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Concessive clause
A concessive clause is a clause which begins with "although" or "even though" and which
expresses an idea that suggests the opposite of the main part of the sentence.
The sentence "Although he's quiet, he's not shy" begins with a concessive clause"Although he's quiet " which has an opposite meaning of - "he's not shy" which is the main
part of the sentence.
NOTE: " In spite of" , " despite" have similar meaning to "although" or "even though". BUT
they don't introduce clauses. They have different syntax. They are followed by nouns or
gerunds (verb+ing.) They don't introduce a clause (subject + verb.)
Although, even though:
Study these examples:
"He had enough money."
" He refused to buy a new car."
The above two statements can be combined as follows :
Although
Even though
he had enough
money,
OR
He refused to buy a new
car
although
even
though
Structure:
"Although", and "even though" introduce concessive clauses.
Although /even though
subject
verb
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Examples:
Although it was raining, he walked to the station.
Even though she is very old, she runs fast.
Despite / in spite of:
Despite and in spite of do not introduce a concessive clause. They are rather followed by a
noun or a verb+ing form.
Study this example:
"He had enough money."
"He refused to buy a new car."
The above two statements can be combined as follows :
Despite
In spite of
despite
in spite of
Structure
Despite / in spite of
+ a noun,
+ verb + ing.
Examples:
Despite /in spite of the rain, he walked to the station.
Despite /in spite of being tired, he walked to the station.
Remember:
1. Although, even though + subject + verb (Concessive clause)
3. In spite of, despite + noun or verb+ing (Not a concessive clause)
2. There are structural similarities between:
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"because of", "due to", "owing to", "thanks to" and "because", "since ,"as", "for".
(Expressing cause and effect)
In spite of
Despite
+ noun
Because of
Due to
owing to
Thanks to
Although
Even though
+ verb
Because
Since
For
As
More on cause and effect to see the use of "because, since, as, for, because of, due to ... "
EXERCISES
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13._______________________we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went
wrong.
14.I went to hospital ______________________I was feeling very ill.
15.I went to work the next day ____________________I was still feeling ill.
16.She accepted the job ___________________________the low salary.
17.She refused the job ________________________the low salary.
18.I managed to sleep _________________________the hotel was noisy.
19.I could not get to sleep ________________________the noise.
20.He runs fast __________________________his old age.
Purpose Clauses
- For.
They bought a machine for slicing bread. (Eles compraram uma mquina para cortar po.)
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Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work? (Voc est aprendenedo Ingls por
prazer ou para o seu trabalho?)
This is a device for opening bottles. (Este um aparelho para abrir garrafas.)
Resumindo:
to + infinitive; David went out to buy a bottle of wine.
in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal); We were asked to say over in order to finish
the project.
so that + can/will used for a present or future reference; Heres my number so that you
can call me if you have a problem.
so that +could/would used for a past reference; We left early so that we would be able
to park close to the stadium.
in case + present tense present or future reference Take your hat in case it gets too
hot.
in case + past tense used for past reference We took an umbrella in case it rained.
for + noun used to express purpose We went out for a pizza.
for + -ing used to express purpose and/or function of something This function on the
air conditioner is for reducing humidity.
Negative
For negative purpose we use:
in order not to/so as not to + infinitive we walked in quietly so as not to wake up the
children.
prevent + noun/pronoun + from + ing I parked the car under a tree to prevent it from
getting too hot.
OBSERVAO: In order that mais formal que so that. Se o verbo da orao principal
estiver no passado, a orao subordinada poder ir para o passado simples ou poder ser
empregue could, should, would + infinitivo sem o to.
The lecturer finished his lecture five minutes early so that / in order that the
students could ask him questions. (O palestrante terminou a palestra mais cedo a fim de
que os alunos pudessem lhe fazer perguntas.)
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The professor adjusted the projector so that / in order that the students would be able
to see the chart more clearly. (O professor arrumou o projetor para que os alunos
conseguissem ver o grfico de maneira mais clara.)
1) He opened the window.He wanted to let fresh air in.(in order to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2)I took my camera.I wanted to take some photos.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3)He studied really hard.He wanted to get better marks.(in order to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4)Jason learns Chinese.His aim is to work in China.( to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5)Ive collected money.I will buy a new car.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6)Many people left Turkey in 1960s.They wanted to find jobs in Germany.( in order to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7)She attends to a course.She wants to learn chess.(to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8)Linda turned on the lights.She wanted to see better.(so that)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9)I will come with you.I want to help you.(in order to)
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
10)We are going to cinema.We will watch a horror film.(to)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
11)You must take your umbrella so that you wont get wet.(in order)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
12)He waited at the counter.He wanted to see her.(in order)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13)We all put on our coats.We were feeling cold.(so that)
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Subject
Object
Possessive
who
who(m)
whose
which
which
whose
that
that
We use who and whom for people, and which for things.
Or we can use that for people or things.
We use relative pronouns:
after a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about:
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the house that Jack built
the woman who discovered radium
an eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop
to tell us more about a person or thing:
My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveller.
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which is my favourite meal.
But we do not use that as a subject in this kind of relative clause.
We use whose as the possessive form of who:
This is George, whose brother went to school with me.
We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:
This is George, whom you met at our house last year.
This is Georges brother, with whom I went to school.
But nowadays we normally use who:
This is George, who you met at our house last year.
This is Georges brother, who I went to school with.
When whom or which have a preposition the preposition can come at the beginning of
the clause...
I had an uncle in Germany, from who[m] I inherited a bit of money.
We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.
or at the end of the clause:
I had an uncle in Germany who[m] I inherited a bit of money from.
We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood up with.
We can use that at the beginning of the clause:
I had an uncle in Germany that I inherited a bit of money from.
We bought a chainsaw that we cut all the wood up with.
Do you know anyone . could help me fix my computer?
where
which
who
whose
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Q2.
Q3.
The shop ..... we usually buy our bread has closed down.
that
where
who
whose
Q4.
The boy ..... dog was hit by a car has not been to school for 3 days,
that
which
who
whose
Q5.
My friend, ..... doesn't have a cell phone, suddenly knocked on the door last night.
that
which
who
whose
Q6.
Can you please return the calculator ..... you borrowed yesterday?
that
who
whom
whose
Q7.
The horse ..... was hit by the car was only slightly hurt.
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what
which
who
whom
Q8.
An orphanage is a place ..... children who have no parents can live and be looked
after.
that
who
which
where
Q9.
I didn't realize I had forgotten my passport until I reached the airport, ..... was
very annoying.
that
what
which
where
Q10.
The students ..... test grades were low had to come back after school for an extra
lesson.
that
who
which
whose
Q11.
The hotel, ..... is in the centre of the town, is to be knocked down and replaced by
a bank.
that
what
which
where
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Q12.
The person to ..... you sent the letter has moved to a new address?
who
whom
whose
which
which - whose - who - when - where
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