of
gametes by meiosis,
differs in females
and males
Spermatogenesis is
production of
mature sperm

Sertoli cell
nucleus

Spermatogonial
stem cell

2n
Mitotic divisions
2n

Spermatogonium

Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte

2n
Meiosis I

Lumen of
seminiferous tubule

Secondary spermatocyte

Meiosis II
Neck
Tail
Plasma membrane

Midpiece

Head

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Acrosome

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur organ reproduktif manusia

Spermatids
(at two stages of
differentiation)

Sperm

Early
spermatid

Differentiation
(Sertoli cells
provide nutrients)
n

Ovary

Eggs contain stored

nutrients and are much
larger
Oogenesis is
development of mature
oocytes (eggs) and can
take many years

Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
In embryo
Mitotic divisions

2n

Oogonium
Mitotic divisions

2n

First
polar
body

Primary oocyte
(present at birth), arrested
in prophase of meiosis I
Completion of meiosis I and onset
of meiosis II

Mature follicle
Ruptured
follicle

Secondary oocyte,
arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry

Ovulated
secondary oocyte

Completion of meiosis II

Second
polar
n
body

Corpus luteum

K76: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur

organ reproduktif manusia

Growing
follicle

Primordial germ cell

Fertilized egg
Degenerating
corpus luteum

Animal Development

How did a single cell develop into this intricately

detailed embryo?

 Important events regulating development occur during

fertilization and the three stages that build the animals
body
Cleavage: cell division creates a hollow ball of cells
called a blastula
Gastrulation: cells are rearranged into a threelayered gastrula
Organogenesis: the three layers interact and move
to give rise to organs

K78: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tahap perkembangan embrio

Concept 4. Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic

development
Cleavage
Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into
many smaller cells called blastomeres

K79: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan cleavage

Concept 5. Morphogenesis in animals involves

specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival
Gastrulation
Gastrulation rearranges the cells of a blastula
into a three-layered embryo
Embryonic germ layers

K80: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan gastrulasi

Organogenesis
During organogenesis, various regions of the germ
layers develop into rudimentary organs

K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis

Eye

Neural folds
Neural
fold

1 mm

Neural tube

Neural Neural
fold
plate

Notochord
Neural crest Coelom
cells

Notochord
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Archenteron
(a) Neural plate formation

Neural crest
cells

Tail bud

Neural plate

SEM

Mesoderm

Somites

Outer layer
of ectoderm

Neural tube

(b) Neural tube formation

K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan organogenesis

(c) Somites

1 mm
Neural
crest
cells
Somite

Archenteron
(digestive
cavity)

Mechanisms of
Morphogenesis
Changes in cell shape
usually involve
reorganization of the
cytoskeleton
Microtubules and
microfilaments
affect formation of
the neural tube
K82: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan morfogenesis

Summary
1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in
the animal kingdom
2: Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring
together sperm and eggs of the same species
3: Reproductive organs produce and transport
gametes
4: Fertilization and cleavage initiate embryonic
development
5: Morphogenesis in animals involves
specific changes in cell shape, position, and
survival

Next Week

Lecture Topics
Nervous System (Ch 49)
Motor Mechanisms (Ch 50)
Quiz 4