Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................4
Project Case Studies Introduction..........................................................................................................................................4
Research Methodology.............................................................................................................................................................4
Summary of Key Findings .......................................................................................................................................................5
2. Manwan and Nuozhadu Dams............................................................................................................................8
2.1 Environmental Impacts......................................................................................................................................................8
Habitats Inundation.....................................................................................................................................................8
Hydrology, Water Temperature and Sedimentation................................................................................................8
Fisheries.........................................................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Hydrolancangs Practices in Managing Impacts on Biodiversity and Fisheries.........................................................9
Manwan.........................................................................................................................................................................9
Nuozhadu.......................................................................................................................................................................9
2.3 Hydrolancangs Environmental Practices in Other Lancang Dams...........................................................................10
2.4 Impacts on livelihoods from Manwan and Nuozhadu Dams......................................................................................10
Manwan.......................................................................................................................................................................10
Nuozhadu..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Impacts on Downstream Communities in the Lancang Basin.............................................................................10
2.5 Hydrolancangs Practices in Managing Impacts of Local Livelihoods........................................................................11
Manwan........................................................................................................................................................................11
Nuozhadu......................................................................................................................................................................11
2.6 What Prompted Changes in Hydrolancangs Practice?................................................................................................13
Improvements in the Law.......................................................................................................................................... 13
Increasing Environmental and Social Scrutiny from the NGOs, the Public and the Media.............................14
Additional Factors...................................................................................................................................................... 14
3 Lower Sesan 2 Dam Project............................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Mitigation Measures for Biodiversity and Fishery Impacts.........................................................................................16
Biodiversity and Fishery Impacts............................................................................................................................. 16
Mitigation Measures................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Livelihoods Impacts and Mitigation Measures............................................................................................................. 16
Impacts on Livelihoods.............................................................................................................................................. 16
Compensations and Livelihoods Support................................................................................................................20
3.3 Comparison Summary......................................................................................................................................................23
4 Key Findings......................................................................................................................................................28
4.1 Comparison of Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Between Projects in China and Cambodia.......... 28
4.2 Comparison of the Social Impact Mitigation Measures Between Projects in China and Cambodia.................... 28
4.3 Responsiveness to Civil Society and NGO Concerns: Hydrolancang....................................................................... 29
4.4 Lessons Learned . ............................................................................................................................................................ 30
1. Executive Summary
Chinas enthusiasm for dam building has in recent years spilled
over into the Mekong region. Development plans and construction
for a 28 dam cascade on the Upper Mekong (Lancang River)
have been underway for over 20 years, which have fundamentally
altered the entire Mekong River Basin. However, more recent has
been the emergence of Chinese state-owned enterprises active
in dam building in China taking a leading role in hydropower
development of the Lower Mekong River Basin as project
developers with the support of Chinas going-out policy. In line
with this trend, Hydrolancang responsible for constructing no
less than 7 dams on the Upper Mekong began construction in
2013 on its first overseas hydropower project, the Lower Sesan 2
Dam Project in Cambodia.
Dams in the Mekong Basin have been controversial for a
number of reasons: impact on fisheries, fragmentation of the
globally unique freshwater ecosystems, a poor track record on
environmental and social impact mitigation, and downstream
transboundary impacts. Many of these factors are of concern in
the Lower Sesan 2 Dam Project and for these reasons the project
has been amongst the most controversial and destructive projects
to be developed in recent years.
In this report, three dams have been compared in the Mekong
River Basin to contrast and compare efforts in environmental
and social impact mitigation. The three projects examined are
Manwan Dam (phase 1 completed in 1995 and phase 2 completed
in 2007, Lancang River, China), Nuozhadu Dam (completed 2014,
Lancang River, China), and Lower Sesan 2 (Under Construction,
Sesan River, Cambodia). Through fieldwork and literature review
(both Chinese and English), we have sought to better understand
and analyze the standards adopted by Hydrolancang in its
domestic work in China and in overseas contexts as a co-project
developer in Cambodia.
(5850MW) was completed in 2012, with the last of the nine turbines
installed and starting operation in June 2014. Both dams are part of
the Lancang Dam cascade being built by Hydrolancang. Over a period
of almost twenty years, Hydrolancang has undertaken a range of social
and environmental impact mitigation strategies for the Manwan
and Nuozhadu Dams, largely in response to increased scrutiny of
the impacts of large dams in China. When construction of Manwan
Dam began in 1986, minimal mitigation strategies were undertaken,
and limited environmental and social impact information was made
available ahead of construction. In comparison, multiple and more
effective mitigations measures were carried out at the Nuozhadu Dam.
The company had became more experienced in managing social and
environmental risks, but there was greater public pressure on the
company as a result of NGO advocacy and media scrutiny.
Research Methodology
Several methods were employed to collect information for this
study. We conducted a literature review the on the impacts on
biodiversity, fisheries and local communities by the Manwan
Dam, the Nuozhadu Dam, and the Lower Sesan 2 Dam (as
this project is not completed, our research scope was limited
to expected impacts). For the Lancang Dams, to establish
the companys practice in social and environmental impact
mitigation, we collected primary information using field research
on Hydrolancangs efforts to mitigate the impacts (biodiversity
protection, fisheries, resettlement) from the two Upper Mekong
dams, on the results of the measures, and evidence of its successes
and failures.
As Lower Sesan 2 Dam is currently under construction and the
resettlement process is still underway, we relied on fieldwork to
assess the level of social impact and post-resettlement support and
livelihood restoration needs. We conducted three field trips to the
Lower Sesan 2 Dams project site to gather data using community
interviews and conduct site investigations. In total, fourteen
villages were visited, including three villages downstream from the
dam (Ban Mai village, Kampun village and Phluk village), seven
villages in the proposed reservoir area (Chrab, Kbal Romeas, Srae
Sranok, Srae kor 1, Srae kor 2, Khsach Thmei, Krabei Chrum), and
six villages upstream of the reservoir (Hat Pak village, Veun Hay,
Phlueu Touch, Tumpuou Reung, Ke Kuong Leu, and Lumphat).
In total forty-nine community interviews were conducted for
the purposes of this report. The interviews were conducted in
Khmer with assistance from local community facilitators to
translate locally spoken languages into Khmer. A predetermined
questionnaire (Annex 1) was used in each interview.
Finally, we compared and contrasted the Lower Sesan 2 Dams
expected impacts on biodiversity, fisheries and local communities
with the two Lancang dams. During the research period, we
contacted the dam developer Hydrolancang twice to request
meetings and additional project information for all three projects,
but did not receive any response.
Lower Sesan 2s environmental protection measures budget is less than 2% of what was included for
Nuozhadu Dam.
Hydrolancang adopted various measures to mitigate the biodiversity and fisheries impacts of
Nuozhadu, such as relocating endangered and important tree species to botanic gardens, establishing
wildlife aid center, redesigning the water intake gate to address water temperature changes, and
restocking fisheries in the reservoir. The effectiveness of these measures is very limited to the reservoir
area, compared to the projects significant downstream and upstream impacts.
Hydrolancang does not have a good track record in hydrological and sedimentation management in
China.
Hydrolancang has cancelled or redesigned dams for environmental protection purposes on the Upper
Mekong.
Lower Sesan 2 Dams Project Developers have yet to publicly adopt or commit to any concrete
measures to mitigate the impacts of Lower Sesan 2 Dam on freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity.
The 2006 Chinese resettlement regulations were critical in improving the amount of resettlement
compensation and the level of post-resettlement support for Nuozhadu Dam. In Cambodia, the lack
of national resettlement laws means that the company and government have determined resettlement
compensation and livelihood restoration in an ad-hoc way, and focused only on the reservoir and
inundation area.
The compensation package currently offered to affected people by Lower Sesan 2 is only 23% of
Nuozhadus resettlement budget on a per person basis.
Hydrolancang adopted the principle of maintaining the same living standards post resettlement in
Nuozhadu Dam. No livelihood restoration objective has been adopted for the affected people of Lower
Sesan 2.
Post resettlement measures in the Nuozhadu Dam included long-term compensation payments for the
duration of the operation of the hydropower project, livelihood development subsidies, and discounted
loans to support the building of new dwellings. In addition, Hydrolancang has funded public works,
purchases of agricultural animals and plantation trees, and training projects to develop aquaculture
skills. Lower Sesan 2s Project Developers has not yet publicly committed to livelihood support for
affected communities by Lower Sesan 2 Dam.
Hydrolancangs project Manwan Dam in China has been the center of public scrutiny due to their
association with very poor resettlement practice. However, the company has only responded directly
to the governments request for action, rather than concerns voiced by the affected communities and
NGOs.
Civil society in Cambodia had very little public reaction from Hydrolancang, despite sending invitations
to meetings and letters to the company. This has resulted in much frustration from the environmental
and social NGO community in Cambodia and has negatively impacted the international reputation of
the company.
Recommendations
The Lower Sesan 2 Project is the first overseas investment project undertaken by Hydrolancang. The
company has tended to rely on judgment of the Cambodia government and its local project partner, Royal
Group, particularly in the areas of resettlement and community relations management. Normally this tends to
be the case when Chinese State-Owned Enterprises invest abroad. Hydrolancang does not have experience
in managing the mitigation of significant environmental and social impacts, and has tended to trust its
project partners to do a good job.
The project developers should halt the project construction and turn their attention to resolving key
environmental and social issues. The project developers should develop and implement proper
compensation measures for biodiversity protection before the projects impacts are irreversible. These
measures must extend beyond the reservoir area, and attend to the projects significant upstream and
downstream impacts. As shown in contrasting the Manwan and Nuozhadu cases studies, compensation
measures for the loss of habitat, biodiversity or fishery have to be planned in advance and properly
budgeted, because compensation measures need to be implemented before the loss or threatens have
happened and usually require extra land and budget for implementation.
In the area of social impacts, the full scale of impacts must be properly acknowledged. People who have
only farmlands (not dwellings) inundated should be also counted in the resettlement plan. This is the
standard required by Chinese resettlement law and was the approach adopted in Nuozhadu. The Developers
should also conduct a proper impacts assessment on the cultural sites and resources including the spiritual
forests and ancestral burial lands, and develop compensation plan for the cultural losses. Such assessment
and compensation plan should extend beyond the resettlement villages and cover all the villages living
around the reservoir, downstream and upstream areas, whose cultural sites are subject to impacts from
construction, inundation and operation. Further, communities whose food security will be negatively
impacted must be supported. Livelihood restoration for all those impacted must also be addressed. The loss
of livelihoods due to the dam include loss of fishery, loss of agricultural lands, decreased productivity of new
farmland, loss of irrigation water, loss of income from tourism and boat transportation, loss of easy access
to forests, and loss of natural resources for livestock all these losses should be evaluated and properly
compensated before the project moves forward. Lower Sesan 2s Project Developers should develop a
detailed plan about how to support on the new livelihoods. The support should at least include monetary
compensation, technical training, and provision of resources for establishing new livelihoods, provided by
the Project Developers and the Cambodian government.
2. Manwan and
Nuozhadu Dams
Manwan Dam was the first dam built on the Lancang River. It
started operation in 1995 and was only fully completed in 2007.
Nuozhadu Dam was completed in 2012 and the last remaining
turbine started operation in June 2014. The detail information of
the two dams can be found in Table 1.
Habitat Inundation
Fisheries
Table 1: Manwan and Nuozhadu Dams on the Lancang River, Yunnan, China.
Dam Name
Manwan
Installed
Capacity (MW)
Dam Height
(m)
Total Storage
(km3)
Regulation
storage (km3)
Regulation
Type
Status
1550
126
0.92
0.26
Seasonal
Completed
(phase 1 in1995 and
phase 2 in 2007)
Nuozhadu
8
5850
261.5
22.7
11.3
Yearly
Completed (2012)
Nuozhadu
Nuozhadu
Table 2: Land Use Before and After the Construction of Manwan Dam36
10
Farmland
Loss
(ha)
Compensation
(ha)
Change
(ha)
Change
(percent)
Paddy
241.92
153.52
-88.40
-36.5
Dry Land
173.04
206.49
+33.45
+19.3
Total
414.97
360.01
-54.96
-17.2
Manwan
With the support from the local government, some local people
started to develop cage-based aquaculture as new income sources
in 2006.44 In addition from 2002 to 2008, Hydrolancang provided
over 1.3 million lac seedlings to local people near Manwan
reservoir and supported the development of lac plantation for
income generation.45 Since 2006, Hydrolancang invested over 10
million RMB (approximately 1.6 million USD) to build schools,
clinics, and water supply projects, and improve transportation
access in local villages. Another 1 million RMB was invested to
help the people around the reservoir to plant economic trees and
raise gooses to improve their livelihoods.46
After twenty years since the Manwan Dam was built and after
twice being resettle, many displaced people are still struggling
with the loss of livelihoods and living in poverty. During
International Rivers visit to Tianba Village in 2013, it was found
most of the families had only just completed relocation for the
second time. In the new resettlement village, most male adults
had moved to cities for paid work leaving only females at home.
The lack of farmland and limited local job opportunities leaves
many families without any other option. Although Tianba village
has new homes, each household now has over tens of thousands of
RMB in debt. People still dont have convenient access to schools
and medical clinics.
Nuozhadu
11
Table 3: Compensation Prices for Small Town Relocation for Nuozhadu Hydropower Project
Housing Compensation
Item
Unit
Frame Structure
RMB/m
699
Brick-concrete Structure
RMB/m
561
Brick-wood Structure
RMB/m
453
Earth-wood Structure
RMB/m
337
Wood Structure
RMB/m
344
1. Retaining Brickwork
RMB/m
90
2. Enclosing Walls
RMB/m
100
RMB/m
20
RMB/m3
150
m/
6. Toilets/Latrines
RMB/item
60
7. Cooking Range
RMB/item
100
8. Biogas Digesters
RMB/item
1500
1. Fruit Trees
RMB/plant
37
2. Cash Trees
RMB/plant
22
3. Timber Trees
RMB/plant
12
4. Landscape Trees
RMB/plant
500
RMB
656
Paddy Field
RMB/mu
27344
Dry Land
RMB/mu
14176
RMB/mu
33600
Timber Land
RMB/mu
3701
Unused Land
RMB/mu
7088
Earth-rock Excavation
RMB/m
11
Backfill Tamping
RMB/m
14
RMB/m
182
RMB/m
RMB/m
Concrete-paved lanes
RMB/m
Drainage Cost
RMB/m
Moving Cost
Land Acquisition Compensation (including land
compensation, relocation compensation, compensation
for any buildings on the land, and crops compensation)
Price
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
30000
DN125PE Pipes
RMB/km
126100
DN100PE Pipes
RMB/km
99124
DN50PE Pipes
RMB/km
40496
DN25PE Pipes
RMB/km
30000
DN15PE Pipes
RMB/km
18698
RMB/m
220
RMB/km
68000
Other Costs
RMB/person
200
RMB/person
200
12
Resettlement
Paddy field
(ha per capita)
Other land
Agriculture (%)
(dryland, orchard
land and
forestland) (ha
per capita)
Seasonal
Labor (%)
Compensation
(%)
Business
(%)
Movingup
Before
0.065
0.587
82.0
16.6
3.4
After
0.377
36.7
22.7
26.0
15.6
Movingout
Before
0.052
1.39
92.0
6.2
1.8
After
0.035
0.68
42.3
37.3
22.4
1.7
13
Manwan has been in the center of NGO, the public and media
scrutiny since 2002. NGOs have worked with local communities
to raise their stories and complaints about Manwans resettlement
practice. Dr. Yu Xiaogang from Green Watershed brought the
story of dam affected people to higher levels of government.
Complaints from resettled communities and local community
protests has placed a lot of pressure on the government to improve
the situation. On 17 August 2003, about 4,000 affected people
sat in front of Manwan Hydroelectric Station for three days
to express their complaints. After that event, the government
decided to provide 25 kilograms of food support per person per
year to the displaced people.54 With no formal responses from
Hydrolancang, it is difficult to judge the impact of these activities
on Hydrolancangs practice.
The transboundary impacts of the Lancang Dams cascade
on fisheries and hydrology is a key concern of Lower Mekong
communities, NGOs and governments. International NGOs
and researchers have raised concerns that the construction of
the mega dams on the Lancang River threatens the complex
riverine ecosystem in the Lower Mekong River. While there has
been plenty of criticism of the lack of transboundary impacts
assessment in the development of the Lancang Dams, much of
the information about the planning, design, construction and
operation of the Lancang Dams is regarded as state secret in
China.
Additional Factors
15
3. Lower Sesan 2
Dam Project
3.1 Mitigation Measures for
Biodiversity and Fishery Impacts
Biodiversity and Fishery Impacts
16
Mitigation Measures
17
Table 5: A Summary of the Impacts on the Livelihoods of the 14 Villages Due to the Lower Sesan 2 Dam
Downstream of the Dam Site
Kampun
Phluk
Village Name
Ban Mai
Fishing, transportation, riverbank farming, irrigation water, domestic water uses, feeding livestock, spiritual pray
Main Income
Sources
Riverbank
agriculture
- Farming and
selling agricultural
products
- Fishing
Fish
consumption
Ethnic identity
Ethnic Lao
Chrab
Srae
Sranok
Srae
kor 1
Srae
kor 2
Kbal
Khsach
Romeas Thmei
Khmer
Mainly
Brao,
some
Khmer
Punong,
some
Khmer
- The
dam will
flood the
village
and
crops.
Common
- Their homes and spiritual
concerns about sites get flooded if the dam
the Lower
collapses
Sesan 2 Dam
expressed
by the
interviewees
- Farmland grabbed
by the company
- No more fish to
catch
- Water pollution
from the
construction
Major impacts
or risks from
the Lower
Sesan 2 Dam
-Loss of home, land, and livelihood, and risk of food security (reduction of
fishing and loss of agriculture land)
-Loss of water access
-Loss of boat transportation to upstream or downstream
-Loss of culture
18
- Negative impacts on
livelihood and risk of food
security (reduction of fishing
and loss of riverbank gardens)
- Health risks due to
deterioration of water quality
- Loss of boat transportation to
upstream
Krabei
Chrum
Lao and
Khmer
mixed,
Khek
Lao,
some
Khmer
- The
dam will
flood their
paddies,
houses,
plantation,
pagoda
and burial
places.
- The dam
will flood the
village, but
there is no
compensation
- Negative impacts on
the livelihoods and risk
of food security due to
reduction of fishery, loss
of riverbank gardens,
and loss of wild
vegetables and leaves
which currently grown
along the riverbanks
- Health risks due to
deterioration of water
quality
- Loss of boat
transportation to
downstream
Phlueu
Touch,
Sesan River
Tumpuou
Reung, Sesan
River
Ke Kuong
Leu, Sesan
River
Lao
- The dam
- The dam may flood their homes,
may flood
and spiritual places.
spiritual
- Loss of fishery
houses and
forests
Brao
- Negative impacts on the livelihoods and risk of food security due to reduction of fishery, loss of riverbank gardens, and loss of wild vegetables and
leaves which currently grow along the riverbanks.
- Loss of boat transportation to downstream
19
Table 6: List of Fish Species Local Villagers Identified as Important to them in 2014 Field Trips
Khmer Names/Other names
Latin Names
Pasi Ee Fish
Mekongina erythrospila
Pawa Fish
Labeo erythropterus
Real Fish
Snake Fish
Channa micropeltes
Cat Fish
Many species
Cucumber Fish
Probarbus labeaminor
Khcha Fish
Chhlang Fish
Hemibagrus nemurus
Chhpen Fish
Case Fish
Trosek Fish
Kaek Fish
Labeo chrysophekadion
Chhkeang Fish
Khchar Fish
Damrey Rey Po Fish
Oxyeleotris marmorata
Chhkauk
Cyclocheilichthys enoplos
Sanday Fish
Wallago attu
Achkok Fish
Brake Fish
Pra Fish
Romeas Fish
Osphronemus exodon
Chhkhneng Fish
Tarek Fish
Alburnus tarichi
Stoulh Fish
Kol Raeng Fish
Catlocarpio siamensis
Khlang Hay
Belodontichthys truncatus
Irrawaddy Dolphin
Orcaella brevirostris
Note: This species in particular was identified as culturally important rather than regularly caught, and is no
longer found in the Sesan River.
Takel Fish
20
21
Table 7: Collected Compensation Information for Kbal Romeas, Srae Sranok, Srae Kor 1, Srae Kor 2 Villages
Compensation Scheme Items
Main houses
Yes
Yes
Moving cost
Yes
Yes
Other valuable community land/resources (eg. spirit forest, religious sites, etc)
No
Livelihoods support (eg cash compensation, aquaculture, grains, tourism support, etc)
No
Regarding new resettlement area: Will the company build the following items and/or how much will they pay for them?
Resettlement area site preparation
Yes
Main houses
Yes
Yes
Farmland
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
22
23
Table 8: Comparison of the Impacts on Biodiversity, Fishery, and Livelihoods from Manwan, Nuozhadu
and Lower 2 Dams, and Hydrolancangs Practices in Managing These Impacts
1,550
23.6 k
Forest
567.2
Farmland
415
Fish surveys in 2009 and 2010 found the number of fish species had
reduced from 139 to 80 with the biggest change seen in the middle and
lower Lancang (Mekong) River; Only 71 out of 165 fish species historically
recorded have been caught in middle and lower Lancang River since
2008; Big fishes largely decreased while small and medium sized fishes
became dominant; 15 new native species and 12 alien species were
found while some local species disappeared.
Resettlement population
Compensation
Total resettlement and compensation investment
General compensation
First Resettlement: 484 USD for each displaced person covering all the
compensation
Main houses
Second resettlement:
Average building area: 9 m2 /person
House construction subsidy: 40 USD /m2
Moving cost
24
5,850
400
320
335.6
17,994
30,000
1,200
Fish surveys in 2009 and 2010 found the number of fish species
had reduced from 139 to 80 with the biggest change seen in the
middle and lower Lancang (Mekong) River; Only 71 out of 165
fish species historically recorded have been caught in middle and
lower Lancang River since 2008; Big fishes largely decreased while
small and medium sized fishes became dominant; 15 new native
species and 12 alien species were found while some local species
Estimated 9.3% drop in fish biomass in the whole Mekong Basin and
would threaten more than 50 fish species.
- Established a 6.6ha botanic garden for valuable and rare plants and moved
11 important plant species.
- Adopted the stratified water intake with a stoplog gate to mitigate water
temperature change;
- Fish releasing program: 2.15 million young fishes were released in June 2013
with 3 additional fish release events planned between 2013-2015;
- Since 2008, Hydrolancang has started to selectively trap and transport fish
over the dam wall;
- Plan to establish natural fish reserve area from downstream of Ganlan Dam to
Nanla River, one of the tributaries of Lancang River
continued on page 24
25
Table 8: Continued
Manwan Dam, China (Upper Mekong)
Farmland (eg. rice paddy, vegetable gardens, etc)
Land Compensation
Paddy field: 333 m2/person
Rain-fed land: 1000 m2 /person
Unused land suitable for forestation: 666 m2 /person
Paddy Field 66,155 USD /ha
Dry Land 34,297USD/ha
Rubber Plantation Land 81,290 USD/ha
Timber Land 8,954 USD /ha
Unused Land 7,088 USD/ha
No
Second resettlement:
Infrastructure subsidy: 161 USD/person
Second resettlement:
Infrastructure subsidy: 161 USD/person
Rice Support
Post-resettlement Support
20 years post-resettlement support: USD 64.5 per capita per year before
2007 and USD 97 after 2007
Livelihood restoration
26
No
20kg rice per family or per person for the first year
20 years post-resettlement support: 97 USD per year per capita for twenty
years
None
No
27
4. Key Findings
The reports findings are based on comparisons in the companys
practice regarding social and environmental impact mitigation
in Cambodia and China. In preparing the findings, we were very
conscious of the impact of a variety of project specific factors
such as the regulatory framework and division of responsibilities
between the project developer and state. However, our research
findings from Hydrolancangs projects on the Upper Lancang
coupled with recent field research around the Lower Sesan 2
Dam provides grounds to make reasonable assessments and
predictions about the companys ability to mitigate the large
social and environmental impacts of Lower Sesan 2 Dam. The
reports findings are grouped in the area of environmental impacts
mitigation, social impact mitigation, company and community
relations, and lessons learned.
28
29
30
31
How does your community use the river? Washing? Bathing? Cooking? Fishing? Transportation? Traditional medicine? Traditional
ceremonies?
32
Fish Name:
Fish Name:
7.
33
Moving cost
34
Yes or No
Description of the
Item (if relevant)
Price promised
Regarding new resettlement area: will the company build the following items and how much will they pay for them?
Yes or No
Company will
build?
Company to pay
villagers to build
Main houses
Ancillary buildings (eg grain stores, toilets,
kitchen buildings, etc)
Provide individual household water supply
Provide individual electricity supply
Provide individual household waste water
drainage
Other things:
Public clinic, school, wat etc
35
Notes
1. Zhang R. 2001. Post Assessment of Environmental Impact
of Manwan Hydropower Project on Lancang River, Design of
Hydropower Power Station, Vol 17 No. 4: 17-34.
2. Xu S, et al. 2005. Resettlement and Environmental
Compensation in the Development of Lancang Dams. Journal
of Guizhou University of Finance and Economics. Vol 4: 15-17.
3. Fu, B.H. and He, Y.B. (2003), The effect on migrs income
and reservoir area ecology caused by farmland changes of
Manwan Hydropower Station. Territory & Natural Resources
Study 2003 (4): 45-46.
4. Xun S and Chen L.H. 2005. Environmental Impacts and
Ecological Restoration Practices of Large Hydropower Stations
Yunnan Manwan Dam Project as an Example. Yunnan
Environmental Science. 24(4): 14-18.
5. Chapman E. and He D. 1996. Downstream Implications of
Chinas Dams on the Lancang Jiang (Upper Mekong) and their
Potential Significance for Greater Regional Cooperation BasinWide, Monash Asia Institute, Australia.
6. Li X., et al. 2010. Impacts of Manwan Dam Construction on
Aquatic Habitat and Community in Middle Reach of Lancang
River. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2: 706-712
7. He D., et al 2009. .
8. Lu, X. X., Siew, R.Y. 2006. Water Discharge and Sediment
Flux Changes Over the Past Decades in the Lower Mekong
River: Possible Impacts of the Chinese Dams. Hydrology and
Earth System Sciences, 10: 181-195.
9. Kummu, M., Varis, O. 2007. Sediment-related Impacts Due
to Upstream Reservoir Trapping, the Lower Mekong River.
Geomorphology, 85: 275-293.
10. Liu M, et al. 2011. Fish Species Composition and Distribution
in Lancang River in Yunnan. Journal of Fishery Sciences of
China, 18(1): 156-170.
11. Zheng L P, et al. 2013. Status and Conservation of Fishes
in the Middle and Lower Lancangjiang River. Zoological
Research 34(6): 680-686.
12. He S P, et al. 1999. The Preliminary Investigation of Fish
Biodiversity in Middle and Upper Reach of Lancangjiang
River. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research 11(1): 26-29.
13. Li X Y, et al. 2010 Impacts of Manwan Dam Construction on
Aquatic Habitat and Community in Middle Rearch of Lancang
River. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2: 706-712.
14. Kang B, et al. 2009. Fish and Fisheries in the Upper Mekong:
Current Assessment of the Fish Community, Threats and
Conservation. 19: 465-480.
15. Liu M, et al. 2011. Fish Species Composition and Distribution
in Lancang River in Yunnan. Journal of Fishery Sciences of
China, 18(1): 156-170.
36
39. http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/2004/Jun/583084.htm
40. http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/
cyxw/20130710/013416069133.shtml
63. Baran E., et al. 2012. Fish and Fisheries in the Sesan River
Basin, MK3 Catchment Baseline Fisheries Section.
41. http://www.stats.yn.gov.cn/bgt_Model1/newsview.
aspx?id=1195015
64. Gatke P., et al. 2013. Fish Passage Opportunities for the Lower
Sesan 2 Dam in Cambodia: Lessons from South America.
42. http://www.cenews.com.cn/xwzx/sj/200910/
t20091028_624016.html
38. http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/
cyxw/20130710/013416069133.shtml
43. http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/
cyxw/20130710/013416069133.shtml
44. http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/S1/S1540/S1569/C6812/
DV/20100830/542113.shtml
45. http://www.chng.com.cn/n645646/n1015751/c1016200/
content.html
46. http://www.chng.com.cn/n93521/n93834/c95122/content.
html
47. http://www.puershi.gov.cn/gov/ShowArticle.
asp?ArticleID=17186
48. http://www.puer.gov.cn/pexw/9087874270942180927.
49. http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20130603/437890.shtml.
50. Lyv X. From Manwan to Nuozhadu: the political ecology of
hydropower on Chinas Lancang Jiang.
51. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2006-08/13/content_360853.htm
52. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_389912.
htm,
http://sym.mwr.gov.cn/zcfg/flfg/hfzcptwj/201003/
t20100312_6612.htm
53. http://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengwengao/
caizhengbuwengao2007/caizhengbuwengao20078/200805/
t20080519_26882.html
54. Yang Z S, et al. 2007. The Security of Land Resources
Demand for Relocated Land-losing Farmers in Western
Chinas Hydroelectric Development A Case Study in Yunnan
Pronvince. Journal of Hydroelectric Engeering. 26(2): 9-13.
58. Baran E., et al. 2012. Fish and Fisheries in the Sesan River
Basin, MK3 Catchment Baseline Fisheries Section.
77. See Cambodia Constitution, Art. 44; see also the 2001 Land
Law, Art. 5.
59. Baran E., et al. 2012. Fish and Fisheries in the Sesan River
Basin, MK3 Catchment Baseline Fisheries Section.
60. Baran E., et al. 2012. Fish and Fisheries in the Sesan River
Basin, MK3 Catchment Baseline Fisheries Section.
79. Gatke P., et al. 2013. Fish Passage Opportunities for the Lower
Sesan 2 Dam in Cambodia: Lessons from South America.
61. Baran E., et al. 2012. Fish and Fisheries in the Sesan River
37
back cover