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#omcepts

i. Dait"cit'$

atorii concflFl \/&.t a *eufral baii of neatt*r. Thoms*n s was a batrl cl positlve neast*r wiih nesative particles
emb*rJded in it, and Riltherf,:rd's was a iiny. rnassive, positive nucleus sl"siTi;u-.rCeii by "crbiting" eleclr*ns"
til"iy rnessive

p*sitive
atorn bcdy

Dalton atoms

negative
electrons

Thomson atorn

pos;tive nuci*us

negative

etectrcns in
"orbits"

Rutherford-Bohr atorn

2. The experimental evidence that led to the Rutherford model was the resuhs of bombarding a thin metal foil with an
aipha particle beam. The beam was mostly undeflected, as expected; however, a small but significant number of alpha
particles ,,vere deflected-some, through very large angles.
3. (a) Rutherford inferred that the nucleus was very small (compared to the size of the atom) because very few alpha
particles were deflected at all-so the vast majority had to be completely missing whatever in the atom was "solid."
(b) Rutherford inferred that the nucleus was positively charged because the mathematics of the angles of deflection
of the alpha particles was consistent with Coulomb's Law of repulsion of similar charges-and alpha particles
were known to be positively charged.
4. (a) The experimental evidence used in the discovery of the proton was the study of the behaviour of positive rays in
a modified cathode ray tube.
(b) A proton with an electric charge of 1+ is a small massive subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus.
5. (a) The experimentai evidence used in the discovery of the neutron was the effects of alpha bornbardment of materialsarrd the fact that protons and electrons could not account for all of the observed mass of atorns.
(b) A neutron is a small massive subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus and has no electric charge.

Apgrlyicrg lnquiry $kills

6. A "black box" is a system that cannot be directly observed and that nust be understood by ildirect interpretation of
evidence. Atomic stfticture is an example of a concept built from indirect erridence.
7. In oiriinary conversation, the word theory often means a hypothetical ciaini, speculation, cr guess. In science, the word
rsfeistoacomprehensi.resetof ideasbasedongeneraiprinciplesthatexpiains alargenumberof observaiions.
8. T'he ultimate authoiity in scientilic work ir; reproducible ev: -ience from exi;errmeetatjon.
F*4eklreg Cefi arectio!"!s
9. News media stories or<iinarily refer to atoins orJy in terms of uses for alcrcic.energy or isotope radioactivity, or pubiic;atioti of new rese;irch eviclence related t.r atornic structure theory.
1C. (3here are many examples students rnay use. Rutherlbrd did much rf his lvcr:: r:t iVicGili Unive:-sity, tbr irstence.
Giiles"lie, I-eRoy and Bader, all wolking in Canada, have each made sigr,ifrcan! ccntributions to mole,;ular theory.
A. typicai arlswer about a Canadian scientist u'oulC be sornething like t]:e foltorving.)
Gerhard Herzberg used advanced spectroscopy tc study the geonetry a:rd interilai energy siates of slr-.ali rr,cie..
r:iiles and free radicals. ln tire 1950s and 60s, he v'as Directol of Pure Fi:yrics at Canarla's ldational Resc,arch C<;uncii
in Oitawa, Cntalio. His warl<, especialiy the discovery of the spectrr.ri.r oi ll:e CtrI, free radicai, led to ilie 1!]? 1 Nobel

Itil;:c:

ir

Cirerni.s:ry.

t''i

Extensions
phrase "ernpty space" is misleading" Rutherfbrd stated that almost ali of an atorn's volume is enrpty-in the sense
ihat it contains negligibie "solid" matter (material with rnass and volune). 1'he 99.9999999 a/a of the atom's volume
that is free of anything with significant mass is nonetheless o'fu!l" of energy-the electric field of the electrons present.
Ancther atom cannot occupy this space because the electrons surrounding the two atoms' nuclei, repel each other.
"Soiid," at an atomic level, means full of negative charge.
12. The composition of a proton, according to the current "staildarri model" theory, is a triplet-made up of two "up"
quarks and one "tJown" quzuk. The Canadian scientisi who received a share of the Nobel Prize (in 1990) for his empirical work in veriiying this hypothesis is Dr. Richard Thylcrr. Dr. Thylor did his work at Stanford University, usiag the
hu-ue particle accelerator there.

1i. The