Teaching and Training Material Drill & Blast

Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Ltd
DRAFT
Calculations & Terms
used in
Drill & Blast Operations
library
National Centre for Vocational Education Resea h
level 11. 33 King William SI.
Adelaide SA 5000
Decembe~199~-----------------------+~
IDi\\UL
lSI cG
Calculations & Terminology for Drill & Blast Operations
This document was developed by:
The Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Ltd

P.O. Box 1545
Macquarie Centre NSW 2113
Phone: (02) 9887 1077
Fax:
(02) 9888 2078
Project Manager
Virginia Hilliard
Chief Executive Officer
Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Ltd
P.O. Box 1545
Macquarie Centre NSW 2113
Phone: (02) 9887 1077
Fax:
(02) 9888 2078
Project Officer:. Lee Fletcher
We gratefully acknowledge the contribution made by Coldwell Drilling Co,

Rockhampton, Qld.
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Copyrigh;l: Commonwealth of Australia, 1999
..__.. _.- .. ..---Galculatiens-&-rerminology for Drill & Blast Operations was developed with
funding from the Workplace English Language and Literacy Program through
the Department of Employment, Training and Youth Affairs.
Contents
Page
Section 1- Quick Reference

Metric Summary Chart
Conversion factors
Examples using Common Formulae ...........................................................
Complex Formulae
Section 2 -
2
4
5
6
Carrying Out Calculations

10
Area
Triangle
Trapezium
Cylinder
Annulus
Volume & Capacity
13
Volume
14
Cylinder
Rectangular Prism
Blast Pattern
Blast Hole
Density & Specific Gravity
17
Up-Hole Velocity
18
Angles
19
20
Charts
Inclined Blast Hole
Sine, Cosine & Tangent
Blast Design Parameters ... ............ .................................... ... ...... ... .........
Bench height
Blast hole diam~ter
Burden
Spacing
Sub-grade drilling
Stemming
Blast hole angle
Powder factor
Relative Weight Strength
Relative Bulk Strength
Intra-Row & Inter-Row Delay
22
Contents
(continued)
Page
Scaling of Blast Parameters ......................................................................
27
Geometrical Formulae
28
.Density of Rock Type
29
Wet Hole Calculations
30
Scaled DistancesNibration Control ............................. , ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......
30
Unit of Measure Conversion .... ...... ... ......... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ...... ... .
32
Blast Hole Loading Densities Chart .................. .................. ...... ...... ...... ......
34
Section 3 -
Blast Hole Terminology
Abbreviations
36
Definitions
37
Section 4 -
Test Yourself Answers
42
Section 1
Quick Reference
Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations
Metric Summary Chart

Length
Units of length are: millimetres (mm)
centimetres (cm)
metres (m)
kilometres (km)
1000mm
10mm
100cm
1000m
= 1m
= 1cm
= 1.0m
= 1km
CapacityNolume
Units of liquids:
Units of solids:
millilitres (ml)
Litres (I)
Kilolitres (kl)
Megalitre (MI)
. cubic cm (cm 3)
Cubic metres (m 3)
1000ml
1 litre
1000 litres = 1kl
= 1m3
1000KI = 1MI
Mass
Units of mass/weight:
1000mg
1000g
1000kg
milligrams (mg)
grams (g)
kilograms (kg)
tonnes (t) .
= 19
= 1kg
= 1 tonne
Pressure
The unit of measurement is a Pascal. It is too small to be of use by
itself.
1000Pa
1000 kPa
= 1 kilo pascal or 1 kPa

= 1 Megapascal or 1 Mpa
Area
Units of area: square mm (mm2 )
square cm (cm2 )
square m (m 2 )
hectares (ha)
1 hectare
= 10,OOOm2
100mm2
10,OOOcm2
(eg. a square 100m x 100m)

:: 1cm2
= 1m2
Metric Units
For simple estimation purposes we can use our own body as reference to measure things.
Check your own body measurements and write them in the boxes below.
Body measurements
Width of little nail/finger (is about 1cm)
Width of palm of hand ( is about 10cm)
Hand span from tip of little finger to tip of thumb (is about
20cm)
Outstretched arm from nose to fingertip ( is about 1
metre)
A long stride (is about 1 metre)
Calculations & Tel7Tls used in Drill & Blast Operations
Conversion Factors
Length
Inches (in)
x 25.4
= millimetres (mm)
Feet (ft)
x 0.305
= metres (m)
Pounds (Ibs)
x 0.454
= kilograms (kg)
Imperial ton(2,2401bs)
x 0.98
= metric tonne (T)
US ton (2,000lbs)
x 0.909
= metric tonne (T)
US gallons (Usgal)
x 0.833
US gallons (Usgal)
x 3.785
Imperial gallons (gal)
x 4.54
Cubic metres (m3 )
x 1,000
Barrel
x 158.8
= imperial gallons
= litres (L)
= Htres (L)
= litres (l)
= litres (l)
Mass
Volume
Flow Rate
Cubic ft per min (cfm)
x 28.3
Cubic metres per min (m 3/min)
x 1,000
Litres per sec (Usec)
x 790
3
Cubic metres per day (m /day) x 220
= litres per min (Umin)

= litres per min (Umin)
= imperial gal per hr (GPH)
= imp gal per day (GPD)
Density
Pounds per US gal (Ib/gal)
x 0.12
= specific gravity (SG)
Calculations & Tenns used in Drill &Blast Operations
Examples using Common Formulae
Formula
Perimeter of rectangle (add

sides)
P (perimeter) = 2(1 + b)
Area of rectangle (multiply 2

sides)
Example
Find perimeter of rectangle

3.7 m long & 2.2 m wide.
P = 2 (I + b)
= 2 (3.7 + 2.2)
= 2 x 5.7
= 11.8 m
.
Find area of rectangle 6
metres long and 2.3 metres
wide.
A =Ib
= 6x 2.3
= 13.8 m2
A (area) = I x b
A = Ib
Circumference of a circle
C = 21tr
or
C = 1td
(1t = 3.142)
Find the circumference of a

circle with a diameter of 20
cm.
C = 1td
= 3.142 x 20
= 62.83 cm
Area of circle
A = 1tr2
Find the area of a circle with a

radius of 10 cm.
A = 1t~
= 3.142 x 10 x 10
= 314.16 m2
V (volume) = I xb x h
= Ibh
Find volume of a rectangular

prism 47 mm long, 30 mm
wide & 15 mm high.
V.= Ibh
= 47 x 30 x 15
= 21150 mm3
Volume of rectangular prism
0 0
Volume of cylinder
= base area x length

= 1t~ x I (length)
Find the volume of a cylinder

with diameter of 4 m & height
of3 m.
If diameter is 4m then r = 2.
V
= n~h
= n2x2x3
Volume = 37.70 m3
Complex Formulae
Area
Legend
p = perimeter
A = Area
h = height
r= radius
d= diameter
e = length of diagonals
Right angled triangle - Pythagoras c2 formula
c2
b
A
=
=
=
=
a+b+c
a 2 + b2
b
2
"c _a
ab
indicates right
angle
or
y.
axb
Equilateral Triangle
=
=
3a
a"3
2
2
a "3
4
=
=
0.866a
0.433a2
a
indicates rig hi angle
Trapezoid
= Y:z h (a + b)
Trapezium
= a+b+c+d
= Sum of areas of two
major triangles
Ellipse
p
= D (a + b) approx
or D [1.5(a + b) - "abj
= Dab
Calculations & Tenns used In Drill & Blast Operations
a
7
Volume of Solids
Legend
A
V
= total area
= volume
Cube
Parallelopiped
v =
2(ab + bc + ac)
abc
Sphere
A =
4ltr = 12.566r
v=
4 ltr
= 4.189r
Cone(eg stock pile)
Calculations & Tenns used in Orill & Blast Operations
Section 2
How to carry out calculations
Calculations & Tenns used in Drill & B/ast Operations
Area
Area of a Triangle
= %Ix h
= % x 12 x 10
10cm
= 60 cm
( 2
because it is area)
12cm
Test Yourself
Find the area of these triangles
a) h = 24cm, I = 30cm
b) h
= 8.24cm, I = 3.4cm
Area of a Trapezium
= Yo h (a + b)
A = Yo x 7(1 Oem + 15cm)
15cm
\j7cm
10cm
= Yo x 7 x 25 (Always do sum in brackets first)

= 87.5cm2
( 2 because it is area)
Test Yourself
Find the area of this trapezium.
10
= 30m,
= 45m,
h = 8m
Surface Area of a Cylinder

If we could cut a cylinder down one side
and unroll it, it would be a rectangle.
The circumference of the circle must be equal to the length of the rectangle, and the height of the
cylinder must be equal to the breadth.
circumference
-0
Circumference
......
4--
21T r
(11
= 3.142)
RadiUS-)
If the radius of the cylinder ( r ) was 2 cm, then the length of the rectangle is
=2
= 2m
= 2x3.142x2
= 12.6 cm
If the height of the cylinder was 5 cm, then the breadth of the rectangle will be 5 cm. Hence, the
surface area of the cylinder (ie. area of the rectangle) is
= Ixb
= 12.6 x 5
= 63 cm2
Area
The ends of the cylinder are circles. Area of a circle is 11
f.
For both ends the area is 2 11 f.
Therefore, total surface area of a cylinder is

A
= 211fh
+ 211f or
= 211r (h + r)
Test Yourself
A cylinder has a base diameter of 40cms and height of 60cms. Find
a) the surface area of the cylinder (rectangle). Use your calculator.
b) The total surface area of the cylinder
Calculations & Tenns used In Drill & Blas,t Operations
11
..... Annulus-- ...- .-- .......-.The annulus is the space between two circles.
Area of annulus
= area of outside circle -
area of inside circle
Find the area of the annulus. The radius of outside circle is 1m; radius of inside circle is SOcm.
A (outside circle)
= 1tx1mx1m
= 3.14m 2
A (inside circle)
= 1t x O.Sm x O.Sm
= 2.01m2
Area of annulus = 3.14-2.01m2
= 1.13m2
(1t
3.142)
Test Yourself
2
Find the area of the annulus in m when using 100mm drill pipe in a 250mm diameter hole.
A (outside circle)
=
=
=
A (inside circle)
=
=
=
Area of annulus
=
=
12
Calculations & Tenns used in Drill & Blast Operations
Volume
The basic measurement of volume is the cubic metre (m3
).
1m
1m
1m
..1. . . . . . ._. ._-1---7

/
./~.
= Length x Width x Depth (L x W x D)
We get the volume of the tank this way:
Example
A tank has these dimensions:
= 1m x 1m x 1m
L = 1.1 metres;
= 0.8 metres; D
= 0.4 metres
V=LxWxD
1.1xO.BxO.4
= 0.3/i2m
Capacity
Directly related to volume is capacity, which is the amount of fluid a tank can hold.
A litre is the amount of liquid that will fit in a container 10cm by 10cm by 10cm.
As well as expressing the volume of the tank in m3 , we can express the volume in Iitres.
Remember,
1m3 = 1000 Iitres, so
Liquid volume
0.352 x 1000
3521itres
Test Yourself
A rectangular mud pit is
= 1.2m, W
= 0.8m,
D = 0.6m
What is the volume of the pit in m3 ?

What is the liquid volume?
Calaulations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations
13
Volume of Cylinder
A cylinder is an object that has circular ends. It can be solid or hollow, eg pipes
The area of a circle is 1l~
(11
"=3.142)
To calculate the volume of a cylinder we multiply the

circular base area by the height of the cylinder.
length
_-+I
Volume of cylinder = base area x length

= 1l~ x I (length)
" circular base
For example;
What is the volume of a pipe with a length of 8 m and diameter of 0.3 m?
Formula is
Radius:
= llrZ h
r = diameter
= 0.3 m
2
= 0.15 m
Area of base: = 1l~
= 3.142xO.15mxO.15m
= 0.0707 m2
So, volume:
= 0.0707 m2 x 8 m
= 0.566 m3 or
566 litres
Test Yours"elf
What is the volume of a cylinder with a diameter of 4m and a height of 3m?
14
Volume of a Rectangular Prism.
Formula
v
,
=Ixbxh
= Ibh
example:
Find the volume of a rectangular prism 47m long, 30m wide and 15m high.
v = Ibh
/
J,. . . . . . ._,_.". -" " ". ".". . .
= 47x30x15
= 21150m3 (or21150cubicmetres)
,/
Test Yourself
Find the volume of a rectangular prism with these dimensions:
2.5m wide, 8.5m long, 3.2m high
15
Volume of a Blast Pattern
=length
x width x vertical height
3
Volume of pit
= m 0rfe
= m3 x 1000
Volume in Iitres
'real' blast hole

average dimensions
Example:
Dimensions of a blast hole are:
I = 6m;
= 3m;
vh = 1m.
Volume of hole = (6 x 3 x 1) m3
Volume in litres
18m3
= 18 x 1000l
= 18,000l or 18Kl
Volume of a Blast Hole

Formula
Example:
What is the volume of a hole with a depth of 8m and diameter of 0.3m?
785 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 8
565.2 l
Test Yourself
16
Density
Formula
Density
Mass
Volume
Example:
A 20L drum is full of liquid. The weight of the liquid is 25kg. What is the density of the liquid in
kg/m 3?
Density =
Mass
Volume
25kg
20L
1.25kg/L
Specific Gravity (S.G.)

Density of water is taken to be 1kg/L.
This formula is used to detern:tine whether explosive will sink in water.
Specific gravity
= weight of explosive
weight of same volume of water
If volume is greater than 1, explosive will sink.

If volume of explosive is less than 1, explosive will float.
Example 1: If we have 1 litre of salt water weighing 1.2kg, the S.G.= 1.2 + 1 = 1.2.
Volume of cylinder
= package of explosive
Weight
Calculate
17
Up-Hole Velocity (UHV)

The velocity (speed) of air flowing up the annulus is a critical factor in lifting and clearing cuttings
from a drill hole.
The size of the annulus will determine up-hole velocity when using a consistent volume of
delivered air. This means that UHV will be higher in a small annulus and lower in a large annulus.
The recommended UHV for blast hole air drilling is:
1,500 to 2,100 metres per minute (mpm)

5,000 to 7,000 feet per minute (fpm)
Formula
U.H.V. (m/min)
= 2 x cfm x228.3
02_d
or
2 x Umin
02 - d2 (ins)
cfm = cubic feet per minute

Lpm = Litres per minute
0 2 = hole diameter in inches
= drill rod or pipe diameter
d2
in inches
Example: A drilling project requires a number of 6" diameter holes to a depth of 20 metres. Our
available rig is equipped with 4" diameter drill pipe and a compressor which delivers 650 c.f.m
(18,400 Umin) of air.
U.H.V. =
x 18,400
36-16
36,790
20
1,840 m/min
Test Yourself
18
Measuring Angles
Angles are used to measure how far something has turned/rotated.
o
360'
CD
90'
180'
270'
360 degrees is one complete revolution.

Angles have 2 arms. The arms meet at the point called the vertex.
Acute angle
Obtuse angle
B
SA and BC are arms
~-----
B is the vertex
L is the symbol for angle
) indicates angle
C
We use a protractor to measure angles. It covers a range of 180'.
The centre point of the base line of the protractor goes on the vertex of the angle.
Example,
This angle measures 135.
TestVourself
Write down the size of the angle in the following.
19
Inclined Blastholes
Vertical distance including vertical sub-grade (metres)
Deviation from the vertical to the nearest 0.1m
Length from the vertical to the nearest 0.1 m
Angle from Vertical
10
25
20
15
30
35
40
2.3 .
5.5
2.9
5.8
3.5
6.1
4.2
6.5
6.4
2;8
6.6
3.5
6.9
4.2
7.3
5.0
7.8
2.9
8.5
3.7
8.8
4.6
9.2
5.6
9.8
6.7
10.4
10.4
3.6
10.6
4.7
11.10
5.8
11.5
7.0
12.2
8.4
13.1
3.2
12.4
4.4
12.8
5.6
13.2
6.9
13.9
8.4
14.6
10.1
15.7
14.2
3.7
14.5
5.1
14.9
6.5
15.4
8.1
16.2
9.8
17.1
11.8
18.3
2.6
15.2
4.0
15.5
5.5
16.0
7.0
16.6
8.7
17.3
10.5
18.3
12.6
19.6
16.1
2.8
16.2
4.3
16.6
2.8
17.0
7.5
17.7
9.2
18.5
11.2
19.5
13.4
1.6
18.1
3.2
18.3
4.8
18.6
6.6
19.2
8.4
19.9
10.4
20.8
12.6
22.0
15.1
20.9 i
23.5 '
20
1.8
20.1
3.5
20.3
5.4
20.7
7.3
21.3
9.3
22.1
11.6
23.1
14.0
24.4
16.8
26.1
22
1.9
22.1
3.9
22.3
5.9
22.8
8.0
23.4
10.3
24.3
12.7
25.4
15.4
26.9
18;5
28.7
24
2.1
24.1
4.2
24.4
6.4
24.8
8.7
25.5
11.2
26.5
13.9
27.7
16.8
29.3
20.1
31.3
25
2.2
25.1
4.4
25.4
6.7
25.9
9.7
26.6
11.7
27.6
144
28.9
17.5
30.5
21.0
32.6
0.4
5.0
O.g
5.1
1.3
5.2
1.8
5.3
0.5
6.0
1.1
6.1
1.6
6.2
2.2
0.7
8.0
1.4
8.1
2.1
8.3
10
0.9
10.0
1.8
10.2
2.7
12
1.1
12.0
2.1
12.2
14
1.2
14.1
2.5
15
1.3
15.1
16
1.4
18
(Contributed by Coldwell Drilling Co)

20
Anole(Dearees)
Sine
Cosine
Tangent
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
45.0
47.5
50.0
52.5
55.0
57.5
60.0
62.5
65.0
67.5
70.0
72.5
75.0
77.5
80.0
82.5
85.0
87.5
90.0
0.000
0.044
0.087
0.131
0.174
0.216
0.259
0.301
0.342
0.383
0.423
0.462
0.500
0.537
0.574
0.609
0.643
0 ..676
0.707
0.737
0.766
0.793
0.819
0.843
0.866
0.887
0.906
0.924
0.940
0.954
0.966
0.976
0.985
0.991
0.996
0.999
1.000
1.000
0.999
0.996
0.991
0.985
0.976
0.966
0.954
0.940
0.924
0.906
0.887
0.866
0.843
0.819
0.793
0.766
0.737
0.707
0.676
0.643
0.609
0.574
0.537
0.500
0.462
0.423
0.383
0.342
0.301
0.259
0.216
0.174
0.131
0.087
0.044
0.000
0.000
0.044
0.087
0.132
0.176
0.222
0.268
0.315
0.364
0.414
0.466
0.521
0.577
0.637
0.700
0.767
0.839
0.916
1.000
1.091
1.192
1.303
1.428
1.570
1.732
1.921
2.145
2.414
2.747
3.172
3.732
4.511
5.671
7.596
11.430
22.904
..
tan 0
o~adj
c050
a~hyp
Hypotenuse
5in0
inf
djacent
Op%
hyp
Opposite
hyp2
adj2 + Opp2

21
Blast Design Parameters

The following 'rules of thumb", derived from years of practical experience, are more appropriate for
developing an initial blast design. The 'rules of thumb' apply to looses Iy poured ANFO at a
density of 0.8 g/cm3 in a rock of average strength.
Bench Height
Chosen on the basis of local ground conditions, safety regulations and the size and type of the
loading equipment.
Rule of Thumb
8ench height (H)
= 60 x blast hole diameter (mm)
Blast Hole Diameter (d)

Generally dictated by the available equipment but should be selected so that the bench height (H)
is in the range of 60d to 140d.
Rule of Thumb
d (mm)
{Where d
= (8 - 15) H (m)
= blast hole diameter (mm) and H =bench height (m) }
Burden (B)
The burden is the distance between two drilled rows of blast holes. Generally iUs in the range of
24d to 36d. A value of 30d should be chosen initially.
Rule of Thumb
8 (m)
= (20 to 35 ) d (m)
20 Hard massive rock

27 Average rock
35 Softer well-jointed rock
Spacing (S)
The spacing (m) is the distance between two blast holes within the same row.
Spacing too close, causes premature splitting, crushing and cratering between blast holes.
Spacing too large, causes inadequate fracturing between blast holes resulting in poor
fragmentation of the rock mass.
Should initially be 1.158 (gives an equilateral triangle pattern).
22
Rule of Thumb
S (m) = (1 to 1.8) B (m)
1
hard massive rock
1.15 (equilateral triangle)
1.8 soft jointed rock
Subgrade Drilling (SO)

Subgrade drilling (sub-drill) is the distance drilled below floor level to ensure that the full face of the
rock is removed.
stemming
Explosive charge
length
Generally in the range of 8d to 12d. A value of 10d is usually chosen initially.
Rule of Thumb
SO (m)
= (0.1 tq 0.5) B (m)
0.1
0.3
0.5
easy toe
average toe
hard toe
Stemming (ST)
Stemming is an inert material which is used to fill the zone from the top of the explosive charge to
the collar of the blast hole. This material confines the explosive gasses and reduces airblast.
Rule of Thumb
ST
= (0.7 to 1.0) B
0.7
1.0
hard massive rock/good stem material

easy to blast rock, cautious blasting
Blast Hole Angle

Should be selected so that blast holes are parallel to the face (where possible).
23
Powder Factor
Powder factor is defined as the mass of explosive divided by the volume of rock expressed in
kg/m3.
Powder factor
(1)
Exp Mass per metre
d
p
(2)
(3)
Mass of Explosive
Volume of Rock
Explosives Mass Per Metre (1) x Charge Length

Burden x Spacing x Bench Height
1L x Jf. x P
4 1000
=
=
diameter (mm)
density of explosive (g/cm 3)
Exp Charge Length =
Blast hole length
(3) -
(2)
Stemming length
Note that blast holes drilled on an angle are longer than blast holes drilled vertically (for the
same Bench Height and Subdrill) and need to be accounted for.
Soft well structured rock usually requires powder factors of about 0.10 kgfT of ANFO while in hard
massive rocks the powder factor ranges up to 0.40 kgrT.
Relative Weight Strength (RWS)

RWS is a percentage approximation of the strength of an explosive compared kg for kg to ANFO.
=
125% (1.25) is supposed to be 25% stronger than
ANFO = 100%. Explosive)t RWS
ANFO on a kg for kg basis.
Relative Bulk Strength (RBS)

RBS is a percentage approximation of the strength of an explosive compared volume to volume (ie
litre for litre) to ANFO. ANFO = 100%.
Intra - Row Delay

Generally in the range of 2 to 5 ms/m of spacing. A value of 3 ms/m should be chosen initially.
Inter - Row Delay

Generally in the range of 10 to 20 ms/m of burden. A value of 15ms/m should be chosen initially.
24
Example:
A blast pattern is required with Burden x Spacing
Hole diameter
1)
0.5m
Hole depth
8m
No. of holes
50
Stemming
2.5m
ANFO
0.85.kg/L
SG
What is the volume of rock expected out of the blast?

Volume of blast
Total Hole Depth
2)
2.7m x 3.0m.
089mm
Subgrade drilling
Explosive
8 x S x H+ x No.Holes
2.7 x 3.0 x B.O x 50
64.8m3 x 50
3240m 3
Depth + Subdrill
8.0"+ O.5rn
8.5m
How much explosive required?

Explosive Charge Length
Total hole depth - Stemming Length
8.5m-2.5m
6.0m
Explosive charge per metre (volume of cylinder)

Volume of hole/per m
1t
5.29 kg/m
Therefore, explosive Charge Weight

r2 x h (where h
= 1)
Charge length x Charge/m
25
3)
6.0m x.5.29 kg/m
31.74kg
No. of holes
50
:. Total Explosive Weight for entire blast
50 x 31.74 kg
1587.0 kg
What is the powder factor?

Powder factor
26
Explosive Weight
Blast Volume
1587 kg
3240 m3
.......... Kg/m3
Calculations & Te,!"s used in Drill & Blast Operations
Scaling of Blast Parameters

Wherever there is a change in blast hole diameter (d) or explosive type, a new blast geometry
needs to be developed. As the parameters of blast design are increased, there is a law of
diminishing returns applying to fragmentation and muckpile looseness. (This applies unless there
is a substantial increase in explosives Energy Factor or the fragmentation is almost completely
defined by rock jointing Istructure.) For this reason, blast pattern expansion is generally not
proportional to increases in explosive energy or blast hole diameter.
The new geometry should be calculated using a scaling factor:
=
-p-
where:
RBEE is the relative bulk effective energy and subscripts c and
proposed system respectively.
p refer
to the current and
K is then used to calculate the new burden distance (Bp) and new blast hole spacing (Sp) using the
relationship:
K" [Be X Scl

Where:
N varies between about 0.8 and 1.0. A value of 0.8 is recommended for introductory
blasts. Initially, Sp : bp should be 1.15.
27
Geometrical Formulae
Circumference of a circle
1t0
Area of a circle
Y. 1t 0 2 or 1t r2
Area of rectangle
length x width
Area of triangle
% base x height
Surface of sphere
41tr2
Volume of cone
1/12
1t 02H or 1t r2h
3
Volume of wedge
% area of base x height
Volume of cylinder
Y. 1t D2H or 1t r2 h
Per metre of hole

Per hole
Per blast
=
=
=
BxS
BxSxH
B x S x H x Holes
Mass of Rock (t)
Mass
volume x density
RWS
Q exp/Q anfo
(Where Q = Available energy)
Relative Bulk Strength
RBS
(RWS exp/RWS anfo) x (p exp/p anfo)

(Where p = Relative Oensity)
Powder Factor
Pfa
Mass of explosives
Volume of rock
Energy Factor
Ef
Pta x RWS
Volume of Rock Blasted (m
28
Density of Rock Type
Material
Relative
Density
Weight
Solid
tm O
mOlt
Broken
mOlt
T/m o
Basalt
2.8 -3.0
3.0
0.33
1.96
0.51
Coal - Anthracite
1.3-1.8
1.6
0.63
1.05
0.96
Coal - Bituminous
1.2-1.5
1.41
0.71
0.92
1.09
Diabase
2.6 -3.0
2.8
0.36
1.83
0.55
Diorite
2~8
- 3.0
3.0
0.33
1.96
0.51
Dolomite
2.8 - 2.9
2.9
0.35
1.90
0.53
Gniess
2.6-2 .. 9
2.9
0.35
1.90
0.53
Granite
2.6 -2.9
2.8
0.36
1.83
0.55
Gypsum
2.3-3.3
2.8
0.36
1.83
0.55
Haematite
4.5-'5.3
4.8
0.21
3.14
0.32
Limestone
2.6-2.9
2.7
0.37
1.76
0.57
Limonite
3.6-4.0
3.8
0.26
2.48
0.40
Magnesite
3.0-3.2
3.2
0.31
2.09
0.48
Magnetite
4.9-5.2
5.0
0.20
3.27
0.31
Marble
2.1-2.9
2.5
0.40
1.63
0.61
Quartzite
2.0-2.8
2.6
0.38
1.70
0.59
Sandstone
2.0-2.8
2.4
0.42
1.57
0.64
Shale
2.4-2.8
2.6
0.38
1.70
0.59
Silica Sand
2.2 -2.8
2.6
0.38
1.70
0.59
Slate
2.5-2.8
2.7
0.37
1.76
0.57
29
Wet Hole Calculations

Number of cartridges to build out of water
NE
Hf x 1000
LE
HF
Ho X D2
D2_d 2
Number of cartridges needed
Final height of water (m)
Length of cartridge (mm)
Ho
Original height of water (m)
Diameter of borehole (mm) ~

Indicates annulus volume
Diameter of cartridge
(mm~
Scaled DistancesNibration Control

For a given distance the mass of explosives per delay (> Bms) can be calculated as follows:
(D),
or
Ds
If the mass of explosives per delay and the distance is known, the scaled distance can be
calculated as a check to see of it is within limits:
DS
D
DME
Where:
Me
Mass of explosive (kg) per delay (> Bms)
Distance to property of concern (m)
Ds
Scaled distance (m)
30
Calculations & Tenns used in Drilf & Blast Operations
(1)
The United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) gives

Ds
(2)
31m
The office of Surface Mining (US) recommends

Ds
74m ifD is smaller than 150m
82m if Dis 150 to 1,500m
96m if D is greater than 1,500m
Based on the USBM standard the following are recommended.
Distance to structure
or property of
concern
10
Mass of explosives
(kg) per delay (>
Sms)
0.1
Distance to structure
or property of
concern
300
Mass of explosives
(kg) per delay (>
Sms)
100
20
0.4
50
250
30
1.0
750
600
50
2.5
1000
1000
75
6.0
1500
2500
100
10.0
2000
4000
150
25.0
3000
10000
Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Opera~ions
31
Unit of Measure Conversion

Take the measure of the unit to be converted and multiply with the figure on the opposite side to
get the measure in the opposite unit.
Example:
1.0 metre
3.5 acres
1 3.281 = 3.281 feet

3.5.0.405 = 1.418 hectares
Length
25.400 millimetres
0.914 metres
0.305 metres
0.025 metres
1.609 kilometres
1.152 statute miles
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.039 inches
1.094 yards
3.281 feet
39.372 inches
0.621 statute miles
0.868 nautical miles
Area
6.452 sq. centimetres
0.836 sq. metres
0.093 sq. metres
0.405 hectares
1
1
1
1
0.155 sq. inches

1.196 sq. yards
10.764 sq. feet
2.471 acres
Volume
16.387 cu. centimetres
0.765 cu. metres
0.028 cu. metres
0.568 Iitres
4.546 lfires
3.785 litres
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.061 cu. inches

1.308 cu. yards
35.315 cu. feet
1.761 pints
0.220 imperial galls
0.264 U.S. gallons
Mass/Weight
28.350 grams
0.454 kilograms
1.000 kilograms
2.240 pounds
9.810 kN
1.016 tons (metric)
0.102 tons
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Density/Powder Factor
0.016 gm/cu. cm
0.593 kg/cu. metre
16.016 kg/cu. metre
1
1
1
32
0.035 ounces
2.205 pounds
0.001 tons (metric)
0.446 103 (imperial)
0.102kgf
0.984 tons (imperial)
9.810 kN
62.438 pounds/cu. ft
1.686 pounds/cu. yd
0.062 pounds/cu. ft
Pressure
1,013 bar
0,069 bar
0,010 bar
0,102 m water head
10,194 m water head
2,307 ft water head
1
1
1
1
1
1
Flow Rate
0.076 litres/second
0.987 atmospheres
14.500 Ibs/sq. inch
100.000 kPa (kNm2)
9.810 kPa
0.098 bar
0.434 Ibs/sq. inch
I 13.200 gallons/minute
Viscosity
1.000 Ns/m<
1.000.000 m2/s
47.847 Ns/m2
0.093 m2/s
1
1
1
1
0.001 centipoise (cP)

0.000,001 centistoke (cSt)
0.021 Ibf s/tr
. 10.760 tr/s
ut
0.738 ft-Ibf
1.341 horse ower
Temperature
-
To convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by 9/5 and add 32.
To convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9.
33
2.49
2.80
3.11
3.73
4.35
3.27
3.68
4.09
4.90
5.72
6.54
3.66
4.12
4.58
5.50
6.41
7.33
4.08
4.59
5.10
6.12
7.14
8.17
4.60
5.17
5.07
13.08
13.85
15.42
16.33
18.15
19.96
20.87
21.78
22.68
23.23
23.59
24.50
16.88
17.87
19.86
21.84
22.83
23.83
24.82
25.42
25.81
26.81
18.18
19.24
21.38
23.52
24.59
25.66
26.73
21.15
22.40
24.88
27.37
28.62
29.86
31.11
12.36
14.56
15.59
17.32
20.78
24.25
27.71
29.44
16.47
18.53
20.59
24.71
28.83
32.95
35.01
19.79
22.27
24.74
29.69
34.64
39.58
42.06
86.73
34
Section 4
Drill & Blast Terminology
35
Abbreviations
36
AN
Ammonium Nitrate
ANFO
Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil
Burden
Centigrade
cm
Centimetre
CN
Calcium Nitrate
DRC
Detonating relay Connector
Young's Modulus
EE
Effective Energy
EP
Emulsion Phase
FO
Fuel Oil
grams
g/m
grams per metre
Gpa
Gigapascal
KgF
Kilograms force
KJ
Kilojoule
L1L
Lead in Line
MJ
Megajoule
mm
millimetre
MMU
Mobile Manufacturing Unit
Mpa
Megapascal
ms
millisecond
MSC
Millisecond Connector
PETN
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
PS
Polystyrene
RBEE
Relative Effective Energy
RF
Radio Frequency
RQD
Rock Quality Designation
RWEE
Relative Weight Effective Energy
RWS
second
Spacing
SG
Specific Gravity
Tonne
TLD
Trunkline Delay
TNT
Trinitrotoluene
VOD
Velocity of Detonation
Definitions
Capped fuse
A length of safety fuse with a plain detonator crimped to one end
Circuit
Insulated electric wires connecting electric detonators together
Crimper
A special tool to securely attach a plain detonator to safety fuse
Delay detonator
'A detonator which fires at a specified time after initiation
Detonating cord
A continuous core of detonating explosive powder covered by an

outer jacket
Detonator
A small, sensitive high explosives charge inside a protective shell
Downline
The link which transmits an initiation signal inside a blasthole
Exploder
A portable source of electrical energy used to fire electric detonators
Fuse lighter
A pyrotechnic device used to initiate safety fuse
Igniter cord
An incendiary cord used to ignite safety fuse
Leadwires
The wires which are permanently attached to an electric detonator
Misfire
An explosive which has not completely fired after initiation
Safety fuse
A continuous core of black powder covered by braided yarns
Signal tube
A hollow plastic tube which transmits energy by a shock wave
Trunkline
The link which transmits an initiation signal to blasthole collars
Calculations & Tenns used In Drill & Blast Operations
37
Burden
Distance between a free face and an explosive charge 9ie when it

fires)
Collar
Top or upper section of a blasthole (ie at or near the bench top)
Drilling pattern
General layout of blasthole collar positions (eg square or rectangular

grid)
Equilateral triangle
A triangle that has all sides of equal length
Grade
Design floor level 9ie top of next bench down) in an openOcut mine
or quarry
Inclination
Angle usually measured in degrees from a vertical line
Spacing
Distance between adjacent blasthole collars (ie usually in the same

row)
Stemming
Inert material (eg crushed rock) put into blasthole collars to contain
explosion gases
Sub-drill
Length of blasthole drilled below the design grade level (also called
sub-grade)
S:B ratio
Blasthole spacing divided by blasthole burden distance
Toe
Bottom or lower section of a blasthole
Blast Geometry
AN
Ammonium Nitrate
Classification
Separation of explosives according to their hazard characteristics
Day box
A container used to store daily reqUirements of explosives on the job
Division
One of the five official groups into which explosives are divided
Expense box
Another term for day box
Exudation
proplets of NG liquid on the outer wrapper of packaged explosives
38
HE
High explosives goften used to mean detonator-sensitive explosives)
IMCO (IMO)
Intergovernmental Maritime Organization
Magazine
A special storage place used for keeping explosives or detonators
Magazine shoes
Special overshoes (galoshes) for wearing inside magazines
NG
Nitrglycerine
Receptacle
Licensed container to store or transport small amounts of explosives
Recrystallisation
Salt crystals formed by evaporation of salty liquids from explosives
Safety distance
The separation distance required arour'ld explosives magazines
Signal Tube Initiation ,Systems

Bridging
Linking together of separate sections of a blast initiation system
Burden
Measured distance between an explosive charge and a free face
Burning front
Gap between firing a downline and explosion of the charge around it
Control row
Line of initiation which controls sequencing and timing in a blast
Cut-off
Failure caused by physical damage or disruption during the blast
Dummying
A method to establish correct delay timing for odd blasthole patterns.
Echelon
A diagonal line between the collars of a staggered blasthole pattern
Free face
Open area available for charged blastholes to fire (ie break) towards
Hookup
Connection of the individual components of the initiation system
39
Incoming
initiation signal or component coming in from another location
Leading hole
The blasthole which is deSigned to fire first (ie lead) during a blast
Outgoing
Initiation signal or component going out towards another location
Shrapnel
Tiny fast-moving fragments produced by detonating explosives
Spacing
Measured distance between adjacent blastholes in the same row
Explosives Properties
ANFO
A mixture of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) and distillate Fuel Oil (FO).

usually mixed together in the ratio of 94:6 (by weight)
Approved
Approved by the relevant Explosives/Dangerous Goods & Mines

Department
Blasting agent
Explosives which cannot be initiated by a #8 strength detonator
Bulk strength
Energy yield per unit volume of explosive
Critical diameter
The minimum diameter at which an explosive will reliably detonate
Dead pressing
Compression of an explosives charge to a density at which it is so

insensitive that it cannot be initiated or sustain a stable detonation
Detonation
An explosive chemical reaction which involves a supersonic "shock
wave"
DPD (Dynamic Pressure
Desensitisation)
The effect of an intense shock wave passing through an explosive

charge. resulting in the destruction of the explosives sensitising
agent. rendering it insensitive to detonation
Emulsion
A super-fine mixture of oxidisers (eg AN solution) and fuels (eg Fuel

Oil) stabilised by surface-active "emulsifiers
GMB (Glass MicroBalioon)
Extremely small hollow glass spheres used to sensitise some

emulsion explosives
Oxidiser
An ingredient that provides oxygen in an explosive
Primer
A high explosives unit designed to initiate the main explosives

charge
40
Calculations & Tenns used in DriJl & Blast Operations
Energy available to do useful work (compared to ANFO as 100%)
REE (Relative Effective

Energy)
VOD (Velocity of
Detonation)
The speed at which the detonation wave travels through a confined

explosive column
Weight strength
Energy output per unit weight of explosive
41
42
Calculations & Tel7l7S used in Drill & Blast Operations
Section 4
Test Yourself Answers
43
Area of a Triangle
(Page 10)
Find the area of these triangles

a)
h = 24cm,
b)
h = B.24cm,
= 3.4cm
Area of a Trapezium
= 360cm
= 14.008cm2
2
(Page 10)
Find the area of this trapezium:
A = Yo I x h, .. A
= 30cm
= 30m,
= Bm
= Yo h (a + b)
= Yo x B (30 + 45)
= Yo x B x275
= 300cm
Surface Area of Cylin,der
(Page 11)
A cylinder has a base diameter of 40cms and height of 60cms. Find

a) the surface area of the cylinder (rectangle)
b) the total surface area of the cylinder
a)
IfD
A
= 40, r = 20
= 21tr x h
= 2 x 1t 20 x 60
X
= 7539.B224 (frolT] calculator)

Area
b)
= 7540cm 2
2
(to nearest cm )
= 21tr (h + r)
= 2 x 1t
20 x (60 + 20)
= 2 x 1t
20 x BO
= 10053.096
Area
44
= 10053cm2 (to nearest cm2)
Annulus (Page 12)

Find the area of the annulus in m2 when using 100mm drill pipe in a 250mm diameter hole.
= 1t r
A (outside circle)
= 3.142 x 0.1252
= 0.049m2
=
A (inside circle)
1tr
= 3.142 x 0.05 2
= 0.0079m2
Area of annulus
= 0.049 - 0.0079
= 0.0411m2
Capacity (Page 13)

L = 1.2m,
A rectangular mud pit is
= 0.8m,
0 = 0.6m
What is the volume of the pit in m3 ?

V (m3 )
= 1.2 x 0.8 x 0.6

= 0.576 m3
Liquid V.
= 0.576 x 1000
= 576 L
Volume of Cylinder (Page 14)

What is the volume of a cylinder with a diameter of 4 m and a height of 3 m?
V =
1t r h
(r
Area of base =
= 2 m)
1t r
= 3.142 x 2 x 2
= 12.6m2
So volume = 12.6m2 x 3
= 37.8m 3 or 37,800 litres

45
Volume of Rectangular Prism
(Page 15)
Find the volume of a rectangular prism with these dimensions:

2.5m wide, 8.5m long, 3.2m high
= Ixbxh
= 8.5 x 2.5 x 3.2
= 68m 3 or 68 cubic metres
Volume of a Blast Hole
Up-Hole Velocity
(Page 16)
(Page 18)
46

Teaching and Training Material Drill &amp; Blast

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Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Ltd

Calculations & Terminology for Drill & Blast Operations

This document was developed by:

The Australian Drilling Industry Training Committee Ltd

Project Officer:. Lee Fletcher

We gratefully acknowledge the contribution made by Coldwell Drilling Co,

-' c;, i::;jrc;:JiJb3 lsf1oif5:)oV 101 9'tr~9J 'sno!Js't-1 f

Section 1- Quick Reference

Carrying Out Calculations

Density & Specific Gravity

Scaling of Blast Parameters ......................................................................

.Density of Rock Type

Wet Hole Calculations

Blast Hole Terminology

Test Yourself Answers

Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations

Metric Summary Chart

= 1 kilo pascal or 1 kPa

Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations

(eg. a square 100m x 100m)

Calculations & Tel7Tls used in Drill & Blast Operations

= metric tonne (T)

= metric tonne (T)

Imperial gallons (gal)

Cubic metres (m3 )

Cubic metres per min (m 3/min)

Litres per sec (Usec)

= litres per min (Umin)

= specific gravity (SG)

Calculations & Tenns used in Drill &Blast Operations

Examples using Common Formulae

Perimeter of rectangle (add

Area of rectangle (multiply 2

Find perimeter of rectangle

Find the circumference of a

Find the area of a circle with a

Find volume of a rectangular

Volume of rectangular prism

= base area x length

Find the volume of a cylinder

Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations

Right angled triangle - Pythagoras c2 formula

indicates rig hi angle

Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations

= Sum of areas of two

Calculations & Tenns used In Drill & Blast Operations

Cone(eg stock pile)

Calculations & Tenns used in Orill & Blast Operations

How to carry out calculations

Calculations & Tenns used in Drill & B/ast Operations

A = Yo x 7(1 Oem + 15cm)

= Yo x 7 x 25 (Always do sum in brackets first)

Calculations & Terms used in Drill & Blast Operations

Surface Area of a Cylinder

The ends of the cylinder are circles. Area of a circle is 11

For both ends the area is 2 11 f.

Therefore, total surface area of a cylinder is

Calculations & Tenns used In Drill & Blas,t Operations

= area of outside circle -

area of inside circle

Area of annulus = 3.14-2.01m2

Calculations & Tenns used in Drill & Blast Operations

..1. . . . . . ._. ._-1---7

= Length x Width x Depth (L x W x D)

Teaching and Training Material Drill & Blast

Teaching and Training Material Drill & Blast