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By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
A heat engine may be defined as a device that operates in a thermodynamic cycle and does
a certain amount of net positive work through the transfer of heat from a high
temperature body to a low temperature body. A steam power plant is an example of
a heat engine.
A heat pump is similar to a refrigerator, however, here the required output is the heat
rejected to the high temperature body.
Fig. (a) Heat Engine (b) Refrigeration and heat pump cycles
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
QH
QH
TH
=
=
Wcycle QH QC
TH TC
COPCarnot,HP =
COPCarnot,R =
Where
Wcycle =
QH
=
QC
=
TH
TC
=
=
QC
QC
TC
=
=
Wcycle QH QC
TH TC
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
Solution:
Q14.2
p2 = 7.450 bar
Discharge temperature = 15 + 30 = 45 C
15
(214.3 199.6) = 210.63 kJ/kg
h2 = 199.6 +
20
Compressor work (W) = h2 h1 = 210.63 181.73 = 28.9 kJ/kg
Refrigerating effect (Q0) = h7 h5 = h7 h4 = (178.7 61.6) kJ/kg = 117.1 kJ/kg
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
(b)
Chapter 14
COP =
Qo
117.1
=
= 4.052
W
28.9
v1 = 0.108 m3 /kg
D2
N
L
n vol = V1
4
60
L
= 1.2
D
L = 1.2 D
D2
900
1.2 D
1 0.95 = 0.014361
4
60
D = 0.1023 m = 10.23 cm
L = 0.1227 m = 12.27 cm
Q14.4
Solution:
ding
o
c
b
u
2C s
4 3
p
5 6
1
10C superheated
h7 = 178.7 kJ/kg
h3 = 64.6 kJ/kg
h4 = h4-5 = 59.7 +
h
3
(64.6 59.7) = 62.64 kJ/kg = h5
5
10
(190.8 h7 ) = 184.8 kJ/kg
20
10
(0.7546 0.7088) = 0.7317 kJ/kg-K
= 0.7088 +
20
h1 = h7 +
s1
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
0.7317 0.6854
h2 = 199.6 +
(214.3 199.6) = 214.2 kJ/kg
0.7321 0.6854
Compressor work (W) = h2 h1 = 29. 374 kJ/kg
Refrigeration effect = (h1 h5) = (184.8 62.64) = 122.16 kJ/kg
122.16
= 4.16
COP =
29.374
v1 = 0.1166m3 /kg
m = 0.016372 kg/s
600
60
Vs = 251.2 cm3
Q14.6
Solution:
p
4
m = 0.4024 kg/s
m Qo = 15 3.517
1
v2
p n
2.19 1.3
= 1 =
= v 2 = 0.022173 m3/kg
v1
p
9.6
2
n
WC =
( p1V1 p2V2 ) = 28.93 kJ/kg
n 1
(a) Wcompressor = 11.64 KW
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
COP =
(b)
Q14.12
Solution :
Chapter 14
15 3.517
= 4532
11.64
Qo W
W Qh
Qo
To
= (COP) R H.E.
For ideal process
(COP)R =
And
To
Ta To
H.E = Carnot = 1 a
Th
To
T
1 a
Ta To
Th
T [T Ta ]
= o h
Th [Ta To ]
(COP) ideal =
Solution:
= 5.17
470 [290 270]
Derive an expression for the COP of an ideal gas refrigeration cycle with
a regenerative heat exchanger. Express the result in terms of the
minimum gas temperature during heat rejection (Th) maximum gas
temperature during heat absorption (T1) and pressure ratio for the cycle
T1
( p2 p1 ) .
Ans. COP = T r ( 1) / T
h p
1
T
p
2 = 2
T1
p1
= rP
T2 = T1 rP
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
T4
p
= 4
T5
p5
Chapter 14
p
= 2
= rP
p1
T
T
T5 = 4 1 = n 1
rP
rP
For Regeneration ideal
CP (T3 T4) = p (T1 T6)
T3 Th = T1 T6
p2
2
Q1
WC
Th 3
6
WE
QX
Q2
5 QX
T1
p1
COP =
T6 T5
Q2
1
=
=
Q1 Q2
(T2 T3 ) (T6 T5 ) T2 T3
1
T6 T5
1
T2 T3 = T1 rP T1 = T1 (rP 1)
1
T6 T5 = Th
Th
1
rP
Q14.23
= Th
(rP 1)
1
rP
Th
1
T1 rP Th
or COP =
Th r
1
( 1)/
p
T1
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1
Solution:
Chapter 14
1
= 10
1.6667.1
p
=
p2
1
=
10
0.4
2
Q1
300 K
15 K
Q2
S
T5 = 5.9716 K
Refrigerating effect (Q2) = CP (T6 T5) = 9.0284 CP
Work input (W) =CP [(T2 T1) (T4 T5)] = 444. 97 CP
COP =
0.0284 CP
= 0.0203
444.97 CP
T6
15
=
= 0.05263
T6 T5
300 15
COP actual
0.0203
= 0. 3857
=
0.05263
COPcarnot
Q14.25
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
h1 = 2519.8 kJ/kg
s1 = 8.9008 kJ/kg-K
v1 = 106.38 m3/kg
Solution:
81.33C
hf = 340. 5 kJ/kg
50 kPa
0.5 bar
p
1
10C
1.2266 kPa
h
h = 3278.9
h = 3488.7
8.9008 8.8642
h2 = (3488.7 3278.9)
+ 3278.9 = 3305.3 kJ/kg
9.1546 8.8642
Compressor work (W) = h2 h1 = (3305.3 2519.8)
= 785.5 kJ/kg
m Q = 30
30
= 0.0101187 kg/s
2964.8
2964.8
COP =
= 3.77
785.5
= m =
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
h1 = 169 kJ/kg
h3 = 183.2 kJ/kg
h5 = 64.6 kJ/kg = h6
h7 = h8 = 26.9 kJ/kg
Solution:
30C.
m1
2.1912 bar p
i
6 10 C 3
.
m2
8
9
90C
7.45 bar
p
2 2
p1 = 0.6417 bar
h
S1 = S2 = 0.7274 kJ/kg K
S3 = S4 = 0.7020 kJ/kg K
m2 h 2 + m1h5 = m2 h7 + m1h 3
m2 (h 2 h7 ) = m2 (h3 h5 )
m1
m2
m2 (h1 h8) =
(a)
h 2 h7
190 26.9
=
= 1.3752
h3 h5
183.2 64.6
100 14000
3600
m2 = 2.7367 kg/s
Refrigeration efficiency
100 14000
= 2.7142
=
Compressor
3600 143.28
m(h1 h 9 ) =
m = 3.725 kg/s
3600
Refrigeration Cycles
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 14
100 14000
3600
COP =
= 2.27
171.35