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Lecture 2
Todays Agenda
- ESD.36 SPM
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Other Innovations
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Fundamental Approaches
Matrix-based methods
CPM, PERT, .
Task is a node or an arc
WORK
TO BE
DONE
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x x
xx
x x
x x
x x
System Dynamics
PEOPLE
PRODUCTIVITY
WORK
BEING DONE
WORK
DONE
Gantt Charts
08 Sep'03
Bus Unit
Mkt
Sys
Eng
Sys
Mfg
Sys
Project
Project "XYZ"
Customer Clinic
Requirements Definition
Parts Design
Design Review
Manufacturing
Product Release
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tasks
%
30
100
100
50
0
0
0
Start
9-Sep-03
09-Sep-2003
11-Sep-2003
15-Sep-2003
23-Sep-2003
24-Sep-2003
06-Oct-2003
Finish
6-Oct-03
12-Sep-2003
15-Sep-2003
22-Sep-2003
23-Sep-2003
05-Oct-2003
06-Oct-2003
08/09
15/09
actual
22 Sep'03
22/09
29/09
06 Oct'03
06/10
13/10
milestone
planned
6
CPM 101
Task ID (Series)
A,5
B,8
(Parallel)
B,8
A,5
D,3
C,2
CPM Assumptions
Project consists of a collection of well defined
tasks (jobs)
Project ends when all jobs completed
Jobs may be started and stopped
independently of each other within a given
sequence (no continuous-flow processes)
Jobs are ordered technological sequence
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Task Representations
Circles
Boxes
A,5
ES
ID:A
LS
EF
Dur:5
LF
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A, 5
fixed
9
Concept Question 1
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10
Job B
Job X
Job G
11
1 Prepare materials
2. Prepare room
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
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Source: http://www.wikipedia.org
12
IP S C M & L A
1 . 0 P r o je ct
M a n a g e m e nt
1 . 1 M I T Pr o je ct
M a n a g e m e nt
1 . 1 . 1 M I T Pr o je ct
M a n a ge r / PI
1 . 1 . 2 M IT T ra v el
2 . 0 T e rr e st r i al
A n a l o g i es
( T a s k 1)
2 . 1 L o w D e n si t y E q ui p m e nt
S C M L e s s on s L e a r n ed
3 . 0 S pa c e L og i s t i cs
N e t w o r k M o d el
( T a s k 2)
3 . 1 M o d e l Fo r m ul a t i on
4 . 0 E x pl o r a t i on
S u p p l y /D e m a nd
M o d e l i ng
( T a s k 3)
5 . 0 In t e rp l a ne t a ry
S C A r ch T r a de
S t u d i es
( T a s k 4)
4 . 1 S up p l y / D e m a nd
D a t a M o de l i ng
2 . 2 Lo n g -R a n ge M i l i t a ry
S C M L e s s on s L e a r n ed
3 . 1 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
4 . 1 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
5 . 1 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
2 . 3 R em o t e En v i r on m e n ts
S C M L e s s on s L e a r n ed
3 . 1 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
4 . 1 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
5 . 1 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
3 . 2 M o d el
D e v e l o p m e nt
4 . 1 . 3 U S A S e g m e nt
1 . 1 . 3 M I T R e so u r ce
A d m i n i s t ra t i on
1 . 1 . 4 R e s e r v es
2 . 4 I SS S C M
L e s s o n s L e a r n ed
1 . 2 J P L P r o je ct
M a n a g e m e nt
1 . 2 . 1 J PL P r o je ct
M a n a g er / C o - PI
6 . 3 In t e r na l I nt e g ra t i on
2 . 5 Sh u t t le / I SS
L e s s o n s L e a r n ed
4 . 2 D a ta
C o l l ec t i on
3 . 3 M o d el
V a l i da t i on
3 . 3 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
4 . 2 . 2 U S A S e g m e nt
4 . 3 D a ta
V a l i da t i on
1 . 3 . 3 U S A R es o u r ce
A d m i n i s t ra t i on
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5 . 3 T r a de S t u d i es
R e p or t i ng
6 . 3 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
6 . 4 P ub l i c E du c a t i on
a n d O ut r e a ch
6 . 4 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
6 . 4 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
3 . 3 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
4 . 3 . 1 J P L S e g m e nt
3 . 3 . 3 U S A S e g m e nt
4 . 3 . 2 U S A S e g m e nt
6 . 4 . 3 U S A S e g m e nt
1 . 3 U S A P r o je ct
M a n a g e m e nt
1 . 3 . 2 U S A T r a v el
6 . 3 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
4 . 2 . 1 J P L S e g m e nt
1 . 2 . 4 R e s e r v es
1 . 3 . 1 U SA P r o je ct
M a n a g er / C o - PI
5 . 2 T r a de S t u d i es
E x e c u tio n
6 . 3 . 3 U S A S e g m e nt
3 . 2 . 2 J P L S e g m e nt
1 . 2 . 2 J P L T r a v el
1 . 2 . 3 J P L R e s o u r ce
A d m i n i s t ra t i on
6 . 1 N A SA W o rk s h o p I
6 . 2 N A SA W o rk s h o p II
3 . 2 . 1 M I T S e gm e nt
1 . 3 . 4 R e s e r v es
5 . 1 T ra d e St u d i es
P l a n n i n g a n d S e t up
6 . 0 P r o je ct
I n t e gr a t i on a nd
D i s se m i na t i on
6 . 5 S p ac e S C M
E x e c u t i v e Sh o r t C o u r se
cyan
gray
green
Discussion Point 1
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14
WBS Guidelines
15
Task List
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16
Job #
Description
Start
10
20
Turn X on lathe
B,C
30
Turn Y on lathe
B,C
20
Polish Y
40
Assemble X and Y
D,F
20
Finish
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Immediate
Time
Predecessors [min]
0
17
Project Graph
Each job is drawn on a graph as a circle*
Connect each job with immediate predecessor(s)
unidirectional arrows
Jobs with no predecessor connect to Start
Jobs with no successors connect to Finish
Start and Finish are pseudo-jobs of length 0
A finite number of arrow paths from Start to
Finish will be the result
Total time of each path is the sum of job times
Path with the longest total time critical path
There can be multiple critical paths minimum time to
complete project
* or other symbol, see before
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18
Project Graph
F,40
E,20
C,20
critical path
G,20
A,0
H,0
Finish
Start
B,10
D,30
100
70
60
90
19
Critical Path
20
Discussion Point 2
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21
Job duration: t
Earliest Finish (EF)=(ES)+t
22
1.
2.
3.
4.
CP Algorithm
Mark the value of S to left and right of Start
Consider any new unmarked job, all of whose
predecessors have been marked. Mark to the
left of the new job the largest number to the
right of its immediate predecessors: (ES)
Add to ES the job time t and mark result to
the right (EF)
Stop when Finish has been reached
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23
CP Algorithm - Graphical
critical path
0
C,20
20
20
E,20
40
F,40
40
S=0 A,0 0
80
80
Start
0 B,10 10
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Finish
G,20
H,0
20 D,30 50
24
Concept Question 2
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Possible
Answers
20
22
25
27
30
35
40
25
26
Determine LF and LS
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27
0 20
0 20
20 40
20 40
40 80
40 80
C,20
E,20
F,40
Finish
G,20
S=0 A,0
Start
0 0
0 0
H,0
0 B,10 10
D,30
0 10
10 20
20 50
50 80
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Legend
early ES EF
late LS LF
28
Slack
29
0 20
0 20
20 40
20 40
40 80
40 80
C,20
E,20
F,40
TS=0
TS=0
TS=0
0 0
0 0
TS=0 TS=0
G,20
S=0 A,0
Start
Finish
TS=10
TS=30
0 B,10 10
D,30
0 10
10 20
20 50
50 80
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H,0
LS(i)
ES(i)
Duration t(i)
Total Slack
TS(i)
FS(i)
LF(i)
EF(i)
Duration t(i)
j is the immediate
successor of i with
the smallest ES
ES(j)
j>i
Free Slack
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32
Job Times
Predecessor Relationships
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33
A&D High Tech Case, Online Store Project, 60 tasks, HW2, 2007
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34
Crashing Tasks
Work overtime
Put more resources on the critical tasks
Parallelize tasks that are really serial (later in class)
Cost of speedup?
Is there a net savings resulting from
reduction in overall project time?
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35
Cost Calculations
Can compute project costs if cost of each job is
included in the task data
(Potentially) shorten crew jobs by adding personnel or
working overtime with existing personnel
Speedup carries price tag: normal time, crash time
Assign some critical jobs to their crash time
Direct costs will increase as we crash critical tasks
Indirect (fixed, overhead) costs will decrease as the
overall project duration decreases standing army
phenomenon
Minimize the sum of fixed and direct costs
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36
Project
Costs [$]
Total Costs
natural pace
savings
Direct Costs
A
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crash
Total Project
Time [days]
37
CPM Judgment
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Summary
39
Class Frustrations
40
HW1 Introduction
Task list
Create project graph
Critical path
Slack times
Re-planning after change
managerial-type questions
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41
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
ESD. 6\VWHP3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW
Fall 2012
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