Electrical Engg & CTRL Sys-Lm (Ece) 13

Dr.
NNCEEEE/IVSEMEE&CSLABLM
EC2259 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

LABORATORY
LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR IV SEMESTER B.E (ECE)
(FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY)
ANNA UNIVERSITY -CHENNAI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,

DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
THOLUDUR 606 303, CUDDALORE DIST.
Dr.NNCEEEE/IVSEMEE&CSLABLM
UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
Internal assessment
: 20 marks
Practical assessment
: 80 marks
TOTAL
: 100 MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT (20 MARKS)

Staff should maintain the assessment register and the head of the department should monitor it.
SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS
Observation
Record note
Model exam
Attendance
TOTAL
: 3 marks
: 7 marks
: 5 marks
: 5 marks
: 20 Marks
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The Exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be converted to 80 marks.
SPLIT UP OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION MARKS
AIM AND PROCEDURE
: 10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/PROGRAM
: 25
CIRCUIT CONNECTION
: 15
TABULATION
: 15
CALCULATION/SIMULATION
: 15
GRAPH AND RESULT
: 10
VIVA VOCE
: 10
_____
TOTAL
100
2
_____
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Open circuit and Load characteristics of separately excited and self excited DC
generator.
2. Load test on DC Shunt motor.
3. Swinburnes test and Speed control of DC Shunt motor.
4. Load test on Single phase transformer and open circuit and short circuit test on
single phase transformer.
5. Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.
6. Load test on three phase Induction motor.
7. No Load and Blocked rotor tests on three phase Induction motor (Determination of
equivalent circuit parameters).
8. Study of DC motor and Induction motor starters.
9. Digital Simulation of Linear systems.
10. Stability analysis of linear systems using MATLAB.
11. Study the effect P, PI, PID controllers using MATLAB.
12. Design of lead and lag compensator.
13. Transfer function of separately excited D.C. generator.
14. Transfer function of armature and field controller D.C. motor.
BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
1. Load test on dc compound motor
2. Determination of transfer function parameters of field controlled dc servo motor
3. Determination of transfer function parameters of armature controlled dc servo motor
S.NO
PAGE NO
CONTENTS
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
Open circuit and Load characteristics of separately excited

and self excited DC generator.
Load test on DC Shunt motor.
Swinburnes test and Speed control of DC Shunt motor.
Load test on Single phase transformer and open circuit and

short circuit test on single phase transformer.
Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF

methods.
Load test on three phase Induction motor.
No Load and Blocked rotor tests on Three phase Induction

motor (Determination of equivalent circuit parameters).
Study of DC motor and Induction motor starters.
Digital Simulation of Linear systems.
10
Stability analysis of Linear systems using MATLAB.
11
Study the effect P, PI, PID controllers using MATLAB.
12
Design of lead and lag compensator.
13
Transfer function of Separately excited D.C. generator.
14
Transfer function of armature and field controller D.C. motor.
Signature of the Lab In Charge

(N.JAYACHITRA)
4
Exercise Number: 1(A)

Title of the Experiment : OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
OF DC SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR
Date of the Experiment :
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT:
a) To obtain the open circuit characteristics of a separately excited DC
Generator at rated speed and to determine (i)Critical field resistance at rated speed (ii)Critical
Speed (iii) Voltage built up by the generator at rated speed and (iv) to plot the OCC
characteristic curves
b) To conduct the Load test on the given separately excited DC Generator
and plot its internal and external characteristics.
a) FACILITIES REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
Voltmeter
mc
(0-300) V
Voltmeter
mc
(0-30) V
Ammeter
mc
(0-20) A
Ammeter
mc
(0-2) A
Rheostat
250/1.2A
Rheostat
570/1.2A
Tachometer
Analog
Variable Rheostat load
DPSTS
10
Connecting wires
Few
b) PRECAUTIONS:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Ensure both SPST and DPST switches are in open position.
3. Check whether the load is under off position.
4. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position during
starting.
5. Keep the motor armature rheostat at maximum resistance position at
starting.
6. Keep the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position during
starting.
c) PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether field rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position and
field rheostat of motor at minimum position.
3. Switch ON the DC supply.
4. Adjust the excitation of field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor to
run at rated speed.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings of the generator are noted with SPSTS
switch in opened position.
6. Close the SPSTS switch and excitation of the generator is varied insteps by
adjusting the field rheostat of the generator, at each step the readings of field
current and induced emf are noted up to its rated generator voltage.
7. The readings are tabulated and a graph of open circuit characteristics is drawn
between generated voltage Vs field current.
LOAD TEST:
1. Fix the armature voltage of the generator to the rated voltage by adjusting the
field rheostat of the generator.
2. Close the DPSTS at the load side of the generator and increase the load in steps
till the rated armature current and at each step the readings of terminal voltage,
load current, and shunt field current are noted.
6
3. Finally reduce the load insteps and bring the generator and field Rheostat to its
original position.
d) EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE:

1. Critical field resistance, Rc = Slope of the tangent drawn to the linear portion of and passing
through origin.
Rc = . Ohms.
2. Critical Speed
Nc = Rsh * Nrated / R
3. Voltage build up Egm =Voltage corresponding to the point at which the

Speed and Rsh line intersect.
Egm =..
volts.
4. Eg = V + IaRa in volts.
Where,
Eg = Generated voltage in volts.
V = Terminal voltage in volts.
Ia = Armature current in Amps.
Ra = Armature resistance in ohms.
5. Armature current Ia = IL+ Ish in Amps.
Where,
IL = Load current in Amps.
Ish = Shunt field current in Amps.
e)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
f)TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
S. No
Field current
(Amps)
Output voltage at no load

(Volts)
LOAD TEST:
S.
No
Load voltage
Load current
Field current
Ia= IL + IF
Eg=Va+IaRa
Volts
Amps
Amps
Amps
Volts
g) TO FIND Ra
Circuit Diagram
Tabulation
S. No
Voltage (Va)
Current (Ia)
Ra=Va/Ia
Volts
Amps
Ohms
TO FIND Ra:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Gradually vary the loading rheostat insteps and at each step note down the
corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
3. From the tabulated value calculate the average armature resistance.
h)MODEL GRAPH
i)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why the armature core in d.c machines is constructed with laminated steel sheets instead of
solid steel sheets?
Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets provide low reluctance
path to magnetic field.
2. Why commutator is employed in d.c.machines?
Conduct electricity between rotating armature and fixed brushes, convert alternating emf
into unidirectional emf(mechanical rectifier).
3. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction?
Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more turns. Series field
coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less no. of turns.
10
4. How does d.c. motor differ from d.c. generator in construction?

Generators are normally placed in closed room and accessed by skilled operators only.
Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large opening in the frame.
Motors have to be installed right in the place of use which may have dust, dampness,
inflammable gases, chemicals.etc. to protect the motors against these elements, the motor
frames are made either partially closed or totally closed or flame proof.
5. How will you change the direction of rotation of d.c.motor?
Either the field direction or direction of current through armature conductor is reversed.
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited DC generator are
determined.
11
Exercise Number: 01(B)

Title of the Experiment :
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

To obtain the open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator at rated speed and to
determine (i) Critical field resistance at rated speed (ii)Critical Speed (iii) Voltage built up by
the generator at rated speed and (iv) to plot the OCC characteristic curves
a) To conduct the Load test on the given DC Shunt Generator and plot its internal and
external characteristics.
APPARATUS
TYPE
S.NO
RANGE
QUANTITY
Voltmeter
mc
(0-300) V
Voltmeter
mc
(0-30) V
Ammeter
mc
(0-20) A
Ammeter
mc
(0-2) A
Rheostat
250/1.2A
Rheostat
570/1.2A
Tachometer
Analog
Variable Rheostat load
DPSTS
10
Connecting wires
Few
b)EXERCISE:
12
c) PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
All the connections should be tight

Ensure both SPST and DPST switches are in open position.
Check whether the load is under off position.
Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position during
starting.
5. Keep the motor armature rheostat at maximum resistance position at
starting.
6. Keep the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position during
starting.
d)PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
2. Verify whether field rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position and
field rheostat of motor at minimum position.
3. Switch ON the DC supply.
4. Adjust the excitation of field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor to run
at rated speed.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings of the generator are noted with SPSTS
switch in opened position.
6. Close the SPSTS switch and excitation of the generator is varied insteps by
adjusting the field rheostat of the generator, at each step the readings of field
current and induced emf are noted upto its rated generator voltage.
7. The readings are tabulated and a graph of open circuit characteristics is drawn
between generated voltage Vs field current.
LOAD TEST:
13
1. Fix the armature voltage of the generator to the rated voltage by adjusting the
field rheostat of the generator.
2. Close the DPSTS at the load side of the generator and increase the load in steps
till the rated armature current and at each step the readings of terminal voltage,
load current, and shunt field current are noted.
3. Finally reduce the load insteps and bring the generator and field rheostat to its
original position.
e) EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE:
1. Critical field resistance ,Rc = Slope of the tangent drawn to the linear portion of the
OCC and passing through origin.
Rc = . Ohms.
2. Critical Speed
Nc = Rsh * Nrated / R
3. Voltage build up Egm =Voltage corresponding to the point at which the OCC at rated
Speed and Rsh line intersect.
Egm =..
volts.
4. Eg = V + IaRa in volts. Where,

Eg = Generated voltage in volts.
V = Terminal voltage in volts.
Ia = Armature current in Amps.
Ra = Armature resistance in ohms.
5. Armature current Ia = IL+ Ish in Amps. Where,
IL = Load current in Amps.
Ish = Shunt field current in Amps.
f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
14
15
g)TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
S. No
Field current
(Amps)
Output voltage at no load

(Volts)
LOAD TEST:
S. No
Load voltage
Load current
Field current
Ia= IL + IF
Eg=Va+IaRa
Volts
Amps
Amps
Amps
Volts
16
h)TO FIND Ra
Circuit Diagram
Tabulation
S. No
Voltage (Va)
Current (Ia)
Ra=Va/Ia
Volts
Amps
Ohms
TO FIND Ra:
2. Gradually vary the loading rheostat insteps and at each step note down the
corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
3. From the tabulated value calculate the average armature resistance.
i)MODEL GRAPH
17
j)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1.
What is meant by stator voltage control?

The speed of the I.M can be changed by changing the stator voltage. Because the torque
is proportional to square of the voltage.
2.
What are the applications of stator voltage control?

Fans, pump drives.
3.
What are the advantages of stator voltage control method?

1. The control circuitry is simple.
2. Compact size.
3. Quick response time.
4. There is considerable savings in energy and thus it is economical method.
4.
Define base speed?

The synchronous speed corresponding to the rated frequency is called the base speed.
RESULT :
Thus the open circuit and load characteristics of self excited DC generator are
determined.
18
Exercise Number: 02
Title of the Experiment: LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
Date of the Experiment
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT :

To conduct the load test on DC shunt motor and to draw the following
characteristics curves,
1. Torque Vs armature current
2. Speed Vs armature current
3. Speed Vs Torque
4. %Efficiency Vs Power output
a)FACILITIES REQUIRED:
S.NO
APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Voltmeter
mc
(0-300) V
2.
Ammeter
mc
(0-20) A
3.
Rheostat
250/1.2A
4.
Tachometer
Analog
5.
Connecting wires
Few
19
b)EXERCISE:
c) PRECAUTIONS:
1. Ensure that all the connections are tight.
2. Select the meters of proper range.
3. Ensures the rating of fuses.
4. The starter arm must be in OFF position at the time of starting.
5. The motor should be loaded up to rated current of the machine.
d)PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

By closing the MCB, 230v DC supply is given to the circuit.
The motor is started by using three point starter.
Adjust the field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor to run at rated
speed.
5. Vary the load insteps and at each step note down the input voltage, input
current, spring balance readings till the rated current.
6. The readings are tabulated and a graph of,
Torque Vs armature current characteristics
Speed Vs armature current characteristics
Speed Vs Torque characteristics
20

1. S=S1 S2 in Kg.
S =Spring balance (Weight in Kg)
S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kgs.
2. T=S*R*9.81 N mt
S=Spring force in Kg.
R=Radius of the brake drum in meter.
T=Torque in N mt.
3. Pin =Vin * Iin in watts.

Vin = Voltage input in volts.
Iin =Input current in Amps.
Pin =Input power in watts.
4. Pout = (2NT) /60 in watts.

Pout = output power in watts.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
5. Percentage Efficiency = Pout/Pin *100
21
f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
g)TABULATION:
Circumference of the Brake drum
Radius of the brake drum
Spring balance
S.
No
Input
voltage
volts
Input
current
Amps
Reading
S1
S2
S1 S2
Kg
Kg
Kg
Speed
Torque
Rpm
Nm
=
=
Input
power
Output
power
Pin
Pout
Watts
Watts
Efficienc
y
22
h)MODEL GRAPH:
i)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by flux control method?
The speed of the dc motor can be controlled by varying the field flux. This method od
speed control can be used for increasing the speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the
field flux
2. Under What circumstances does a dc shunt generator fails to generate?
Absence of residual flux, initial flux setup by field may be opposite in direction to
residual flux, shunt field circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field resistance,
load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.
3. Define critical field resistance of dc shunt generator?
Critical field resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will
cause the shunt generator just to build up its emf at a specified field.
RESULT:
Thus the load tests of DC shunt motor are determined.
23

Title of the Experiment:
SWINBURNES TEST
Date of the Experiment:

To conduct no load test on dc shunt motor and to predetermine efficiency while machine
is running as a motor and generator.
S. No
APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Voltmeter
mc
(0-300) V
2.
Ammeter
mc
(0-2) A
3.
Ammeter
mc
(0-20) A
3.
Rheostat
250/1.2A
4.
Tachometer
5.
Connecting wires
few
b)EXERCISE:
c) PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ensure that all the connections are tight.

Select the meters of proper range.
Ensures the rating of fuses.
The starter arm must be in OFF position at the time of starting.
24
d)PROCEDURE:
o Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
o Close the MCB switch by energizing the circuit.
o Start the machine using three-point starter and allow the motor to
run at its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
o The corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted at
no-load.
o Bring the field rheostat to its original minimum position and the
MCB switch is switched off.
o Now the armature resistance test is conducted as per the circuit
diagram and the corresponding meter readings are noted.
o The readings are tabulated and the efficiency of the machine when
it runs as a motor and generator are determined without loading
the machine
FOR MOTOR:
Input Power, Pi
VLIL (watts)
Armature current,Ia
IL IF (amps)
Copper loss, Wcu
Ia2Ra (watts)
Total losses, PL
Wc + Wcu (watts)
Constant losses, Wc
ILVL - Ia2Ra (watts)
Output Power, Po
Pin PL (watts)
% Efficiency
output power (Po)/ Input power (Pi)
Input Power, PO
VLIL (watts)
Armature current,Ia
IL+ IF (amps)
Copper loss, Wcu
Ia2Ra (watts)
Total losses, PL
Wc + Wcu (watts)
FOR GENERATOR:
25
Constant losses, Wc
ILVL - Ia2Ra (watts)
Input Power, Pi
Po + PL (watts)
% Efficiency
output power (Po)/ Input power (Pi)
f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
26
g)TABULATION TO FIND OUT CONSTANT LOSS (Wco)
S.
No
No-load
current
(Io)
Amps
Field Current
(If)
Amps
Terminal
Voltage
Constant Loss
(V)
No load
Armature
current (Iao)
Volts
Volts
Watts
Wco=VIo- Iao2
h)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TO FIND RA
27
TABULATION TO FIND OUT ARMATURE RESISTANCE

Armature current
Armature Voltage
Aramture Resistance
(Ia)
(Va)
Ra = Va/Ia
Amps
Volts
Ohms
S. No
TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCY

RUNNING AS MOTOR
Armature Resistance (Ra)
Rated current (Ir)
Constant loss
(Wco) =
Field current (If)
Terminal Voltage
(V) =
S.
No
Fraction
of load
(x)
Load
Armature Armature
current
current
loss
IL=
Ia =IL+If Wcu=Ia2Ra
x*Ir
Amps
Amps
Amps
Total
loss
Input
power
Output
power
Wt
Wi=VIL
Wo=Wi-Wt
Watts
Watts
Watts
Efficiency
= Wo/Wi
28
RUNNING AS GENERATOR
Armature Resistance (Ra)
Rated current (Ir)
Constant loss
(Wco) =
Field current (If)
Terminal Voltage
(V) =
S.
No
Fraction
of load
(x)
Load
Armature Armature
current
current
loss
IL=
Ia =IL+If Wcu=Ia2Ra
x*Ir
Amps
Amps
Amps
Total
loss
Wt
Watts
Output
power
Input
power
Wo=VIL Wi=Wo+Wt
Watts
Watts
Efficiency
= Wo/Wi
29
1. What are the principal advantages of rotating field type construction?
Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to
rotating system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator part of the
machine to provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling system, stationary system of
conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
2. What are the advantages of salient type pole construction used in sy.machines?
They allow better ventilation, the pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases from
pole center to pole tips so flux distortion in air gap is sinusoidal so emf is also sinusoidal.
3. Which type of sy.generators are used in hydroelectric plants and why?
As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants, salient pole
type sy.generator is used because it allows better ventilation also better than smooth cylindrical
type rotor.
4. Why are alternators rated in KVA and not in KW?
As load increases I2R loss also increases, as the current is directly related to apparent power
delivered by generator, the alternator has only their apparent power in VA/KVA/MVA as their
power rating.
5. Why the sy.impedance method of estimating voltage regulation is considered as pessimistic
method?
Compared to other method, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always
higher than the actual value so it is called as pessimistic method.
RESULT:
Thus the Swinburnes tests of DC shunt motor are determined.
30

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor by,
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method
S.NO
APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Voltmeter
mc
(0-300) V
2.
Ammeter
mc
(0-2) A
3.
Rheostat
250/1.2A
4.
Rheostat
50/5A
5.
Tachometer
Analog
6.
Connecting wires
few
b)EXERCISE:
31
b) PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

d)PROCEDURE:
2. Switch on the 230V DC supply by closing the MCB.
3. Start the motor, using three-point starter.
Armature control method (Below rated speed)
1. By keeping the field current constant, the armature rheostat is adjusted in steps
and note down the corresponding armature voltage, and armature current.
2. The readings are tabulated and a graph of speed Vs armature voltage is drawn.
3. The same procedure may be repeated for some other field current.
Field control method (Above the rated speed)
1. By keeping the armature voltage as constant, the field rheostat is adjusted in
steps and note down the corresponding field current and speed.
2. The readings are tabulated and a graph of speed Vs field current is drawn.
3. The same procedure may be repeated for some other armature voltage.
32
e)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
33
f)TABULATION:
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
S. No
If1 =
Va (v)
If2 =
N (rpm)
Va (v)
N (rpm)
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

S. No
Va1 =
If (A)
Va2 =
N (rpm)
If (A)
N (rpm)
g)MODEL GRAPH:
34
h)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why DC series motor should never be started on no-load?
When the load current Ia falls to a small value, speed become dangerously high. Hence a
DC series motor should never be started without some mechanical load.
2. Define slip.
s= (Ns-Nr)/Ns, where, Ns is synchronous speed in rpm
Nr is rotor speed in rpm.
3. Define synchronous speed.
Three phase balanced power supply is fed to the three stator winding of three
phase induction motor. It creates synchronously rotating magnetic field. The speed of
this rotating field is called synchronous speed. Its given by Ns = 120f/p.
4. What are the conditions to be fulfilled by for a dc shunt generator to build back emf?
The generator should have residual flux, the field winding should be connected in such a
manner that the flux setup by field in same direction as residual flux, the field resistance should
be less than critical field resistance, load circuit resistance should be above critical resistance.
5. Define armature reaction in dc machines?
The interaction between the main flux and armature flux cause disturbance called as
armature reaction.
35
RESULT:
Thus the speed controls of DC shunt motor are determined.

Title of the Experiment: OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORME

To calculate the equivalent circuit parameter by conducting open circuit and short
circuit test on single-phase transformer.
i)
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of the given transformer from
equivalent circuit parameter.
S.NO
ITEM
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Voltmeter
MI
(0-150)V
2.
Voltmeter
(0-300)V
3.
Ammeter
MI
(0-2)A
4.
Ammeter
MI
(0-5)A
5.
Wattmeter
UPF
300V/5A
6.
Wattmeter
LPF
75V/5A
7.
Auto transformer
2.7KVA,10A,270V
36
8.
Connecting wires
few
b)EXERCISE:
c)PRECAUTIONS:
2. Secondary side of the transformer should be loaded upto rated current of the
machine.
3. Calculate the multiplication factors for wattmeters.
4. Calculate the full load current of the transformer.
5. The transformer should not be loaded beyond 125% of the rated full load current.
d)PROCEDURE
Open circuit test
2. Keeping the autotransformer at its zero output position ,Switch ON the
3. A.C.supply.
4. 3.Adjust the auto transformer output to get the rated voltage across the LV
5. winding of the transformer.
6. Note down all the meter readings.
7. 5.Bring the autotransformer to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
Short circuit test:
2. Keeping the autotransformer at its zero output position, Switch ON the AC
supply.
3. Gradually increase the output voltage of autotransformer till the rated full load
current flow through the transformer windings.
4. Note down all the meter readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
37

Open circuit test:
1. W0 = I0 V0 cos 0 watts.
Where,
cos 0 = (W0 / I0 V0 )
W0
Real power consumed
V0
Primary no load voltage in volts
I0
No load primary current
Phase angle at no load
2. Magnetizing current Im = I0 sin0

Loss compensating current Iw = I0cos 0
3. No load reactance X0 = V0/ Im
4. No load resistance R0 = Vo/Iw
Short Circuit Test:

1. Z01=Vsc/Isc ,
R01=Wsc / Isc2
38
X01=Z012-R012
2. R02=k*R01 ;
X02=k2X01;
Z02=k2Z01
Where,
Vsc =Short-circuiting voltage in volts.
f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
39
g)TABULATION:
NO LOAD TEST:
S. No.
Open circuit
primary
Voltage (V0)
volts
No load current
No load power
(I0)
(W0)
Amps
Watts
40
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

S. No.
Vsc
Isc
Wsc
Volts
Amps
Watts
Efficiency:
1. Efficiency = Output power/input power
= Output power/(Output power + total losses)
2. Output power =(x *kva* cos)
3. Total loss = copper loss + iron loss
X
Assumed fraction of load
KVA =
Rating of the transformer
Cos =
Assumed power factor
Wsc
Short circuit wattmeter reading (cu loss)
W0
Open circuit wattmeter reading (Fe loss)
Regulation:
% Regulation = xIsc(R02 cos + X02sin)/V20
Where,
V20 =
Open circuit voltage at secondary
+ =
for lagging load
- =
for leading load
41
h)MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION FOR PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:

S.
No.
Iron
loss
Cu
loss
Load
x
Total loss =
W0+x2Wsc
Output power
Input power
UPF
UPF
0.8PF
%
Efficiency
0.8PF UPF 0.8PF
42
Watts Watts
Watts
Watts Watts Watts Watts
TABULATION FOR PERCENTAGE REGULATION:

S.
No.
Power
125% of load
100% of load
50% of load
25% of load
Factor
x =1.25
x = 1.00
x = 0.5
x = 0.25
cos
Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading
Lagging
Leading
i)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Does transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why?
43
Yes, it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to
magnetize the core and to supply for iron and copper losses on no load. There will not be
any current in the secondary since secondary is open.
2.
List the different methods of speed control applicable to 3 phase slip ring induction
motor?
(i) Rotor resistance control
(ii) Cascade control
(iii)Slip power recovery scheme
3. How speed is achieved by v/f control in 3 phase induction motor?

In v/f method, motor can be varied by varying voltage and frequency but we can
maintain v/f ratio is constant.
4. Define all day efficiency of a transformer?
It is computed on the basis of energy consumed during a certain period, usually a day of
24 hrs. All day efficiency=output in kWh/input in kWh tor 24 hrs.
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer are
determined.
44

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

To conduct the load test on single-phase transformer and to draw the characteristics
curves.
S.NO
ITEM
RANGE
TYPE
QUANTITY
1.
Voltmeter
(0-300) V
MI
2.
Voltmeter
(0-150) V
MI
3.
Ammeter
(0-5) A
MI
4.
Ammeter
(0-20)A
MI
5.
Wattmeter
300V/5A
UPF
6.
Transformer
1KVA
7.
Connecting wires
few
b)EXERCISE:
45
c)PRECAUTIONS:

2. Secondary side of the transformer should be loaded upto rated current of the
machine.
3. Calculate the multiplication factors for wattmeters.
d)PROCEDURE:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing MCB, 230v single phase, 50Hz AC supply is given to the
transformer.
3. Note the readings from all meters on no load.
4. Now load is applied to the transformer in step by step-up to the rated
primary current and the corresponding readings are noted.
5. From the recorded values calculate the percentage efficiency and
percentage regulation and draw the required graph.

1. Percentage efficiency = (Output power/Input power) *100
2. Percentage Regulation =(V02 V2)/ V02 * 100
Where,
V02 =Secondary voltage on no load.
V2 = Secondary voltage on load.
46
f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers?
In core type, the windings surrounded the core considerably and in shell type the core
surround the windings i.e winding is placed inside the core.
2. What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer?
To reduce the eddy current loss in the core of the transformer.
3. Give the emf equation of a transformer and define each term?
Emf induced in primary coil E1= 4.44fmN1 volt emf induced in secondary coil E2 =4.44
fmN2.
F - Freq of AC input
m - maximum value of flux in the core
N1, N2 - Number of primary & secondary turns.
4. What are the typical uses of auto transformer?
1. To give small boost to a distribution cable to correct for the voltage drop.
2. As induction motor starter.
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase transformer is determined.
47
Exercise Number: 05
Title of the Experiment: REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY
EMF AND MMF METHOD
To predetermine the voltage regulation of the three-phase alternator by EMF and
MMF methods by conducting open circuit and short circuit tests.
Sl. No.
Apparatus
Type
Range
Qty.
Voltmeter
MI
(0-600) V
Ammeter
MC
(0-2) A
Ammeter
MI
(0-10) A
Rheostat
Wire Wound
570/1.2A
Rheostat
Wire Wound
270/1.2A
Tachometer
Analog
SPST Switch
TPST Switch
Connecting wires
12
b)EXERCISE:
48
c)PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. The Alternator field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position.
3. Initially all switches are kept in open position
.
d)PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
1
. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The D.C. motor is started and made to run at its rated speed of alternator by
adjusting the field rheostat of motor.
3. The alternator field is excited by closing the SPST.
4. By varying the field rheostat the voltage across the alternator is increased upto its
rated voltage.
5. The open circuit test is conducted by varying the field rheostat of the alternator and
the corresponding alternator voltage and field current values are noted.
6. Open circuit characteristics are drawn by taking the field current along X axis and
the phase voltage along Y axis.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
1
. The TPSTS is closed and by adjusting the field rheostat of the alternator till the
voltmeter reads zero, ,.
2. The short circuit current and the field current are noted.
49
3. Short circuit characteristics are drawn by taking the filed current along X axis and
the short circuit current along Y axis.
STATOR RESISTANCE TEST

1.The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By adjusting the load, the ammeter and voltmeter readings are tabulated.
3. From the tabulated values the stator resistance of the alternator is calculated.

Let,
E0=no load induced emf in volts
cos= Power Factor
Reff=1.6Ra ohms
Zs= E0/Isc ohms
Xs=Zs2- Reff2 ohms
1. E0 at unity power factor
E0= (Vph+IReff)2 + (IXs) 2 volts.
2. E0 at lagging power factor

E0= (Vphcos +IReff)2 + (Vphsin+IXs)2 volts
Vph=VL/3
volts
3. E0 at leading power factor

50
E0= (Vphcos +IReff)2 + (Vphsin -IXs)2 volts
4. % Regulation= ( E0-Vph)/ Vph *100

f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
51
52
g)TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Sl. No.
Field Current If
Open circuit voltage VL
in Amps
Phase Voltage VPH
in volts
in volts
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Sl. No.
Short circuit current ISC in Amps
Field Current If in Amps
EMF METHOD:
Sl.
Power
No.
Factor
Eo in volts
Lagging
% Regulation
Leading
Lagging
Leading
MMF METHOD:
53
Sl.
Power
No.
Factor
Field Current If in
Amps
Lagging
Leading
Eo in volts
Lagging
Leading
% Regulation
Lagging
Leading
h)TO FIND Ra:

TABULATION:
54
Sl. No.
Armature Current
Armature Voltage
Armature resistance
in Amps
in Volts
Ra=V/I in Ohms
i)MODEL GRAPHS:
EMF Method:
MMF Method:
55
j)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Write down the emf equation for d.c.generator?
E= (NZ/60) (P/A) V.
P - No. of poles
Z - Total no. of conductor
- Flux per pole, N-speed in rpm.
2. Why commutator is employed in d.c.machines?
Conduct electricity between rotating armature and fixed brushes, convert alternating emf
into unidirectional emf (mechanical rectifier)
3. Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction?
Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more no. of turns.
Series field coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less no. of turns.
4.What is back emf in d.c. motor?
As the motor armature rotates, the system of conductor come across alternate north and
south pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The direction of the emf
induced in the conductor is in opposite to current. As this emf always opposes the
flow of current in motor operation it is called as back emf.
5.Why MMF method of estimating voltage regulation is considered as optiimisticmethod?
Compared to EMF method, MMF method involves more noof complex calculation steps.
Further the OCC is referred twice and SCC is referred once while predetermining the voltage
regulation for each load condition. Reference of OCC takes core saturation effect. As this
method require more effort, final result is very close to actual value, hence this method is called
as optimistic method.
RESULT:
Thus the three phase alternators are regulated by EMF & MMF method.
56
Exercise Number: 06
Title of the Experiment: LOAD TEST ON THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR

To determine the performance characteristics of three-phase squirrel cage
induction motor by direct loading method.
Sl. No.
Apparatus
Type
Range
Quantity
Voltmeter
MI
(0-600) V
Ammeter
MI
(0-10)A
Single element wattmeter
LPF
600V,10A
3 Auto transformer
400V/(0-450)V
Tachometer
Connecting wires
Analog
1
As per required
b)EXERCISE:
c)PRECAUTIONS:
57
1. At the time of starting, the motor should be in the no load condition.

2. Initially switch is in open position and the autotransformer should be kept at
minimum voltage position.
d)PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

The supply is given by closing the TPST switch.
The motor is started by using star delta starter.
The voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, speed and spring balance readings are noted
for no load condition.
5. The load is increased in steps at each increase in step of the load the readings of
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, speed and spring balance are noted.

1. Torque,T=9.81*Reff*(S1-S2) N-m
Where,
Reff =Effective radius of the brake drum in m.
S1, S2= Spring balance readings in Kg.
2. Output power,Po = 2NT/60 watts

Where,
N=speed of the motor in rpm
3. % Efficiency = (Output power/Input power)*10
58
f)CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
59
g)TABULATION:
Line
Sl.
No.
Voltage
VL
in volts
Line
Input
Current Power
IL
in
amps
PL
in
watts
Speed
Spring balance
readings
N in
Rpm
S1
in
Kg
S2
in
Kg
S1 S2
in
Kg
Torque Ouput
T
Power
N-m
watts
Effi.
Slip
PF
MF=---
60
h)MODEL GRAPH:
Electrical Characteristics:
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of cage motor?
Since the rotor has low resistance, the copper loss is low and efficiency is very high. On
account of simple construction of rotor it is mechanically robust, initial cost is less, maintenance
cost is less, simple starting arrangement.
2. What are the 2 types of 3phase induction motor?
Squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor.
3. Write two extra features of slip ring induction motor?
Rotor has 3phase winding. Extra resistance can be added in rotor circuit for improving
PF with the help of three slip rings.
4. Where three point starter and four point starter are recommended?
3 Point starter- For armature speed control of DC motor(below rated speed).
4 point starter- For field speed control of DC motor(above rated speed).
5. What are the methods of starting 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor?
DOL starter, primary resistance starter, star-delta starter, auto-transformer starter.
RESULT:
Thus the load test on three phase induction motor are determined.
61
Exercise Number: 07
Title of the Experiment: NO LOAD TEST AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of three phase induction motor by conducting
i)
ii)
No load test and

Blocked rotor test.
Sl. No.
Apparatus
Type
Range
Quantity
Voltmeter
MI
(0-300) V
Voltmeter
MI
(0-600) V
Ammeter
MI
(0-5)A
Ammeter
MI
(0-10) A
Single element wattmeter
UPF
600V, 5A
Double element wattmeter
LPF
300V, 10A
3 Auto transformer
400V/(0-450) V
Connecting wires
b)EXERCISE:
62
c)PRECAUTIONS:
1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

2. Blocking of the rotor should be done properly.
3. Making sure that only a small voltage is applied across the stator terminal with
rotor blocked.
NO LOAD TEST:
2. The supply is switched ON by closing the TPST switch.
3. The autotransformer is varied until the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the
machine and the motor starts running at no load.
4. The readings of Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted at no load.
5. Then the TPST supply switch is opened.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

The rotor of the motor is blocked tightly with the help of brake drum and belt.
The supply is switched ON by closing the TPST switch.
The autotransformer is adjusted slowly until the voltmeter reads the rated current
of the machine
5. The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeters are noted.
6.
Now release the blocked rotor and open the TPST supply switch.
63

NO LOAD TEST:
1. No load power factor, cos0=W0/(3 V0I0)
Where,
W0=No load power in watts
V0=No load voltage in volts
I0=No load current in amps
2. Working component current, Iw=I0 cos0 Amps

3. Magnetizing current,Im= I0 sin0 Amps
4. No load resistance,R0=V0/Iw ohms
5. No load reactance,X0=V0/Im ohms
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
1. At short circuit power factor,cosSC=WSC/(3VSCISC)
Where,
WSC=Short circuit power in watts
VSC=Short circuit voltage in volts
ISC= Short circuit current in Amps
2. Motor equivalent impedance as referred to stator, Z01= VSC/(3ISC) ohms
3. Motor equivalent resistance as referred to stator, R01= Z01 cosSC ohms
4. Motor equivalent reacttance as referred to stator, X01= Z01 sinSC ohms
5. R01 = R01 Reff ohms
6. Reff = 1.6 * Ra ohms
Where,
64
Ra=Armature resistance offered for D.C

7. Equivalent load resistance (RL)= R01 ((1/S)-1)) ohms
Where,
Slip (S)=(Ns-N)/ Ns
Ns=Synchronous Speed in rpm
N=Speed of the rotor in rpm.
8. Effective resistance=R-01+ RL+ X01 ohms
9. Rotor current referred to stator side, I2=(V/3)/Effective resistance
10. Stator current, I1=I0+ I2 Amps
65
f)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
66
67
g)TABULATION:
NO LOAD TEST:
Speed of the induction motor:
Type of the stator connection:
Multiplication factor:
No load power input P0 in watts
No load voltage
No load current
Observed reading
V0 in volts
I0 in amps
(OR)
Actual reading
AR=OR*MF
MF=
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

Type of the stator connection:
Multiplication factor:
Power input PSC in watts
Line voltage
VSC in volts
Short circuit
current
Observed reading
(OR)
ISC in amps
Actual reading
AR=OR*MF
MF=
68
Tabulation:
Sl.
No.
Armature Current
Armature Voltage
Armature resistance
in Amps
in Volts
Ra=V/I in Ohms
69
h) DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Why an induction motor never runs at its synchronous speed?
If it runs at sy. Speed then there would be no relative speed between the two, hence no
rotor emf, so no rotor current, then no rotor torque to maintain rotation.
2. What are slip rings?
The slip rings are made of copper alloys and are fixed around the shaft insulating it.
Through these slip rings and brushes rotor winding can be connected to external circuit.
3. What are the principal advantages of rotating field type construction?
Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to
rotating system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator part of the
machine to provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling system, stationary system of
conductors can easily be braced to prevent deformation.
4. In which direction a shaded pole motor runs?
The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part.
5. Why single phase induction motors have low PF?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by large angle so only
single phase induction motors have low PF.
RESULT:
Thus the no load and blocked rotor test of three phase induction motor are determined.
70
Exercise Number: 09
Title of the Experiment: DIGITAL SIMULATIONS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
To digitally simulate the time response characteristics of a linear system without
non linearities and to verify it manually.
a)FACILITIES REQUIRED
Mat lab Software
b)THEORY
The time characteristics of control systems are specified in terms of time domain
specifications. Systems with energy storage elements cannot respond instantaneously and will
exhibit transient responses, whenever they are subjected to inputs or disturbances.
The desired performance characteristics of a system of any order may be specified in
terms of transient response to a unit step input signal. The transient response characteristics of a
control system to a unit step input is specified in terms of the following time domain
specifications
Delay time td
Rise time tr
Peak time tp
Maximum overshoot Mp
Settling time ts
c)PROCEDURE:
1. In MATLAB software open a new model in simulink library browser.
2. From the continuous block in the library drag the transfer function block.
3. From the source block in the library drag the step input.
4. From the sink block in the library drag thescope.
5. From the math operations block in the library drag the summing point.
6. Connect all to form a system and give unity feedback to the system.
7. For changing the parameters of the blocks connected double click the respective
block.
8. Start simulation and observe the results in scope.
9. From the step response obtained note down the rise time, peak time, peak overshoot and
settling time.
71
10. For the same transfer function write a matlab program to obtain the step response and verify
both the results.
d)PROGRAM
%This is a MATLAB program to find the step response
num=[0 0 25];
den=[1 6 25];
sys = tf (num,den);
step (sys);
e)PLOT
72
1.What is meant by Delay time ?
It is the time to required for the response to reach 50% of final value in first attempt
2.What is meant by Rise time?
It is the time to required for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the final value
3.What is meant by over damping?
It is the time to required for the response to rise from 0% to 100% of the final value
4.What is meant by peak time?

It is the time to required for the response to reach peak time response
5.What is meant by setting time?
It is the time to required for the response to reach an stay within a specific tolerance
band
RESULT:
Thus the digital simulation of linear system are determined.
73

Title of the Experiment: STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (Bode Plot)

To obtain the bode plot for the given system whose transfer function is given as
G(S)=
242(s+5)
s(s+1)(s2+5s+121)
and to find out whether the system is stable or not.

Mat lab Software
b)THEORY
A Linear Time-Invariant Systems is stable if the following two notions of system
stability are satisfied
When the system is excited by Bounded input, the output is also a Bounded
output.
In the absence of the input, the output tends towards zero, irrespective of the
initial conditions.
The following observations are general considerations regarding system stability and are
If all the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts, then the impulse
response is bounded and eventually decreases to zero, then system is stable.
If any root of the characteristic equation has a positive real part, then system is
unstable.
If the characteristic equation has repeated roots on the j-axis, then system is
unstable.
If one are more non-repeated roots of the characteristic equation on the j-axis,
then system is unstable.
c)BODE PLOT :
Consider a Single-Input Single-Output system with transfer function
b0 sm + b1 sm-1 + + bm
C(s)
=
R(s)
a0 sn + a1sn-1 + +an
74
Where m < n.
Rule 1 A system is stable if the phase lag is less than 180 at the frequency for
which the gain is unity (one).
Rule 2 A system is stable if the gain is less than one (unity) at the frequency for
which the phase lag is 180.
The application of these rules to an actual process requires evaluation of the gain and
phase shift of the system for all frequencies to see if rules 1 and 2 are satisfied. This is
obtained by plotting the gain and phase versus frequency. This plot is called BODE
PLOT. The gain obtained here is open loop gain.
The stability criteria given above represent Limits of Stability. It is well to design a
system with a margin of safety from such limits to allow for variation in components and
other unknown factors. This consideration leads to the revised stability criteria, or more
properly, a Margin of Safety provided to each condition. The exact terminology is in
terms of a Gain Margin and Phase Margin from the limiting values quoted.
If the phase lag is less than 140 at the unity gain frequency, the system is stable.
This then, is a 40 Phase Margin from the limiting values of 180.
If the gain is 5dB below unity (or a gain of about 0.56) when the phase lag is
180, the system is stable. This is 5dB Gain Margin.
d)ALGORITHM
1. Write a Program to (or using SIMULINK) obtain the Bode plot for the given system.
2. Access the stability of given system using the plots obtained.
e)PROGRAM
%BODE PLOT OF THE SYSTEM%
%Enter the numerator and denominator of the transfer function
num=[0 0 0 242 1210];
den=[1 6 126 121 0];
sys=tf(num,den)
%Specify the frequency range and enter the command
75
w=logspace(-2,4,1000);
bode(sys,w)
xlabel('Frequency')
ylabel( ' Phase angle in degrees Magnitude of G(s)')
title('Bode Plot of the system 242(s+5)/s(s+1)(s^2+5*s+121)')
%To determine the Gain Margin,Phase Margin, Gain crossover frequency and
%Phase cross over frequency
[ Gm, Pm, Wcp, Wcg ]= margin (sys)
f)PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN BODE PLOT
1. Rewrite the sinusoidal transfer function in the time constant form by replacing s by j
2. Identify the corner frequencies associated with each factor of the transfer
function.
3. Knowing the corner frequencies draw the asymptotic magnitude plot. This plot
consists of straight line segments with line slope changing at each corner frequency by
+20db/decade for a zero and -20db/decade for a pole. For a complex conjugate zero or pole
the slope changes by + 40db/decade.
4. Draw a smooth curve through the corrected points such that it is asymptotic to the
line segments. This gives the actual log-magnitude plot.
5. Draw phase angle curve for each factor and add them algebraically to get the
phase plot.
G)MANUAL CALCULATIONS
i)The sinusoidal transfer function G (j) is obtained by replacing s by j in the given s domain
transfer function
G(j)=
242(j +5)
j (j +1)( j 2+5 j +121)

On comparing the quadratic factor of G(s) with standard form of quadratic
76
factor , and n can be evaluated.

s2+5s+121 = s2+2ns + n2
On comparison
n2 = 121
2n= 5
n =11 rad/sec
G(j)=
= 0.227
10(1+0.2j)
j (1+j)( 1+0.4 j -0.0083 2)
ii)CORNER FREQUENCIES
The corner frequencies are c1=1rad/sec c2= 5 rad/sec and c3=11rad/sec
Choose a low frequency l such that l< c1 and choose a high frequency h> c3.
Let l=0.5 rad/sec and h=100 rad/sec
Term
Corner
Frequency
rad/sec
Slope db/dec
Change in slope
db/dec
10
__
-20
__
-20
-20-20= - 40
(1+0.2j)
20
-40-20 = -20
11
-40
-40-20 = -60
j
1
(1+j)
( 1+0.4 j -0.0083 2)
Iii) MAGNITUDE PLOTS
Calculate A at l, c1, c2, c3, and h
Let A= | G(j)| in db
At = l A= 20 log(10/0.5)=26.03db
= c1 , A=20log(10/1)=20db
77
= c2 A= -40log(5/1)+20=-7.96 db
= c3 A = -20log(11/5) - 7.96 = -14.80 db
= h A = -60log(100/11)-14.80 = - 72.3 db
These values are plotted in the semilog graph sheet taking frequency along the logarithmic scale
and magnitude in db along the linear scale
iv) PHASE PLOT
The phase angle of G(j) as a function of is given by
= G(j) = tan-1 0.2 -90 tan-1 tan-1 0.04/(1 0.00832)
tan-1 0.2
tan-1
tan-1 {0.04/
= G(j)
(1 0.00832)}
0.5
507
26.56
1.15
-112
11.3
45
2.31
-126.01
45
78.96
14.04
-138
10
63.43
84.29
63.44
-174.3
11
65.5
84.8
85.8
-195.4
20
75.96
87.14
180-19.98=160
-261.18
50
84.3
88.85
180-6=174
-268.55
100
87014
89.43
180-2.9=177.1
-269.3
These values are plotted in the semilog graph sheet taking the same frequency as before along
the logarithmic scale and phase angle in degrees along the linear scale.
h)OUTPUT (from simulation)
242 s + 1210
----------------------------s^4 + 6 s^3 + 126 s^2 + 121 s
78
Gm =
2.0273
Pm = 41.8270
Wcp = 10.0961
Wcg =
3.6322
OUTPUT (from graph)

gc= gc=3.1rad/sec
Phase margin =180+ gc = 180-134 = 46 degrees
Gain Margin = 12 db
pc = 10.1 rad/sec
79
i)BODEPLOT
80
j)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What is polar plot?
As the input frequency is varied from 0 to ,the magnitude of M and phase angle is change and
hence the tip of the phase G(jw) trance a locus in the complex plane
2. What is Nyquist contour?
In order to investigate ther presence of any zero of q(s)=1+G(s)H(s) in the right of s plane , let us chose
a contour which completely enclosed this right half of the s plane .such a contour
3. What is frequency response?
A frequency response is the steady state response of a system when the input to the system is asinusoidal
signal.
4. List out the different frequency domain specifications?
The frequency domain specification are i) Resonant peak. ii) Resonant frequency.
5. Define resonant Peak?
The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called resonant peak.
RESULT:
Thus the stability analysis of linear system using bode plot are determined.
81

Title of the Experiment: STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS (ROOT LOCUS PLOT)

To obtain the Root locus plot for the given system whose transfer function is given as
G(S)=
K
s(s+3)(s2+3s+11.25)
Mat lab Software
b)THEORY
ROOT LOCUS PLOT :
The characteristic of the transient response of a closed-loop system is related to the location of the closed loop
poles. If the system has a variable loop gain, then the location of the closed-loop poles depend on the value of
the loop gain chosen. A simple technique known as Root Locus Technique used for studying linear control
systems in the investigation of the trajectories of the roots of the characteristic equation.
This technique provides a graphical method of plotting the locus of the roots in the s-plane as a given system
parameter is varied over the complete range of values(may be from zero to infinity). The roots corresponding to
a particular value of the system parameter can then be located on the locus or the value of the parameter for a
desired root location can be determined form the locus. The root locus is a powerful technique as it brings into
focus the complete dynamic response of the system . The root locus also provides a measure of sensitivity of
roots to the variation in the parameter being considered. This technique is applicable to both single as well as
multiple-loop systems.
82
c)PROCEDURE:
1. Write a Program to (or using SIMULINK) obtain the Root locus plot for the given
system.
d)PROGRAM
%ROOT LOCUS OF THE SYSTEM%
num=[0 0 0 0 1]
den=[1 6 20.25 33.75 0]
sys=tf(num,den)
rlocus(sys)
v=[-10,10,-8,8];
axis(v)
xlabel('Real Axis')
ylabel('Imaginary Axis')
title('Root Locus of the sytem ')
title('Root Locus Plot of the system K/s(s+3)(s^2+3s+11.25))')
e)MANUAL CALCULATIONS
1. Number of poles =4, zeros = 0, number of root locus branches =4. Starting points s=0, -3 & 1.5+ j3.
2. Pole zero plot is as follows
Section between 0 and -3 is part of root locus. One breakway point is between s=0 and s=-3.
3. Angle of asymptotes are 45,135,225 and 315 degrees
4. Centroid = -1.5
5. Three Breakway points are -1.5,-1.5 + j 1.8371
83
6. Intersection with imaginary axis s= + j2.37.

7. Angle of departure -90, +90.
8. Root locus is plotted.
9. Stability for 0< K<82.26 system is stable.
K=82.26 system is marginally stable.
K>82.26 system is unstable
f)OUTPUT
num = 0
den = 1.0000
6.0000 20.2500 33.7500
Transfer function:
1
--------------------------------s^4 + 6 s^3 + 20.25 s^2 + 33.75 s
g)GRAPH(from Simulation)
84
h)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Define root locus technique.
Its a method of poltting the locus of the root of the characteristic equation in s plane when the gain of
the system is varied over the entire range
2. What do you mean by Root-Loci?
It is a the locus of the root traced out on the s-plane as its parameter is changed
3. Write the condition for magnitude & angle criterion?
G(S)H(S) =1 &
G(S)H(S)=1800
4. define the break way point ?

its obtain the as root s of characteristic equation after making dK /ds=0
5. Define Resonant frequency?
The frequency at which resonant peak occurs is called resonant frequency.
6. What is bandwidth?
The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the system gain Is more than 3 db. The bandwidth
is a measure of the ability of a feedback system to reproduce the input signal , noise rejection
characteristics and rise time.
RESULT:
Thus the stability analysis of linear system using locus plot are determined.
85
Exercise Number: 10(C)

Title of the Experiment : STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
To obtain the Nyquist plot for the given system whose transfer function is given as
G(S)=
50
(s+4)(s2+3s+3)
and to find out whether the system is stable or not.

Mat lab Software
b)THEORY
POLAR PLOTS OR NYQUIST PLOTS:
The sinusoidal transfer function G(j) is a complex function is given by
G(j) = Re[ G(j)] + j Im[G(j)]
or
G(j) = G(j) G(j) = M -----------(1)

From equation (1), it is seen that G(j) may be represented as a phasor of magnitude M and phase angle
. As the input frequency varies from 0 to , the magnitude M and phase angle changes and hence the tip of
the phasor G(j) traces a locus in the complex plane. The locus thus obtained is known as
POLAR PLOT.
The major advantage of the polar plot lies in stability study of systems. Nyquist related the stability of a
system to the form of these plots. Polar plots are referred as NYQUIST PLOTS.
NYQUIST stability criterion of determining the stability of a closed loop system by investigating the
properties of the frequency domain plot of the loop transfer function G(s) H(s).
Nyquist stability criterion provides the information on the absolute stability of a control system as similar to
Routh- Hurwitz criterion. Not only giving the absolute stability, but indicates Degree of Stability i.e
86
Relative Stability of a stable system and the degree of instability of an unstable system and indicates how the
system stability can be improved. The Nyquist stability citerion is based on a Cauchys Residue Theorem of
complex variables which is referred to as the principle of argument.
Let Q(s) be a single valued function that has a finite number of poles in the s-plane. Suppose that an arbitrary
closed path q is chosen in the s-plane so that the path does not go through any one of the poles or zeros of
Q(s); the corresponding q locus mapped in the Q(s) plane will encircle the origin as many times as the
difference between the number of the zeros and the number of poles of Q(s) that are encircled by the s-plane
locus q.
The principle of argument is given by
N= Z - P
Where N number of encirclemnts of the origin made by the Q(s) plane locus q.
Z number of zeros of Q(s) encircled by the s-plane locus q in the s-plane.
P - number of poles of Q(s) encircled by the s-plane locus q in the s-plane.
c)ALGORITHM
1. Write a Program to (or using SIMULINK) obtain the Nyquist plot for the given system.
d)PROGRAM
%NYQUIST PLOT
num=[0 0 0 50]
den=[1 7 12 12]
sys=tf(num,den)
%Specify the frequency range and enter the command
nyquist(sys)
v=[-3 5 -7 7]
axis(v)
xlabel('Real Axis');
ylabel('Imaginary Axis');
87
title('Nyquist Plot of the sytem 50/(s+4)(s^2+3s+3)')

%To determine the Gain Margin,Phase Margin, Gain crossover frequency and
%phase cross over frequency
[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=margin (sys)
v = -3
5 -7
Gm = 1.4402
Pm = 11.1642
Wcp = 3.4643
Wcg = 2.9533
e)MANUAL CALCULATIONS:
88
NYQUISTPLOT
f) DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Define Cut-off rate?
The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut-off is called cut-off rate. The cut-off rate indicates the
ability to distinguish the signal from noise.
2. Define Gain Margin?
The gain margin ,kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of the open loop transfer function at
phase cross over frequency. Gain margin kg = 1 /| G(j pc) |
3. Define Phase cross over?
The frequency at which, the phase of open loop transfer functions is called phase cross over frequency
pc.
4. What is phase margin?
The phase margin is the amount of phase lag at the gain cross over frequency required to bring system
to the verge of instability.
5. Define Gain cross over?
The gain cross over frequency gc is the frequency at which the magnitude of the open loop transfer
function is unity..
RESULT:
Thus the stability analyses of linear system are determined.
89
Exercise Number: 11
Title of the Experiment: STUDY THE EFFECT P, PI & PID CONTROLLERS USING MATLAB
To design an electronic Proportional Controller.
1. PID designing unit
2. Patch chords
3. Resistors
b)PROCEDURE:
. For the given input and output voltage ranges calculate the gain, KP.
2. Using the formula KP = R2 / R1 and R2 = R3 = 10 K , find R1.
2. Connect the circuit as per the patching diagram.
3. Apply the specified input voltages Ve & Vb ( 0.5 V) to the terminals T2 and
T1 respectively of the P Controller.
4. Note down the output voltage at T3 corresponding to the variation in input
error voltage..
90
c)EXPRESSION FOR THEROTICAL VALUE:
1. Vout= KP Ve + Vb
where KP is proportional gain
Ve is error voltage
Vb is bias voltage
2. Gain = Output Voltage / Input Voltage
3.KP = R2 / R1
d)TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No.
Ve (V)
Vb (V)
Vout (V)
2. DESIGN OF PI CONTROLLER
To design an electronic PI Controller and to study the time response of the
given system.
2. Patch chords
3. Resistors
4. Capacitors
5. CRO and Probes
91
b)EXPRESSION FOR THEROTICAL VALUE:
1.Vout = KP Ve + KI Vedt
Where KP (due to Proportional band, PB) is Vout / Ve = R2 / R 1
Proportional band % is 100/gain where gain is Output / Input
Vout is proportional band % of change in output
Ve is proportional band % of change in input
KI (due to Integral action) isVout /Ve sec-1 =1 / TI
Vout is 0.1% of change in output
Ve is 1% of change in input
2. TI = R2C1
assume C1 = 100F find R2
3. R1 = R2 / KP
c)PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain the design of values of the resistors for the given input and output
voltage ranges.
2. Connect the circuit as per the patching diagram.
3. Apply the specified input voltages Ve &Vb to the terminals T2 and T1
respectively of the P Controller.
4. Note down the output voltage.
92
d)PROCEDURE FOR TIME RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Patch the circuit as per the patching diagram.

2. Set IVPP of square wave and connect it to the controller through error detector.
3. Patch the output terminal of the controller to the input terminal of the process
4. Observe the input & output voltage waveforms in the CRO.
5. Note the time response characteristics ts , tr , tp.
e)MODEL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
3. DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLER
To design an electronic PID Controller and to study the time response of the
given system.
2. Patch chords
3. Resistors
93
4. Capacitors
5. CRO and Probe
b)EXPRESSION FOR THEROTICAL VALUE:
1.Vout = KP Ve + KI Vedt
Where KP (due to Proportional band) is Vout / Ve = R2 / R 1
Proportional band is 100/gain where gain is Output / Input
Vout is proportional band % of change in output
Ve is proportional band % of change in input
KI (due to Integral action) isVout /Ve sec-1 =1 / TI
Vout is 0.1% of change in output
Ve is 1% of change in input
2. TI = R2C1
assume C1 = 100F find R2
3. R1 = R2 / KP
c)PROCEDURE:
1.Obtain the design of values of the resistors for the given input and output
voltage ranges.
2.Connect the circuit as per the patching diagram.
3.Apply the specified input voltages Ve &Vb to the terminals T2 and T1
respectively of the P Controller.
4.Note down the output voltage.
94
d)PROCEDURE FOR TIME RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS:
1.Patch the circuit as per the patching diagram.

2.Set IVPP of square wave.
3.Observe the input & output voltage waveforms.
4.Note the time response characteristics ts , tr , tp.
e)MODEL CALCULATION:
1. What is the need for a controller?
The controller is provided to modify the error signal for better control action
2. What are the different types of controllers?
Proportional controller
PI controller
PD controller
PID controller
3. What is proportional controller?
It is device that produces a control signal which is proportional to the input error signal.
4. What is PI controller?
It is device that produces a control signal consisting of two terms one proportional to error
signal and the other proportional to the integral of error signal.
5. What is PD controller?
PD controller is a proportional plus derivative controller which produces an output signal
consisting of two time -one proportional to error signal and other proportional to the derivative
of the signal.
RESULT:
Thus the design of electronic PID controller for the given requirements has been done.
95
Exercise Number: 12
Title of the Experiment : DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPENSATORS

To design a lag compensator in Bode plot (frequency domain) for the system whose transfer function
G(s) = K
s(s+4)(s+80)
Matlab software
b)PROGRAM:
%BODE PLOT OF THE SYSTEM UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED(LAG)%
num=[0 0 0 9600];
den=[1 84 320 0];
sys=tf(num,den)
bode(sys)
[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=margin (sys)
margin (sys)
hold
num=[0 0 0 63.9 30]
den=[0.042 3.52 13.68 1 0];
96
sys=tf(num,den)
bode(sys)
[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=margin(sys)
margin(sys)
c)MANUAL CALCULATIONS
i)Calculation of gain
Given Kv = 30 sec -1
Kv = Lt
sG(s)H(s)
s 0
Since the system is unity feedback system H(s) = 1
Therefore Kv = Lt
sG(s) = Lt
s 0
s 0 s(s+4)(s+80)
K
4*80
K = 9600
ii)Bode plot of uncompensated system
Let s= j
G(j) = 9600
s(s+4)(s+80)
30
j(1+0.25 j)(1+0.0125 j)
Magnitude plot
The corner frequencies are c1=4rad/sec and c2= 80 rad/sec
Choose a low frequency l such that l< c1 and choose a high frequency h> c3.
Let l=1 rad/sec and h=100 rad/sec
97
Term
Corner
Frequency
rad/sec
Slope db/dec
Change in slope
db/dec
30
__
-20
__
-20
-20-20= - 40
80
-20
-40-20 = -60
j
1
(1+0.25j)
1
( 1+0.0125 j)
Calculate A at l, c1, c2, and h
Let A= | G(j)| in db
At = l A= 20 log(30/1)=29.5db
= c1 , A=20log(30/4)=18db
= c2 A= -40log(80/4)+18= -34 db
= h A = -60log(100/80)+(-34) = - 40 db
These values are plotted in the semilog graph sheet taking frequency along the logarithmic scale and magnitude
in db along the linear scale
The phase angle of G(j) as a function of is given by

= G(j) = - tan-1 0.25 -90 tan-1 0.0125
10
50
80
100
-104
-138
-164
-208
-222
-230
Rad/sec
degrees
98
These values are plotted in the semi log graph sheet taking the same frequency as before along the logarithmic
scale and phase angle in degrees along the linear scale.
iii) Determination of phase margin of compensated system

Let, gc = Phase margin of G(j) at gain cross over frequency (gc)
And = Phase margin of compensated system.
From the bode plot of uncompensated system we found that gc = -168deg
Now = 180 + gc = 180-168=12 deg
The system requires a phse marginof atleast 33 degrees but the available phase margin is 12 degrees and so lag
compensation should be employed to improve the phase margin.
iv) Choose a suitable value for the phase margin of compensated system.
The desired phase margin, o = 33 deg
Phase margin of compensated system, o = d +
Let initial choice of = 5 deg
o = d + = 33 + 5 =38 degrees
v) Determine the new gain crossover frequency
Let gc = New gain cross over frequency and gc = phase of G(j) at gc
Now o = 180 + gcn
gcn = o 180 = 38 180 = -142 deg
From the bode plot the frequency corresponding to a phase of -142deg is 4.7 rad/sec
New gain crossover frequency gcn = 4.7 rad/sec
vi) Determine the parameter
From the bode plot, the db magnitude at gcn is 16 db
Therefore Mag of G(j) = 16 db
Also Agcn = 20 log
= 10 Agcn
99
=6.3
vii) Determine the transfer function of lag compensator.
The zero of the compensator is placed at a frequency one-tenth of gcn
Zero of the lag compensator, zc = 1/T
T = 10/ gcn = 2.13
Pole of the lag compensator pc = 1/ T
pc = (6.3*2.13) = 1/13.419
Transfer function of lag compensator Gc(s) = (s+1/T)/(s+1/ T)
= 6.3(1+2.13s)/(1+13.419s)
viii) Determine the open loop transfer function of the compensated system
1/6.3
6.3(1+2.13s)
30_____
(1+13.419s)
s(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)
The gain of the compensator is nullified by introducing an attenuator in series with the compensator, as shown
in the diagram
Open loop transfer function of compensated system

Gc(s) = 1
* 6.3(1+2.13s) *
30_____
100
6.3
(1+13.419s)
s(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)
= ________30(1+2.13s)____________
s(1+13.419s)(1+0.25s)(1+0.0125s)
ix) Determine the actual phase margin of compensated system.
Gc(s) = ___30(1+2.13j)____________________
j (1+13.419 j)(1+0.25 j)(1+0.0125 j)
Let 0 = Phase of G(j) and gc0 = phase of Gc(j) at = gcn
gc0 = tan-1 (2.13 * 4.7) - 90 tan-1(13.419*4.7)
tan-1(0.25 * 4.7) - tan-1(0.0125 * 4.7) = -147degrees
Actual phase margin of compensated system o = 180 + gcn = 180 147 =33 degree
d)OUTPUT:
Transfer function:
9600
-------------------s^3 + 84 s^2 + 320 s
Gm = 2.8000
Pm = 13.2591
Wcp = 17.8885
Wcg = 10.5470
Current plot heldnum =
0 63.9000 30.0000
Transfer function:
63.9 s + 30
-----------------------------------101
0.042 s^4 + 3.52 s^3 + 13.68 s^2 + s

Gm =15.7613
Pm = 39.3844
Wcp = 16.9235
Wcg = 3.5782
e)PLOT
102
1.Write the step by step procedure for plotting the magnitude plot and phase plot of a open loop system
represented by the transfer function G(s).
Find croner frequency
Calculate gain & phase for various Values of w
Sketch the plot

2.Obtain the resonant peak, resonant frequency, band width,gain margin, phase margin of the system
represented by the open loop transfer function G(j)=10/ j(1+0.1 j)(1+0.05 j).
Solve by using Nicholas chart .
resonant peak =5 db
resonant frequency =8 rad/sec
band width=12 rad/sec
gain margin=8.5 db
phase margin=30o
3. Given the open loop transfer function a system with unity feedback, G(s)H(s)=K/s(s+2)(s+10).Determine the
range of K for which closed loop system is stable.
Nyquist stability criterion.0<K<240.
4. Write the procedure for designing the lead compensator.
Find the value of K
Find the phase margin of uncompensated
system
Find the new phase margin
Find new gain cross over frequency
Calculate B & T
Find Gc(S)
Find Go(s)
Verify Phase margin
5. Write the procedure for designing the lag compensator.

Find the value of K
Find the phase margin of uncompensated

system
Find the new phase margin & gain cross
over frequency
Calculate _ &
Find Gc(S)
Find Go(s) Verify Phase margin
103
6. Write the procedure for designing the lag-lead compensator.
Find the value of K

Find the phase margin of uncompensated system
Find the new phase margin
Find new gain cross over frequency
Calculate B, _ , T1 & T
Find Gc(S)
Find Go(s)
Verify Phase margin
RESULT:
Thus the lag and lead compensator are designed.
104
Exercise Number: 13
Title of the Experiment: TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
SHUNT GENERATOR
To determine the Transfer function of separately excited DC shunt generator
S.no
Name of the
apparatus
Type
Ammeter
MC
Ammeter
Range
quantity
(0-10A)&
(0-2)A
Each 1
MI
(0-300MA
Voltmeter
MC
(0-300V
Voltmeter
MI
(0-300v)
Rheostat
Wire winding
300,1.7 A
Rheostat
Wire winding
500,1.2 A
1 Variac
230 /(0-270)
105
b)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
106
c)EXPRESSION FOR THEROTICAL VALUE:

Generator EMF Constant (Kg) =Eg /If volt /amps
Field resistance(Rt)
= Vf / I t
Effective resistance (R eff)
= VL / Ii volt /Amps
Where
VL =change in load voltage in volts
Ii = change in load current in amps
Load resistance RL =PL/IL2
RL =load resistance in ohm
PL = power at load in watt
IL =total current in amps
Field inductance (Lf) =
Where
XF=(IF2-RF2)
XF= 2fLf
Lf=Xf/2f
TRANSFER FUNCTION
Eg(S)/Ef(S)=[(Kg /Rf)/(1+(Lf/Rf)S]
Vt(S)/Ef(S)=[(Eg/Rf)/{ 1+(Lf/Rf)S }{1+(Reff/RL)}
d)PRECAUTION
The field rheostat should be minimum resistance position
The motor armature rheostat should be maximum resistance position
At the time of starting the motor should be no load condition
107
e)PROCEDURE
To Find Out Generator Emf Constance Kg
Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
By using starter start the motor ,the motor is made run at rated speed by using
adjusting the motor field and armature rheostat
Field current increase in step by step and take down corresponding generator
voltage is notes
The speed is kept constant throughout the experiment
After bringing the rheostat to their original position the supply is switched off
To find the impedance
Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

Using single phase variac the supply voltage is varied
The corresponding reading are noted for the different value of field voltage
From the reading calculated the field impendence value
f)TABULATION
Open circuit test
Load test
S.No
Field
Voltage
Field
current
Generator
voltage
Field
resistance
Load
current
Load
voltage
Units
VF(Volts)
IF(Amps)
Eg(Votls)
RF(ohms)
IL(Amps)
VL(Amps)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
108
To Find The Field Impendence
S.No
Field Voltage
Field current
Filed impendence
VF(Volts)
IF(Amps)
Z= VF/ IF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
g)MODEL GRAPH
Open circuit characteristics:
Gr voltage
Eg
Iy
Field current
109
Load test Characteristics
Load voltage
VL
I
Load current
1.Explain the transfer function of self excited DC shunt generator?
Transfer Function
Eg(S)/Ef(S)=[(Kg /Rf)/(1+(Lf/Rf)S]
Vt(S)/Ef(S)=[(Eg/Rf)/{ 1+(Lf/Rf)S }{1+(Reff/RL)}
2.What are the precaution made in self excited DC shunt generator?

o The field rheostat should be minimum resistance position
o The motor armature rheostat should be maximum resistance position
o At the time of starting the motor should be no load condition
3.What are the formula used ?
Generator EMF Constant (Kg) =Eg /If volt /amps
Field resistance(Rt)
= Vf / I t
Effective resistance (R eff)
= VL / Ii volt /Amps
4.Explain about what you finding on DC shunt self excited generator ?

Mainly two operation are made armature resistance ,field resistance
5. For what purpose you done the experiment ?
To find out the efficient of and performance of generator
RESULT:
Thus the transfer function of separately excited DC generator are determined.
110
Exercise Number: 14
Title of the Experiment : TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE AND
FIELD CONTROLLED DC MOTOR

To determine the Transfer function of armature controlled DC shunt motor
S.no
Name of the
apparatus
Type
Ammeter
MC
Ammeter
Range
quantity
(0-15A)&
(0-2)A
Each 1
MC
(0-10)A
Ammeter
MI
(0-10)A
Voltmeter
MC
(0-300V
Voltmeter
MI
(0-300v)
Rheostat
Wire winding
300,1.7 A
& 50,5A
Each 1
Rheostat
Wire winding
500,1.2 A
1 Variac
230 /(0-270)
Techometer
b)EXPRESSION FOR THEORETICAL VALUE:

1. Inertia Constant I=[(Vav*Iav)/(Nav*N)]*[(60/2)2)*[(t1*t2)/t1-t2]Kg-m2
Where
111
Vav =(V1+V2)/2
Iav =(I1+I2)/2
Nav =(N1+N2)/2
N= Small change in speed (ie N1-N2)
T1=Time for fall of speed from 1500 to 750 rpm in no load condition in second
T2= Time for fall of speed from 1500 to 500 rpm in load condition in second
2. Viscus Friction Coefficient (F)=(2/60)2*(J/2)*(N12~N22)
Where
J = Inertia Constant in kg-m2
=Angular displacement in rad/sec
=(2Nav/60)
3. Back EMF constant (Kh)=(V-IaRa)/(2Nav/60) in Nm/amps

4. Torque T=(S1~S2)(R+t/2)(9.81)in nm
Where the
R=Radius of the break drum in nm
T=thickness of the belt in m
S1,S2 =spring balance reading in Kg
5. Motor gain constant (Km)=KT/Rat

Where
KT=KT`(Current through the armature /rate current motor
Kt is the proportionality constant
The torque developed by the motor is proportional to the product of armature current
and air gap flux
ImIa
IaKfIf
We know that If is constant fro armature control motor
112
Tm=(K1KfIf)Ia
Tm =KTIa
Where KT is the motor torque constant
Back EMF of the emf of the motor is proportional to speed
Ebd/dt
EbKbd/dt
Where Kb =is the back emf constant in volts / rad /sec
Loop equation of armature circuit
E=Lad(Ia)/dt+RaIa+Eb
Torque equation
J= d2/dt2+F. d/dt=Tm=KTIa
Taking Laplace transfer function of equation
Eb(S)=Kb S (S)
LaSIa(S)+RaIa(S)=E(S)=Eb(S)
(LaS+Ra)Ia(S)=E(S)-Eb S (S)
Ia(S)=E(S)-Eb S (S)/ (LaS+Ra)
Then
Ia S2 (S)+ES (S)=Im(S)
KT`=T/Ia
6. Motor time constant Ta=La/Ra
Where Xa=(Za2-Ra2)
Xa=(2/la)
La=Xa/2f
7. Transfer function =Q(S)/E(S)
=KT/Ra.t
S[1+(La/Ra)S][1+(T/F(S)+(KtKh/Raf)
113
Theory
Ra=Armature resistance in ohms
La=inductance of the winding in Henry
Ia=Armature current in amps
If= Field current in amps
E = Applied voltage in volts
Eb = Back emf in volts
Tm=Torque developed by motor in Nm
= angular displacement of Motor shaft in radiation
J=Equivalent moment of inertia of motor and load referred to motor shaft in N-m2
I0=Equivalent Viscous friction Co-Efficient of motor and load referred to motor shaft
in
N-m/rad/sec
Air gap flux is proportional to the field current because the DC motor Should
operate in linear magnetization curve application
If
Kf If
(Is2+fs) (S)=Im(S)=KTIa(S)
(Is2+fs) (S)=KT[E(S)-KbS (S)/La(S)+Ra)]
(Is2+fs) (S)= [KT E(S)/ La(S)+Ra)]-[ KT KbS (S)/La(S)+Ra)]
(Is2+fs) (S)+ [ KT KbS (S)/La(S)+Ra)]= [KT E(S)/ La(S)+Ra)]
[(Is2+fs) (S) La(S)+Ra)+ KT KbS (S)/La(S)+Ra)]= [KT E(S)/ La(S)+Ra)]
(S)/ E(S)= KT/[(Is2+fs) (La(S)+Ra)+ KT KbS]
(S)/ E(S)= KT/[S(Is2+fs) (La(S)+Ra)+ KT Kb]
(S)/ E(S)= KT/[IS(FRa(S)[1+(I/F)(S)(1+(La(S)+Ra S)+ KT Kb /FRa]
c)PRECAUTION
114

d)PROCEDURE
Connection are made as per circuit diagram

The DC supply is giving by closing of DPST switch
The motor is made to run at the rate speed by adjusting the field rheostat
The DPDT switch is brought to the original position the time taken for falling
of speed from 1500 rate
Once again the DPDT switch is brought to the position 1,2 then the motor is
made to run at rate speed
Then the DPDT switch is changed into position 1,2
Then I and F is calculated by using the formula
TO FIND TORQUE CONSTANT

The field current is kept constant
The motor made to run at rate speed
The various value of the spring balance reading noted
Torque is calculated and plotted from the graph by adjusting the slop ,torque constant
KT Determine
TO FIND BACK EMF CONSTANT
The motor made to run at rate speed
At rated speed the supply voltage and armature Value reading are noted
The back EMF constant calculated
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE
The DC supply is giving by closing of DPST switch by adjusting the load rheostat the
various value of Ia Vs Va are noted
The armature resistance value to be calculated by applying suitable formula
TO FIND ARMATURE INDUCTANCE

Using single phase variac the supply voltage is varied
The corresponding reading of Ia are noted for different value of applied voltage
The Za And La are calculated by using the formula
115
e)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
f)TABULATION
S.No
UINTS
Load
condition
Time for
fall at
speed
At 150RPM
V1
I1
V1
I1
Votls
Amps
Votls
Amps
1
2
3
116
At 500 RPM
S.No
Field
Current
Armature
current
Spring Balance Reading
S1
S.No
S1-S2
Armature
Current
Armature
Voltage
Speed N
Back EMF
constant
Amps
Volts
RPM
Volts/Amps
g)MODEL GRAPH
T in NM
Ia
Armature current
117
S2
Torque
Circuit Diagram
TABULATION:
S. No
Voltage (Va)
Current (Ia)
Ra=Va/Ia
Volts
Amps
Ohms
1.write the transfer function of DC shunt motor?
(S)/ E(S)= KT/[IS(FRa(S)[1+(I/F)(S)(1+(La(S)+Ra S)+ KT Kb /FRa]
1.Say the precaution made by you on this experiment?
2.What are the controlling method are they?
Field control, armature control
3.what meant by armature controller ?
Field resistance kept constant ,and varying the armature resistance value its called
armature method
118
4. Explain the inertia constant ?

Inertia Constant I=[(Vav*Iav)/(Nav*N)]*[(60/2)2)*[(t1*t2)/t1-t2]Kg-m2
Where
Vav =(V1+V2)/2
Iav =(I1+I2)/2
Nav =(N1+N2)/2
N= Small change in speed (ie N1-N2)
T1=Time for fall of speed from 1500 to 750 rpm in no load condition in second
T2= Time for fall of speed from 1500 to 500 rpm in load condition in second
RESULT:
Thus the transfer function of armature and field controller DC motor are determined.
119
Beyond the syllabus
Exercise Number: 01
Title of the Experiment
: LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

To conduct the load test on DC compound motor and to draw the following
curves,
characteristics
1. Torque Vs armature current

2. Speed Vs armature current
3. Speed Vs Torque
4. %Efficiency Vs Power output
a)APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No
APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
1.
Voltmeter
mc
(0-300) V
2.
Ammeter
mc
(0-20) A
3.
Rheostat
250/1.2A
4.
Tachometer
Analog
5.
Connecting wires
Few
b) FORMULAE TO BE USED:
1. S=S1 S2 in Kg.
S =Spring balance (Weight in Kg)
S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kg.
120
2. T=S*R*9.81 N-m
S=Spring force in Kg.
R=Radius of the brake drum in meter.
T=Torque in N-m.
3. Pin =Vin * Iin in watts.

Vin = Voltage input in volts.
Iin =Input current in Amps.
Pin =Input power in watts.
4. Pout = (2NT) /60 in watts.

Pout = output power in watts.
N= Speed in rpm.
T=Torque in Nm.
5. Percentage Efficiency = Pout/Pin *100
121
c)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CUMULATIVE COMPOUND MOTOR
DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND MOTOR
122
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS:
Motor
KW / HP
Volts
Amps
Speed
d)THEORY:
An electric motor is a machine, which converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy. Its
action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Flemings left hand rule and whose
magnitude is given by F=BIL Newton.
DC COMPOUND MOTOR:
In DC shunt motor, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature. The field
winding has a large number of turns and smaller cross sectional area. Since, the field current is small;
the field power loss is also small.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR:
The performance of Dc shunt motor can be judged from its characteristics curves known as
motor characteristics. By conducting the load test on DC shunt motor, the following characteristics
are obtained,
1. Torque Vs armature current characteristics

2. Speed Vs armature current characteristics
3. Speed Vs Torque characteristics
123
e)PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The motor should be loaded up to rated current of the machine.
f)PROCEDURE:

2. By closing the MCB, 230v DC supply is given to the circuit.
3. The motor is started by using three point starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor so as to make the motor to run at rated speed.
5. Vary the load insteps and at each step note down the input voltage, input current, spring
balance readings till the rated current.
6. The readings are tabulated and a graph of,
i. Torque Vs armature current characteristics
ii. Speed Vs armature current characteristics
iii. Speed Vs Torque characteristics
124
g)TABULATION:
Circumference of the Brake drum

Radius of the brake drum
Spring balance
S.
No
Input
voltage
volts
Input
current
Amps
Reading
S1
S2
S1 S2
Kg
Kg
Kg
h)ModelGraph:
INFERENCE:
125
Speed
Torque
Rpm
Nm
Input
power
Output
power
Pin
Pout
Watts
Watts
Efficiency
1. Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero in dc generator?
Even after the field current is reduced to zero, the machine is left out with some flux
as residue so emf is available due to residual flux.
2. On what occasion dc generator may not have residual flux?
The generator may be put for its operation after its construction, in previous
operation, the generator would have been fully demagnetized.
3. What type of motor is applicable for rotor resistance control?
The rotor resistance control method is applicable for slip ring I.M
Result:
Thus the load tests on DC compound motors are determined.
126
Exercise Number: 2
: DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION PARAMETERS

OF FIELD CONTROLLED DC SERVO MOTOR

To determine the transfer function of field controlled DC servo motor
a)APPRATUS REQUIRED:
1. DC servo motor trainer kit

2. DC Servo motor
3. Digital Multi meter
b)FORMULE USED:
1. Field resistance, Rf in = Vf1 / If1
2.Armature resistance,Ra in = Va / Ia
3. Field Inductance, Lf in H= XLf / 2f
Where XLf in = (Zf2 Rf2)
Zf in = Vf2 / If2
4. Power absorbed, W in watts = Va Ia
5. Stray loss, W in watts = W x [ t2 / (t1-t2) ]
Where W is Power absorbed in watts
t2 is time taken on load in secs
t1 is time taken on no load in secs
6. Moment of inertia J in Kg m2 / rad = W x (60 / 2)2 x dt/dN
N
127
Where W is stray loss in watts
dt is change in time on no load in secs
dN is change in speed on no load is rpm
N is rated speed in rpm
7. Frictional co-efficient, B in N-m / (rad / sec) = W / (2N / 60 )2
8. Transfer function (s) / Vf (s) = Km / s (1+sTf) (1+sTm)
Where Motor gain constant Km = Ktf / Rf B
Torque constant Ktf in N-m / A = T / If
Torque T in N-m = 9.55 Eb Ia / N
Back EMF Eb in volts = V Ia Ra
V = Excitation voltage in volts
Field time constant Tf = Lf / Rf
Mechanical time constant Tm = J / B
c)THEORY:
DC Servo motor is basically a torque transducer which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy It is basically a separately excited type DC motor. The torque developed on the motor shaft is
directly proportional to the field flux and armature current,Tm = Km Ia. The back emf developed by
the motor is Eb = Kb m
In a field controlled DC Servo motor, the electrical signal is externally applied to the field winding.
Hence current through field winding is controlled in turn controlling the flux. In a control system, a
controller generates the error signal by comparing the actual o/p with the reference i/p. Such an error
signal is no enough to drive the DC motor. Hence it is amplified by the servo amplifier and applied to
the field winding. With the help of constant current source, the armature current is maintained
constant.
128
When there is change in voltage applied to the field winding, the current through the field winding
changes. This changes the flux produced by field winding. This motor has large Lf / Rf ratio, so time
constant of this motor is high and it cant give rapid responses to the quick changing control signals.
d)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1. For finding field resistance Rf
2. For finding armature resistance Ra
129
3. For finding field inductance Lf
4. For field controlled motor
e)PROCEDURE:
1. To find Field Resistance, Rf
1. Check the MCB position in OFF condition.
2. Patch the circuit as per the patching diagram
3. Put the selector button in field mode.
4. Block the rotor with full load.
130
5. Leave the armature terminal in open.
6. Check the position of the potentiometer in minimum point.
7. Switch on the MCB, vary the pot and take voltage Vf1 and current If1 readings.
8. Calculate field resistance Rf = Vf1 / If1
2. To find Armature Resistance, Ra
3. Put the selector button in armature mode.
5. Leave the field terminal in open.
7. Switch on the MCB, vary the pot and take voltage Va and current Ia
readings.
8. Calculate armature resistance Ra = Va / Ia
3. To find Field Inductance, Lf
4. Switch on the MCB and take voltage Vf2 and current If2 readings.
5. Calculate field inductance Lf.
4. To find moment of inertia, and frictional co-efficient, B
3. Put the selector button in armature mode and DPDT switch in power circuit
131
position.
5. Switch ON the MCB and vary the pot from min to max and adjust the motor to
run at rated speed.
6. Change the DPDT switch from power circuit side to load side.
7. Note down the time taken by the motor to come to rest. This value is t1 and set
the pot to min position.
8. Change the DPDT switch in power circuit position.
9. Connect 500 / 1A load in load position.
10. Vary the pot to run the motor at rated speed and change the DPDT switch
position from power circuit side to load side and note down the voltage Va and
current Ia at the instant of changing the switch. Also note down the time ast2
and from Va and Ia find average voltage and current.
5. To find the transfer function parameters
2. Press the reset button to reset the over speed.
4. Put the selection button in the field control mode.
6. Connect the armature of DC servo motor to fixed DC source.
7. Connect the field of DC servo motor across the voltmeter.
8. Switch on the MCB.
9. Vary the pot and in turn vary the speed.
10. Apply rated voltage of 220 V to armature and 150 V to field.
132
11. Note down the field current, field voltage and speed.
12. Find the transfer function (s) / Vf (s) = Km / s (1+sTf) (1+sTm).
Note:
If the voltmeter and ammeter in the trainer kit is found not working external meters of respective
range can be connected in that place.
f)TABULATION:
1. For field resistance Rf
S.No
Vf1 (V)
If1 (A)
Rf ()
2. For armature resistance Ra

S.No
Va (V)
Ia (A)
Ra()
3. For field inductance

S.No
Vf2 (V)
If2 (A)
Zf ()
133
4. For transfer function parameters
S.No
Vf
(V)
If (A)
Ia (A)
N
(rpm)
Tf
Tm
Ktf
(N-m)
g)VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the main parts of an DC servo motor?
i.field ii armature
2. What are the two types of servo motor?
AC servo motor, DC servo motor
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an DC servo motor?
Advantage:
Its easy to use & design, Quick control system
Disadvantage:
Rarely used , It needs external cooling system
4. Give the applications of DC servomotor?
Sensor, differencing and application, Actuator , electric system
5. What do you mean by servo mechanism?
Its restricted to feed back control system in which the controller variable is mechanical
position
RESULT:
Thus the Transfer function of field controlled DC servomotor was determined
134
Exercise Number: 03
: DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION PARAMETERS

OF ARMATURE CONTROLLED DC SERVO MOTOR

To determine the transfer function of armature controlled DC servo motor
a)APPRATUS REQUIRED:
1. DC servo motor trainer kit

2. DC Servo motor
3.Digital Multi meter
b)FORMULA:
1.Armature resistance,Ra in = Va1 / Ia1
2.Armature Inductance,La in H= XLa / 2f
where XLa in = (Za2 Ra2)
Za in = Va2 / Ia2
3. Power absorbed, W in watts = Va Ia
4. Stray loss, W in watts = W x [ t2 / (t1-t2) ]
Where W is Power absorbed in watts
t2 is time taken on load in secs
t1 is time taken on no load in secs
5. Moment of inertia J in Kg m2 / rad = W x (60 / 2 )2 x dt/dN
135
N
dt is change in time on no load in secs
dN is change in speed on no load is rpm
6. Frictional co-efficient, B in N-m / (rad / sec ) = W / (2N / 60 )2
7. Transfer function (s) / Va (s) = Kt
RaB / s{ (1+sTa)(1+sTm ) +Kb Kt /RaB
Where Torque consant Kt = T / Ia

Torque T in N-m = 9.55 Eb Ia / N
Back EMF Eb in volts = V Ia Ra
V = Excitation voltage in volts (220 V)
Back emf constant Kb = Va /
Angular velocity in rad/ sec = 2N / 60
c)THEORY:
DC Servo motor is basically a torque transducer which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy It is basically a separately excited type DC motor. The torque developed on the motor shaft is
directly proportional to the field flux and armature current,Tm = Km Ia. The back emf developed by
the motor is Eb = Kb m.
In an armature controlled DC Servo motor, the control signal available from the servo amplifier is
applied to the armature of the motor.This signal is based on the feedback information , supplied to the
controller.Due to this armature current changes which in turn changes the torque produced. The field
winding is supplied with constant current hence the flux remains constant. Therefore these motors are
called as constant magnetic flux motors.
136
d)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1. For finding armature resistance Ra
2. For finding armature inductance La
137
3. For armature controlled DC Servomotor
e)PROCEDURE:
1. To find Armature Resistance, Ra
3. Put the selector button in armature mode.
5. Leave the field terminal in open.
7. Switch on the MCB, vary the pot and take voltage Va and current Ia readings.
8.Calculate armature resistance Ra = Va / Ia
2. To find armature inductance, La
138
4. Switch on the MCB and take voltage Va2 and current Ia2 readings.
5. Calculate armature inductance La.
3.To find moment of inertia, and frictional co-efficient, B
3. Put the selector button in armature mode and DPDT switch in power circuit
position.
5. Switch ON the MCB and vary the pot from min to max and adjust the motor to
run at rated speed.
6. Change the DPDT switch from power circuit side to load side.
7. Note down the time taken by the motor to come to rest. This value is t1 and set
the pot to min position.
8. Change the DPDT switch in power circuit position.
9. Connect 500
/ 1A load in load position.
10. Vary the pot to run the motor at rated speed and change the DPDT switch
position from power circuit side to load side and note down the voltage Va and
current Ia at the instant of changing the switch. Also note down the time ast2
and from Va and Ia find average voltage and current.
4. To find the transfer function parameters
2. Press the reset button to reset the over speed.
4. Put the selection button in the armature control mode.
139
6. Connect the field of DC servomotor to fixed DC source.
7. Connect the armature of DC servomotor across the voltmeter.
8. Switch on the MCB.
9. Vary the pot and in turn vary the speed.
10. Apply rated voltage of 220 V to armature.
11. Note down the armature current, armature voltage and speed.
12. Find the transfer function (s) / Va(s) = KtRaB/ s{(1+sTa)(1+sTm ) +Kb Kt /RaB
Note:
If the voltmeter and ammeter in the trainer kit is found not working external meters of respective
range can be connected in that place.
f)TABULATION:
1. For armature resistance Ra
S.No
Va (V)
Ia (A)
Ra()
2. For armature inductance La

S.No
Vf2 (V)
If2 (A)
Zf ()
140
3. For transfer function parameters
S.No
Va
(V)
Ia
Eb
(A)
(V)
(rpm)
(N-m)
rad/sec
Kb
Kt
g)VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define transfer function?
The differential equation describing the linear time variable system can be reshaped into
different forms for the convenience of analysis .for example frequency response analysis of
single input single output linear system
2. What are the DC servo motor type? What are the main parts?
Brushless .PMDC
Main parts:Sensor armature, sensor unit, stator, rotor
3. Is this a closed loop or open loop system .Explain?
Any physical system does not have automatic correct for variable in output is called open
loop system
Any physical system does have automatic correct for variable in output is called closed loop
system
4. What Are Servo Motor?
The motor which are used for feedback control system called servo motor. its conversed
electrical signal into angular motion
RESULT:
Thus the Transfer function of armature controlled DC servomotor was determined
141

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EC2259 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

INTERNAL ASSESMENT (20 MARKS)

GRAPH AND RESULT

Open circuit and Load characteristics of separately excited

Load test on DC Shunt motor.

Swinburnes test and Speed control of DC Shunt motor.

Load test on Single phase transformer and open circuit and

Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF

Load test on three phase Induction motor.

No Load and Blocked rotor tests on Three phase Induction

Study of DC motor and Induction motor starters.

Digital Simulation of Linear systems.

Stability analysis of Linear systems using MATLAB.

Study the effect P, PI, PID controllers using MATLAB.

Design of lead and lag compensator.

Transfer function of Separately excited D.C. generator.

Transfer function of armature and field controller D.C. motor.

Signature of the Lab In Charge

Exercise Number: 1(A)

Variable Rheostat load

d) EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE:

3. Voltage build up Egm =Voltage corresponding to the point at which the

Output voltage at no load

4. How does d.c. motor differ from d.c. generator in construction?

Exercise Number: 01(B)

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Date of the Experiment :

Variable Rheostat load

All the connections should be tight

e) EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE:

4. Eg = V + IaRa in volts. Where,

Output voltage at no load

What is meant by stator voltage control?

What are the applications of stator voltage control?

What are the advantages of stator voltage control method?

Define base speed?

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT :

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

e) EXPRESSION FOR THEORITICAL VALUE:

3. Pin =Vin * Iin in watts.

4. Pout = (2NT) /60 in watts.

5. Percentage Efficiency = Pout/Pin *100

Exercise Number: 03(A)

Date of the Experiment:

OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Ensure that all the connections are tight.

Copper loss, Wcu

ILVL - Ia2Ra (watts)

output power (Po)/ Input power (Pi)

Copper loss, Wcu

ILVL - Ia2Ra (watts)

output power (Po)/ Input power (Pi)

g)TABULATION TO FIND OUT CONSTANT LOSS (Wco)

TABULATION TO FIND OUT ARMATURE RESISTANCE

TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCY

Rated current (Ir)

Field current (If)

Armature Resistance (Ra)

Rated current (Ir)

Field current (If)