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Kinetics of a Particle:
Force and Acceleration
Dr. Md Tasyrif bin Abdul Rahman
Applied Mechanics Division
School of Mechatronic Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
tasyrif@unimap.edu.my
Rectilinear motion
Curvilinear motion
s = so + vo t +
v2
a t ds vdv
at v
v = vo + act
1 2
at
2 c
= vo + 2ac(s-so)
constant acceleration
an
v2
a an at
2
KINETICS
Newtons Method
CHAPTER 13
Work and
Energy Method
Impulse and
momentum
In-Class Activities:
Applications
Newtons laws of motion
Newtons law of
gravitational attraction
Equation of motion for a
particle or system of particles
SF=0 STATICS
DYNAMICS
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force,
experiences acceleration that has the same
SF=ma
direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force
APPLICATIONS
The motion of an object depends on the
forces acting on it.
A parachutist relies on the atmospheric
drag resistance force to limit his velocity.
Knowing the drag force, how can we
determine the acceleration or velocity of
the parachutist at any point in time?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
KEY POINTS
1) Newtons second law is a Law of Nature--experimentally
proven and not the result of an analytical proof.
2) Mass (property of an object) is a measure of the resistance
to a change in velocity of the object.
3) Weight (a force) depends on the local gravitational field.
Calculating the weight of an object is an application of
F = ma, i.e., W = m g.
4) Unbalanced forces cause the acceleration of objects. This
condition is fundamental to all dynamics problems.
In-Class Activities:
Applications
EQUATION OF MOTION
The equation of motion, F = m a, is best used when the problem
requires finding forces (especially forces perpendicular to the
path), accelerations, velocities or mass. Remember, unbalanced
forces cause acceleration!
Three scalar equations can be written from this vector equation.
The equation of motion, being a vector equation, may be
expressed in terms of its three components in the Cartesian
(rectangular) coordinate system as
F = ma or Fx i + Fy j + Fz k = m(ax i + ay j + az k)
or, as scalar equations, Fx = max , Fy = may , and Fz = maz .
Equations of Motion
If the forces can be resolved directly from the free-body
diagram (often the case in 2-D problems), use the scalar
form of the equation of motion. In more complex cases
(usually 3-D), a Cartesian vector is written for every force
and a vector analysis is often best.
A Cartesian vector formulation of the second law is
F = ma or
Fx i + Fy j + Fz k = m(ax i + ay j + az k)
Three scalar equations can be written from this vector equation.
You may only need two equations if the motion is in 2-D.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) An inertial x-y frame can be defined as fixed to the ground.
W = mg
ma
Kinetics diagram
CONCEPT QUIZ
1.
mg
A)
mkN
mg
mkmg
N
B)
mkN
N
C)
CONCEPT QUIZ
(continued)
2. Packaging for oranges is tested using a machine that
exerts ay = 20 m/s2 and ax = 3 m/s2, simultaneously.
Select the correct FBD and kinetic diagram for this
y
condition.
may
A)
B)
=
Rx
max
=
Rx
Ry
C)
may
=
Ry
D)
max
Ry
may
=
Ry
max
FfA = NA
NA
WB = mg
The friction force opposes the motion of block A relative to the surfaces
on which it slides.
Block B:
3) Draw the kinetic diagram of each block:
Block A:
maA
maB
EXAMPLE 2
The crate has a mass of 50 kg. If the crate is subjected to a 400[N] towing
force as shown, determine the velocity of the crate in 3[s] starting from rest.
ms= 0.5, mk= 0.3,
Equations of Motion :
EXAMPLE 3
[solution]
ms= 0.5
mk= 0.3
80(9.81) = 784.8[N]
T
20o
Ff = 0.5N
Equations of equilibrium : N
: verge of slipping
: impending motion
o 0.5N = 0
Tcos20
SFx=0 ;
SFy=0 ; N + Psin20o 784.8 = 0
T = 353.29 [N] ,
..(i)
...(ii)
N = 663.79 [N]
[solution]
784.8 [N]
353.29 [N]
20o
Ff = 0.3N
N
Equations of Motion :
SFy=may ; N 784.8 + 353.29sin20 = 80(0)
N = 663.97 [N]
SFx=max ; 353.29cos20o 0.3(663.97) = 80a
a = 1.66 [m/s2]
o
EXAMPLE 4
Given: The motor winds in the cable with
a constant acceleration such that
the 20-kg crate moves a distance s
= 6 m in 3 s, starting from rest. mk
= 0.3.
EXAMPLE 4
(continued)
Solution:
1) Draw the free-body and kinetic diagrams of the crate:
W = 20 g
y
x
30
20 a
Fk= 0.3 N
N
Since the motion is up the incline, rotate the x-y axes so the xaxis aligns with the incline. Then, motion occurs only in the xdirection.
There is a friction force acting between the surface and the
crate. Why is it in the direction shown on the FBD?
EXAMPLE (continued)
2) Using kinematic equation
s = v0 t + a t 2
6 = (0) 3 + a (32)
a = 1.333 m/s2
W = 20 g
y
x
30
20 a
T
Fk= 0.3 N
+ Fy = 0 -20 g (cos30) + N = 0
=> N = 169.9 N
+ Fx = m a T 20g(sin30) 0.3 N = 20 a
T = 176 N
Plan:
x
17
400 a
15
v vo act
s s o v ot (1/2)a ct 2
v2 (vo )2 2ac(s - so)
Quiz 3
The two blocks A and B having mass of 10 kg and 30 kg respectively,
that shown in Figure 5 are originally at rest. Neglect the masses of the
pulleys and the effect of friction in the pulleys. When the blocks are
released, determine:
(a) Acceleration of each block.
(b) Tension of the cable.
In-Class Activities:
Applications
Equation of motion in n-t
coordinates
APPLICATIONS
Race tracks are often banked in the
turns to reduce the frictional forces
required to keep the cars from sliding
at high speeds.
APPLICATIONS (continued)
Satellites are held in orbit around
the earth by using the earths
gravitational pull as the centripetal
force the force acting to change
the direction of the satellites
velocity.
Knowing the radius of orbit of
the satellite, how can we
determine the required speed of
the satellite to maintain this orbit?
EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Since the equation of motion is a
vector equation , F = ma,
it may be written in terms of the
n & t coordinates as
Ftut + Fnun = mat + man
Here Ft & Fn are the sums of the force components acting in
the t & n directions, respectively.
This vector equation will be satisfied provided the individual
components on each side of the equation are equal, resulting in
the two scalar equations: Ft = mat and
Fn = man .
Since there is no motion in the binormal (b) direction, we can also
write Fb = 0.
dy 2 3/2
[1 + ( ) ]
dx
d2y
dx2
Example
At q = 60o,
At q = 90o,
v=0
v=?
Free-body diagram
n
2T
T=?
Kinetic diagram
n
man
mat
n
2T
man
mat
Equations of Motion :
SFn=man ; 2T Wsinq = man
2T 300sinq = 30(v2/3)
SFt=mat ;
Wcosq = mat
300cosq = 30at
10cosq = at
an = v2/
= v2/3
(i)
(ii)
2T 300sinq = 30(v2/3)
10cosq = at
(i)
(ii)
90
60
s = q
ds = dq