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WEEK 1
LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, the students will be able:
To
describe
numerical
techniques
as
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SOLUTION
Suitable numerical methods
are then selected to solve
the mathematical equations
INTERPRETATION
The results obtained can
then be used to
predict/analyze/understand
the specific problem better
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Mathematical modeling
Is the use of mathematics to
Engineering
Physiology
Wildlife management
Economics
Etc
Physics
Ecology
Chemistry
Sports
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Dependent variable
Observed behaviour/state/phenomenon of a system
Characteristic that reflects behaviour or state of the system
i.e. y, f(x), f(t)
Independent variable
Dimension that determine a system i.e. time, t , x
Parameter
Quantity that serves to relate to functions and variables
Reflective of the systems properties or composition
Forcing functions
External influence that acts on system i.e. acceleration gravity, g
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Example
F = ma
dv
m F
dt
or
m
d 2x
F
dt 2
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Example
Assume that interested to predict the velocity of the falling parachutist with time
acceleration a
dv
dt
dv
dt
F FD FU
FD downwardforceof gravity
FD mg
FU cv
Model relates acceleration of falling
object to the forces acting on it,
dv
dt
mg cv
(differential equation)
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forcing functions
t,s
v,(m/s)
0.00
16.40
27.77
35.64
41.10
10
44.87
12
47.87
53.39
parameter
independent variable
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dv
mg cv
dt
dv
dt
v( t
i 1 )
v( t
v( t )
i
ti 1 ti
m
i 1 )
v( t )
i
ti 1 ti
g
c
m
v(t )
i
Approximate or
numerical solution
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Numerical solution
t,s
v,(m/s)
0.00
19.60
32.00
39.85
44.82
10
47.97
12
49.96
53.39
16
98
2 significant figures
98.09
4 significant figures
0.0098
2 significant figures
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Increasing precision
Increasing accuracy
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Error definitions
Error
True value
Approximation
value
True value = Error + Approximation value
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(1)
(2)
(3)
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Calculation of errors
True value of length of a bridge is 10,000 cm.
When you measure, the length recorded is
9,999 cm. Compute the true error and true
percentage relative error of the bridge.
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Answer: 1 cm and 0.01%
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Answer
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Round-off errors
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Taylor series
Provides a means to predict a function value at one point in terms of the
function value and its derivative at another point
Zero order
First order
Second
order
nth order
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(6)
Rn
f ( n 1) ( ) n 1
h
(7)
(n 1)!
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Rn
Rn O(h n1 )
Let say we truncated the Taylor series expansion after zero-order term to
yield
f ( xi1 ) f ( xi )
Remainder term, Rn for zero order version
R0 f '( xi ) h
f ' '( xi )
2!
h2
f 3( xi ) 3
h ...
3!
R0 f '( xi ) h
This result is still inexact because neglected second and higher order terms.
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So,
Zero order version
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Numerical
differentiation
Forward finite divided difference
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Where,
(15)
h
h
f
f'(xi ) i O(h)
h
f'(xi )
Where,
(16)
h xi xi 1
h xi 1 xi xi xi 1
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Example
Use forward and backward difference approximations of O(h) and a centered
difference approximation of O(h2) to estimate the first derivative of
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12
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Exercise
Use forward and backward and a centered difference to estimate the first
derivative of the function
41.9%
18.60%
11.63%
18.02%
12.21%
2.91%
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Higher derivatives
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Error propagation
This section is to study how errors in numbers can
propagate through mathematical functions. If we multiply
two numbers that have errors, we would like to estimate
the error in the product.
If a function f is dependent on
(a) a single independent variable x : f(x)
(b) two independent variables x and y : f(x, y)
(c) several independent variables x1, x2, x3, ... ,xn : f(x1 , x2 ,..., xn ).
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Truncating after the first derivative term and rearranging the remaining terms
to give
(21)
where
Example
Given a value of x* = 2.5 with an error of x* = 0.01, estimate the
resulting error in the function, f(x)=x3.
Solution
Exercise
Knowing a value of x* = 2.0 with an error of x* = 0.01, estimate the resulting
error in the function
f(x) = 0.5x3-0.1x2+0.8x-0.7
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(22)
(23)
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Relative error
Refer section 4.2.3
for example
Condition number
=
=
44
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46
47
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