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REDUCTOR DE VELOCIDADES
90 . Also, for the pair of bevel gears having a ratio of unity, each has a pitch cone
45 . The gearing such that, called miter gearing, is used simply to change the direction of the shafts in a machine drive
Many more features need to specified before the gears can be produced. Furthermore, many successful, commercially available
gears are made in some nonstandard form. For example, the addendum of the pinion is often made longer than that of the gear.
Some manufacturers modify the slope of the root of the teeth to produce a uniform depth, rather than using the standard,
tapered form.
22 .5
and
25
are often used to avoid interference. The minimum number of teeth for
The mounting of bevel gears is critical if satisfactory performance is to be achieved. Most commercial gears have a defined
mounting distance. It is the distance from some reference surface, typically the back of the hub of the gear, to the apex of the
pitch cone. Because the pitch cones of the mating gears have coincident apexes, the mounting distance also locates the axis of
the mating gear. If the gear is mounted at a distance smaller than the recommended mounting distance, the teeth will likely bind.
If it is mounted at a greater distance, there will be excessive backlash, causing noisy and rough operation.
Geometrical features of straight bevel gears:
Gear ratio
NG
NP
mG
Pitch diameters
pinion
Np
Pd
gear
NG
Pd
Np
N
G
tan 1
gear
NG
Np
tan 1
Ao 0.5
D
sin
Fnom 0.3 Ao
A
Fmax o
3
10
Pd
or Fmax
(whichever is less)
Am Ao 0.5 F
Am
Note:
AmG
is defined for the gear, also called
pm
Am
Pd Ao
Clearance
2 Am
Pd Ao
c 0.125 h
hm h c
0.29
c1 0.21
mG 2
aG c1 h
ap h aG
bG hm aG
bp hm a p
bG
AmG
G tan 1
p tan 1
bp
mG
Do D 2 aoG cos
do d 2 aop cos
Because of the conical shape of bevel gears and because of the involute-tooth form, a three-component set of forces acts on
Wt
bevel gear teeth. Using notation similar to that for helical gears, we will compute the tangential force,
Wr
; radial force,
; and
Wx
axial force,
. It is assumed that the three forces act concurrently at the midface of the teeth and on the pitch cone. Also the
actual of the resultant force is a little displaced from the middle, no serious error results.
The tangential force acts tangential to the pitch cone and is the force that produces the torque on the pinion and the gear. The
torque can be computed from the known power transmitted and the rotational speed:
63000 P
n
Wt
T
rm
where:
rm
= mean radius of the pinion
rm
d F sin
2
2
Remember that the pitch diameter, d, is measured to the pitch line of the tooth at its large end.
The radial load acts towards the center of pinion, perpendicular to its axis, causing bending of the pinion shaft. Thus,
The axial load acts parallel to the axis of the pinion, tending to push it away from the mating. It causes a thrust load on the shaft
bearings. It also produces a bending moment on the shaft because it acts at the distance from the axis equal to the mean radius
of the gear. Thus,
St
Wt Pd K o K s K m
F J
Kv
where:
Ko
= overload factor;
Ks
= size factor
Km
= load-distribution factor
Kv
= dynamic factor.
Factors affecting the dynamic factor include the accuracy of manufacture of gear teeth (quality number Q); the pitch line velocity,
Vt
Kv
; the tooth load; and the stiffness of teeth. AGMA Standard 2003-A86 recommends the following procedure for computing
for bending strength calculation
u
Kz
Kv
K z Vt
where:
8
2 0.5Q
125
E p E G
S at
K z 85 10 u
Usually as a design decision, use two Grade 1 steel gears that are through-hardened at 300 HB with 36000 psi. The modulus of
30 10 6
elasticity for both gears is
psi.
Bending geometry factor, J, is dependent on the number of teeth of gear for which geometry factor is desired and on the number
of teeth in mating gear. Values can be found from AGMA Standard 6010-E88.
The approach to design of bevel gears for pitting resistance is similar to that for spur gears. The failure mode is fatigue of the
surface of the teeth under the influence of the contact stress between the mating gears.
Sc
The contact stress, called the Hertz stress,
Sc C pCb
Wt
K Km
o
F d I
Kv
where:
Cp
= elastic coefficient;
Cb
Using
= 0.634 allows the use of the same allowable contact stress as for spur and helical gears.
I
Pitting geometry factor, , is dependent on the number of teeth of gear and helix angle for which geometry factor is desired and
on the number of teeth in mating gear. Values can be found from AGMA Standard 2003-A86.
Procedure for selecting materials for bending stress
K R SF
St Sat
YN
where:
KR
SF
= reliability factor
= factor of safety
YN
= stress cycle factor.
YN
AGMA Standard 2001-C95 allows the determinations of the life adjustment factor,
10 7
expected to experience a number of cycles of loading much different from
. Note that the general type of material is a factor
for the lower number of cycles. For the higher number of cycles, a range is indicated by a shaded area.
Expected number of cycles of loading
Nc (60)(L)(n )(q )
where:
L
n
q
K R SF
Sc S ac
ZN
where:
ZN
= pitting resistance stress cycle factor.
ZN
AGMA Standard 2001-C95 allows the determinations of the life adjustment factor,
10 7
expected to experience a number of cycles of loading much different from
. Note that the general type of material is a factor
for the lower number of cycles. For the higher number of cycles, a range is indicated by a shaded area.
Sat
S ac
Datos de entrada
Input data:
Bevel Gearing
Pressure angle
Diametral pitch
Transmitted power
Rotational speed of pinion
Number of pinion teeth
20
Pd
P
np
Np
=
=
=
=
5
50
2950
18
teeth/in
hp
rpm
rpm
h
ng =
L =
q =
1405
20000
1
Elastic coefficient
Overload factor
Load-distribution factor
Factor of safety
Hardness ratio factor
Reliability factor
Cp
Ko
Km
SF
Ch
Kr
2300
1.5
1.58
1
1
1
Resultados
=
=
=
=
=
=
Result
Actual output speed
ng
Ng
mg
Qv
=
rpm
1361.538
=
39
=
2.167
=
11.000
Geometry parameters
Pinion
Pitch diameter
=
3.600
=
24.775
A0
Face width
Am
Pm
Clearance
hm
c1
Mean addendum
Mean dedendum
Gear
in
7.800
65.225
=
4.295
=
1.431
=
3.580
=
0.524
=
0.333
=
0.042
=
0.375
=
0.272
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
Pinion
Dedendum angle
Outer addendum
Outside diameter
ao
do
=
0.243
=
0.132
=
2.116
=
0.300
=
4.144
=
0.233
=
Gear
in
0.091
in
0.284
4.543
in
0.117
in
7.898
0.197
0.077
Tp
=
1067.797
lbf.in
Tang., Wt Radial, Wr
Forces on the pinion
=
711.787
vt
235.224
Axial,
Wx
108.565
ft/min
l
b
f
2780.309
Dynamic factor
Kv
Size factor
Ks
0.952
1.000
Pinion
Number of load cycle
Nc
=
3.5e+009
Yn
Zn
=
0.917
=
0.874
St
Sc
Sat
Sac
Gear
1.6e+009
0.929
0.889
=
22129.800
=
89095.772
=
24140.937
=
1.020e+005
psi
26212.139
psi
89095.772
psi
28203.434
psi
1.002e+005
Note
After computing the values for allowable bending stress number and for
allowable
contact stress number, you should go to the data in AGMA Standard 2001-C95,
to
select a suitable material. Consider first whether the material should be
steel,
cast iron, bronze, or plastic. Then consult the related tables of data.
For instance use through-hardened steel with hardness, HB
Pinion
Grade 1
Grade 2
=
226.307
=
193.899
Gear
220.725
188.749