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Define privatization.
The transfer of ownership, property or business from the government to the private
sector is termed privatization. The government ceases to be the owner of the entity
or business.
Control Inflation
One of the primary impacts of monetary policy is on inflation. The goal of monetary
policy is to control inflation, or the value of currency, through changes in monetary
policy tools. When inflation rises, the central bank typically raises interest rates.
High inflation makes the costs of goods higher. Central banks want to keep inflation
low to keep the prices of goods stable relative to the value of the currency.
Interest Rates
Monetary policy directly impacts interest rates. The central bank raises or lowers
the prime rate, or interest rate the central bank loans money to other banks, as a
tool to impact the economy. These actions have a trickledown effect on the interest
rates charged on loans, credit cards and any other financial vehicle that is tied to
the prime rate.
Business Cycles
Business is cyclic in nature and goes through periods of expansion and contraction.
Monetary policy attempts to minimize the speed and severity of these expansions
and contractions to maintain steady growth or decrease a negative contraction. The
goal is to keep an economy on a slow, but steady growth pattern to prevent
recessions during periods of contraction.
Spending
Monetary policy impacts the amount of money spent in an economy. When a central
bank decreases interest rates, more money is typically spent in an economy. This
increase in spending can equate to better overall health for an economy. Likewise,
when interest rates are increased, spending declines, which could curtail inflation.
Employment
Employment levels relate to the health of an economy. When inflation is low and an
economy is stable or in an expansionary phase, employment levels are higher than
when inflation is high and an economy is in a contraction phase. Changes in
monetary policy that maintain economic stability and minimize inflation, tend to
keep unemployment low.
Q. 2.
business
While the list of advantages are too long to document, below you will find several
key advantages to how your business will improve as a result of technological
advances.
IMPROVE COMMUNICATION
Business technology can help small businesses improve their communication
processes. Emails, texting, websites and personal digital products applications
(apps), can help companies improve communication with consumers. Using several
types of information technology communication methods allow companies to
saturate the economic market with their message.
Companies may also receive more consumer feedback through these electronic
communication methods. These methods also allow companies to reach consumers
through mobile devices in a real-time format.
CONSIDERATIONS
Business technology allows companies to outsource business function to other
businesses in the national and international business environment. Outsourcing can
help companies lower costs and focus on completing the business function they do
best. Technical support and customer service are two common functions companies
outsource.
Small business owners may consider outsourcing functions if they do not have the
proper facilities or available manpower. Technology allows businesses to outsource
functions to the cheapest areas possible, including foreign countries.
The society as we know it is going through a radical makeover, thanks to constant
connectivity everywhere. This is creating a need for a digital makeover of
everything from retail to our postal system. It is changing our infrastructure needs
and it is also increasing the velocity of business. To stay ahead of the game
business owners must also change the traditional way of operating their day-to-day
business.
It keeps changing every day. These changes have also had a big influence on how
the business world operates. Its influence is felt in practically all aspects of the dayto-day operations of businesses, large and small.
This revolution is removing commercial and technological barriers that have
previously hampered free communication between people. Major advancements in
mobile technology and the advent of mobile web mean we can now shop, advertise,
read, purchase and bank with our mobile device.
By challenging traditional business models, the convergence of readily available
internet services and mass mobile devices has delivered unimaginable benefits to
both consumer and brand.
Mobility delivers choice for the customer and also lowers barriers to entry for third
parties. Integrating old business models with new to provide choice to all
demographics, whether in internet or non-internet ready markets, will continue to
unlock the full potential of mobile technology to all industries.
There is no doubt that business technology has revolutionized the way companies
conduct business, but the question remains: are small business owners ready for
the shift in technology and if so, what resources have they got in place to handle
these rapid changes?
In a survey conducted by Small Business Technology Institute (SBTI) and Small
Business Technology Magazine, managers from more than 3000 companies reported
that after health care, managing the evolving technologies available is proving to be
a major concern.
The report also indicated that small businesses tend to allocate very limited human
and financial resources to support their IT functions; and small businesses approach
IT support on a reactive basis and rely heavily on tactical support by product
lenders.
This type of approach and decision making around an area that is arguably the most
important sector within any business operating under a rapidly evolving
marketplace is a sure fire way to get taken over by competitors or go out of
business.
For the very first time small businesses have the opportunity to implement
business technology and level the playing field with larger organisations a chance
that should not be taken lightly for those looking to remain in business.
ASSIGNMENT No:2
Name two elements of external environment affecting business.
External environmental factors are events that take place outside of the
organization and are harder to predict and control. Some examples of external
environmental factors are noted below:
Changes to the economy, Threats from competition, Political factors, Government
regulations and The industry itself.
What is Disinvestment?
1. The action of an organization or government selling or liquidating an asset or
subsidiary. Also known as "divestiture".
2. A reduction in capital expenditure, or the decision of a company not to replenish
depleted capital goods.
Balancing Act
The idea, however, is to find a balance between changing tax rates and public
spending. For example, stimulating a stagnant economy by increasing spending or
lowering taxes runs the risk of causing inflation to rise. This is because an increase
in the amount of money in the economy, followed by an increase in consumer
demand, can result in a decrease in the value of money - meaning that it would take
more money to buy something that has not changed in value.
Let's say that an economy has slowed down. Unemployment levels are up,
consumer spending is down and businesses are not making substantial profits. A
government thus decides to fuel the economy's engine by decreasing taxation,
which gives consumers more spending money, while increasing government
spending in the form of buying services from the market (such as building roads or
schools). By paying for such services, the government creates jobs and wages that
are in turn pumped into the economy. Pumping money into the economy by
decreasing taxation and increasing government spending is also known as "pump
priming." In the meantime, overall unemployment levels will fall.
With more money in the economy and fewer taxes to pay, consumer demand for
goods and services increases. This, in turn, rekindles businesses and turns the cycle
around from stagnant to active.
If, however, there are no reins on this process, the increase in economic productivity
can cross over a very fine line and lead to too much money in the market. This
excess in supply decreases the value of money while pushing up prices (because of
the increase in demand for consumer products). Hence, inflation exceeds the
reasonable level.
For this reason, fine tuning the economy through fiscal policy alone can be a
difficult, if not improbable, means to reach economic goals. If not closely monitored,
the line between a productive economy and one that is infected by inflation can be
easily blurred.
The investing company may make its overseas investment in a number of ways either by setting up a subsidiary or associate company in the foreign country, by
acquiring shares of an overseas company, or through a merger or joint venture.
The accepted threshold for a foreign direct investment relationship, as defined by
the OECD, is 10%. That is, the foreign investor must own at least 10% or more of
the voting stock or ordinary shares of the investee company.
An example of foreign direct investment would be an American company taking a
majority stake in a company in China. Another example would be a Canadian
company setting up a joint venture to develop a mineral deposit in Chile.
The Government has amended the FDI policy regarding Construction Development
Sector. The amended policy includes easing of area restriction norms, reduction of
minimum capitalisation and easy exit from project. Further, in order to give boost to
low cost affordable housing, it has been provided that conditions of area restriction
and minimum capitalisation will not apply to cases committing 30 per cent of the
project cost towards affordable housing.
Relaxation of FDI norms are expected to result in enhanced inflows into the
Construction Development sector consequent to easing of sectoral conditions and
clarification of terms used in the Policy. It is likely to attract investments in new
areas and encourage development of plots for serviced housing given the shortage
of land in and around urban agglomerations as well as the high cost of land. The
measure is also expected to result in creation of much needed low cost affordable
housing in the country and development of smart cities.
The government has also raised FDI cap in insurance to 49 per cent from 26 per
cent through a notification issued by the DIPP. The limit is composite in nature as it
includes foreign investment in forms of foreign portfolio investment, foreign
institutional investment, qualified foreign investment, foreign venture capital
investment and non-resident investment.
Also, Indias cabinet has cleared a proposal which allows 100 per cent FDI in railway
infrastructure, excluding operations. Though the initiative does not allow foreign
firms to operate trains, it allows them to do other things such as create the network
and supply trains for bullet trains etc.