Dynamic Soil Properties

Prof. Dr. Md.
Mokhlesur Rahman
Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303
DUET
CE-4303
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
NOTE NO 06
DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES
PREPARED BY:
Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman
Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.
Page 1 of 33
Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman
Dynamic Soil Properties

The major soil dynamic properties are:
Shear strength (Su) evaluated in terms of strain rates and stress - strain
characteristics
Dynamic moduli, Young modulus E(Ev,Eh), Shear modulus G(Gmax) and
Constrained modulus
Poissons ratio (vh, hh, hv)
Damping (D)
Ev and Eh are equal for isotropic behavior of soil. Normally, Ev and Eh are not
equal because of fabric, characteristics of grains, particles orientation in a grain mass of
soil and geometric history of loading on soil mass. Always, Ev > Eh .
The majority of the numerous analytical methods presently available for
assessing the response of soil deposits or soil structure due to earthquake, explosion or
machine loading require and accurate assessment of maximum shear modulus (Gmax) in
the field, where Gmax is defined as the shear modulus at shearing strain amplitude less or
equal than 0.001 percent.
Also E is defined as the elastic Youngs modulus at strain amplitudes less or equal than
0.001 percent.
=
=
The is defined as the ratio of horizontal strain to vertical strain at shearing strain
amplitudes less or equal than 0.001 percent.
Page 2 of 33
0.001%
Figure - 30: Strain Stress curve
Dynamic soil test

The following tests are applied in laboratory or field for measuring the soil parameters:
Field test
Parameter Obtained
Wave propagation test

Cross bore hole wave propagation
Up hole or down hole wave propagation
Surface wave propagation
Block Vibration test
Cyclic Plate load test
E,G,
Cu, D, E, G, C
Cu,E, G
Laboratory Test
Cyclic tri-axial test
Wave Propagation test/wave velocity method
Resonant column test
Cyclic Simple shear test
Cyclic Tensional Simple shear test
X-ray diffraction analysis/Ultra sonic pulse test
Air pollution method
Water submergence method
Wet compaction method
E,G,
E,G,
E,G,D
Page 3 of 33
Differences between dynamic test and static test:

Dynamic test
1 It is monotonic or cyclic loading test with
relatively large strain rate.
2 Inertia effect is considered.
3 Acceleration is a major controlling factor.
4 The stiffens are found.
5 Testing procedure are complex.
Static test
It is monotonic or cyclic loading test
with relatively slow strain rate.
Inertia effect is not considered
Acceleration is not a major controlling
factor
The stiffens are not found.
Testing procedure is simple.
The term Dynamic loading is more general and it means monotonic or cyclic
loading at such a
Relatively large strain rate as the effect of inertia cannot be ignored. Therefore
Dynamic (loading) test refer to conditions where the acceleration is a major.
Controlling factor and the stiffness of specimen is determined by the dynamic
properties of specimen or system including a specimen (i.e. the wave velocity
within the specimen or the resonant-frequency or natural frequency of the
system).
Also, the modifier Static should not be equated exclusively with monotonic
virgin loading at a relatively slow strain rate.
The term Static (loading) test should be defined as monotonic or cyclic loading at a
Relatively slow strain rate where the effect of inertia can be ignored.
Hence, Static (loading) test refer to those in which both the stresses (and / or
loads) and the strains (and / or deformations) are measured under the conditions
without discernible effects of inertia.
Page 4 of 33
=0
(+)
Time
(-)
(+)
0.001% Strain
Time
Double Amplitude
(-)
Figure - 31: Strain and stress have same direction

The stiffness at which 0.001% strain is called young modulus,
Page 5 of 33
E or G
30%
( )
Granular Soil
0.50
1
0.42
( )
Stiffness is increased with

increased vertical stress.
1
Small Stiffness
( )
Unique Relationship
Figure - 32: Shear modulus and Shear strain relationship
Definitions of several types of stiffness

Page 6 of 33
Secant Youngs modulus,
Tangent Youngs modulus
Secant Youngs modulus at
( )
(
(
Equivalent Youngs modulus
)
(
1
E tan
q
Emax
max
Deviator Stress, q
2q
SA
Eeq
2( )
Esec
1
0
Axial Strain
Figure - 45: Plot of Deviator stress vs Axial strain
When the initial portion of the stress-strain curve is linear and the strain is fully
recoverable, we can see that
=
: Youngs modulus and shear modulus obtained from in situ elastic shear
wave velocity , which are
Page 7 of 33
= 2(1 + )
=
Where,
=
=
=
=
= 980
E
max
1
q max
2
Figure - 46: Plot of Stress vs Axial strain
Page 8 of 33
Decay Curve
Monotonic loading for over
consolidated soils and cyclic
presheareared soils, Drained
Cyclic Loading
Eeq
Emax
Monotonic Loading
Undrained cyclic loading
of saturated loose sand
and M.C soft clay
Limit of elastic
respose in
monotoric loading.
G
Gmax
Peak
Residul
-6
10
-5
-4
10
-3
10
10
( ),
-2
10
-1
10
( )
Figure - 47: Plot of Linear elastic, elastic weak plastic, elastic-obvious plastic
cyclic loading
Eeq
1
E sec
Figure - 48: Variation of shear stress verses shear strain
Page 9 of 33
In the engineering practice of soil dynamics, the in situ relationship between the
equivalent shear modulus,
and single amplitude shear strain,
under cyclic
loading conditions is estimated using the following methodology.
Gf
Gmax
Geq
Figure - 49: A method used to estimate the in-situ stiffness as a function of strain
for dynamic loading
Bore hole wave propagation:

In the method, the velocity of wave propagation from one surface boring to a second
subsurface boring is measured. At least two bore holes are required, one for the impulse
and one or more for sensors. As shown in figure the impulse rod is struck on top,
causing an impulse to travel down the rod to the soil at the bottom of the hole. The
shearing between the rod and the soil creates shear waves that travel horizontally
through the soil, to the vertical motion sensor in the second hole, the time required for a
shear wave to traverse this known distance is measured. There are four sources of major
concern is conducting cross-bore hole shear test:
The bore holes

The seismic sources
The seismic receiver
The recording and timing equipment
Page 10 of 33
Figure - 33: Schematic diagram of cross hole seismic survey technique

Major criteria for a seismic source are:
It must be capable of generating predominantly one kind of wave.
It must be capable of repeating desired characteristics at a predetermined energy
level.
= =
=
=
/ )
Now,
Shear modulus = =
Young modulus = = 2
(1 + )
Where,
= Poissons ratio of soil
Page 11 of 33
= mass density of soil

v = velocity of shear wave
Up-hole or down-hole wave propagation method

Up-hole and down-hole tests can be performed by using only one bore hole. In the uphole method, the sensor is placed at the surface and shear waves are generated at various
depths within the bore hole. In the down-hole method, the excitation is applied at the
surface and one or more sensors are place at different depth (figure - 34) within the
hole. Both the up-hole and the down-hole methods give average values of wave
velocities for the soil between the excitation and the sensor is one sensor is used or
between the sensors, if more than one is used in the bore hole.
S
2
R
S = Source
R = Receiver
S1
Up bore-hole
Down bore-hole
Figure - 34: Schematic diagram of up bore-hole and down bore-hole technique for
wave propagation method
Up bore-hole method
Down bore-hole method
=
Shear modulus
Young modulus
=2
=
(1 + )
=2
(1 + )
Page 12 of 33
Where,
v = velocity of shear wave
Recorder
Triger
Geophone Weight
Expander Pump
Rubber Enpander
Wooden
Hammer
Back Plate
3 component
geophone
Figure - 35: Equipment and instruments of down hole survey

Surface wave propagation method:
The Rayleigh wave (R-wave) travels in a zone close to the surface. An electronic
or other harmonic vibrator can be used to generate a steady state R-wave and the ground
surface can be deformed as shown in figure-36.
Page 13 of 33
Figure - 36: Deformed shape of half space surface

One ray is down away from the centre line of the oscillator. One of the geophones
connected to the horizontal plate of the oscilloscope is fixed 30 cm away from the
oscillator along a ray drawn so that the sensing axis of the geophone is vertical. A
similar geophone connected to the vertical plates of the oscilloscope, is moved along
this ray, away from the oscillator. The sensing axis of the geophone is kept vertical until
the Lissajous figure on the oscilloscope screen becomes a circle. However, if the phase
angle is deferent than 90, the Lissajous figure is an ellipse, and for zero phase angle it
is a straight line. The distance, S between the two geophone is measured. This distance
is then measure of the wave length of the generated R-wave. The test is repeated with
the oscillators other frequencies of operation. In cases where uniform soils extend to
infinite depths and the Lissajous figure is a circle, the wave length, of propagating
waves is given by,
=4
Velocity of shear waves,
=
In which is the frequency of vibration at which the wave length has been measured.
and of soil medium are calculated as follows
=2
=
(1 + )
=
Where,
= velocity of shear waves
Value of Poissons ratio of soil
0.05 for clay
Page 14 of 33
0.03 - 0.35 for sand

0.15 - 0.25 for rock
If compression waves are used, the
=
In which
= velocity of shear waves
S = Distance
T = corresponding time of travel of wave
Then Elastic modulus
=
is determined by:
(
)(
(
)
)
Block Resonance Test

Block resonance test for determining modulus and damping values. A standard block
1.50.750.70 m high is cast either at the surface or in a pit 4.52.75 m at a suitable
depth (figure - 37) and is excited in both horizontal and vertical modes.
Page 15 of 33
Motor Oscillator Assembly

For V Test
Depth to be
selected
Acceleration
Picks Up
Concrete (M50)
For H Test
1 m min
2.75 m
1 m min
4.50 m
Figure - 37: Block Resonant test setup

Forced Vertical Vibration Test:
For the vertical vibration mode, two acceleration pickups are fixed on top of the block
as shown in figure - 37, so that they can sense vertical motion of the block. The
mechanical oscillator, which works on the principle of eccentric masses mounted on
two shafts rotating in opposite directions, is mounted on the block so that it generates
purely vertical sinusoidal vibrations. The line of action of the vibrating force passes
through the centre of gravity of the block. After a suitable dynamic force value is
chosen, the oscillator is operated at a constant frequency. The oscillator frequency is
increased in steps of small values, say, from 1 cycle up to the maximum frequency of
the oscillator, and the signals are recorded. The same procedure is repeated for the
various dynamic force values. All force level and frequency; the dynamic force should
not exceed 20% of total mass of the block and motor-oscillator assembly.
In case of forced-vertical-vibration tests, the amplitude of vibration,
frequency (
) is given by
=
In which
represents the vertical acceleration of vibration in
at a given
Page 16 of 33
The coefficient of elastic uniform compression ( ) of soil is given by,

=
In which,
=
=
)
.
In forced vertical vibration tests, the value of damping co-efficient, D of soil is given by
the following equation,
=
Figure - 38: Determination Damping ratio from forced vibration test

Logarithmic decrement,
=
In which,
, = Two frequencies on the amplitude frequency plot at which the amplitude
is equal to
= Maximum amplitude
Page 17 of 33
= frequency at which amplitude is maximum, i.e. resonant frequency.
Cyclic Plate Load Test

The cyclic field plate load test is similar to the plate bearing test conducted in the
field for evaluation of the allowable bearing capacity of soil for foundation design
purposes. The plates used for tests in the field are usually made of steel and are 25 mm
thick and 150 mm to 762 mm in diameter. To conduct a test, a hole is excavated to the
desired depth. The plate is placed at the center of the hole, and load is applied to the
plate in steps-about one-fourth to one-fifth of estimated ultimate load-by a jack. Each
step load is kept constant until the settlement becomes negligible. The final settlement
is recorded by dial gauges. Then the load is removed and the plate is allowed to
rebound. At the end of the rebounding period, the settlement of the plate is recorded.
Following that, the load on the plate is increases to reach a magnitude of the next
proposed stage of loading. The process of settlement recording is then repeated.
Figure - 39: Nature of load settlement diagram for cyclic plate load test
Figure shows the nature of the plot of q versus settlement (S) obtained from a cyclic
plate load test.
Note that soil pressure,
= 1.13
,
,
Kg/cm2
Page 18 of 33
(1 )
1.13
2(1 + )
In which
P = Corresponding load intensity (Kg/cm2)
Sc = Elastic rebound (cm)
A = Contact Area
Magnitude of Cz can be obtained from the plot of q vs. Se from figure
Factors affecting stress-deformation and strength characteristics of cohesive soils

under pulsating loads or Factors affecting the dynamic properties of cohesive soils
Type of soil and its properties (for example - water content,
disturbance)
Initial static (sustained) stress level
Magnitude of dynamic stress
Number of repetitions of dynamic stress
Frequency of loading
Shape of wave form of loading
One directional or two directional loading
and state of
Oscillatory simple shear test and its shortcomings

The simple shear device consists essentially of a simple box, an arrangement for
applying a cyclic load to the soil and an electronic recording system.
The box of Roscoe, which contains a square sample with a side length of 6 cm
and a thickness of about 2 cm, is provided with two fixed side walls and two
hinged end walls so that the sample may be subjected to deformations of the type
shown in figure - 40.
Page 19 of 33
x
=0
Figure - 40: Idealized Stress condition for element of soil below ground surface
during an earthquake.
A schematic diagram in figure - 40 illustrates how the end walls rotate
simultaneously at eh ends of the shearing chamber to deform the soil uniformly.
Test data from simple shear tests have been analyzed to determine shear
parameters, soil moduli and damping.
Shortcomings
Stress in a tri-axial compression test does not adequately simulate the field
loading condition.
During the earthquake, the normal stresses on this plane remain constant while
cyclic shear stresses are induced during the period of shaking.
Page 20 of 33
Shearing Chamber
Soil Sample
Plan View
End Plate Rotation
Soil Deformation
Elevation
Figure - 41: Schematic diagram illustrating rotation of hinged end plates and soil
deformation in oscillatory simple shear
Typical Soil
Element
x
Rock
Base Motion
Figure - 41: Field Condition of soil

Field condition differs:
In the field, there is a cyclic reorientation of the principal stress directions. The
major principal stress is initially vertical and rotates through some angle , to the
Page 21 of 33
right and left of its initial position. In a tri-axial compression test, the major
principal stress can act only in either the vertical or horizontal direction.
In the field, the soil element is initially consolidated to condition.
In the field, deformations are presumed to occur under plane strain condition,
while in a tri-axial compression test, the intermediate principal stress is either
equal to minor principal stress during axial compression or equal to major
principal stress during lateral compression.
Bilinear Model:
Figure - 42: Stress Strain curve of Soil and Bilinear model

The shear-stress-strain relationship may as shown in figure 42.
The soil exhibit nonlinear stress-strain characteristics from the very beginning of the
loading cycle. For purposes of analysis, this behavior may be represented by a bilinear
model in figure - 42.
Page 22 of 33
The bilinear model is defined by three parameters

Modulus
until a limiting strain,
Modulus
beyond strain,
Strain,
When the direction of strain is reversed, behavior is again determined by the modulus
until a strain change of 2 has developed and the modulus
again controls the
behavior. This pattern then continuous throughout the cycle.
Pendulum Loading Apparatus:
Point
Upper Cylinder
ratus Radio
us 18'
New Appa
Pilot
Appa
ratus
Radi
ous
7'
Adjustable reaction
Deformation gauge
Hydraulic cylinders
3 in bore, 3 in stroke
Test Specimen
Spring, k = 250
lb/inch, 6 inch
long, 3 inch dia
Load Gauge
Lower Cylinder
Figure - 43: Pendulum Loading Apparatus:

Three pieces of equipment were designed for this purpose. One of the pieces of
equipment is the pendulum loading apparatus shown in figure - 43.
The apparatus utilizes the energy of a pendulum which, when released from a
selected height, strikes a spring connected to the piston rod of a hydraulic (lower)
cylinder. The lower cylinder, in turn, is connected hydraulically to an upper cylinder,
which is mounted within a loading frame. The time of loading for a pendulum loading
Page 23 of 33
apparatus is proportional to the square root of the weight of the pendulum and is
inversely proportional to the square root of the spring constant. In addition, the
maximum force is proportional to the first power of the distance the pendulum is pulled
back, to the square root of the spring constant, and to the square root of the weight of eh
pendulum. This apparatus, with a time of loading of between 0.05 and 0.015 was found
to be best suited for performing fast transient test.
The load gauge used with this equipment consisted of electric resistance strain
gauge, mounted on a metal ring. The strain introduced in the gauges was then in direct
proportion to the load. These load gauges can be calibrated under static load and can be
used in a dynamic test. Similarly a deformation gauge was constructed on a cantilever
metal strip with electric resistance strain gauges, mounted on one end while the other
end rested on an unmovable support. The strain introduced in the cantilever was a
measure of the deformation of the soil sample.
= 30 50%
LL = 37 - 59%
PL = 20 - 27%
Strain
Stress (Kg/cm)
Shear failure at 0.02 sec
Stress
1
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
Time, sec
Figure - 44: Time vs stress and strain in an unconfined transient test on Cambridge
clay.
From the typical test data presented above, it may be concluded that:
The strength of clays loaded to failure in about 0.02 s is approximately 1.5 to 2.0
times greater than their 10 - min static strength.
Page 24 of 33
Modulus of deformation, defined as the slope of a line drawn from the origin
through the point on the stress - deformation curve and corresponding to a stress
of one-half the strength, was about two times in the transient test.
These investigations suffer from the following short comings:
The dynamic load was not superimposed on a static load.
At best, the transient loading is adopted in the investigations represents only one
cycle of earthquake loading. Sometimes there may be as many as 100 peaks in an
actual earthquake.
Finally, the sands were tested while dry and dense. The effect of dynamic loading
on saturated loose sands may induce large pore pressures resulting in loss of
strength and consequent partial or complete liquefaction of sands.
This aspect of the problem is of great practical importance.
Resonant Column Tests

The Resonant column test for determining modulus and damping characteristics of soil
is based on the theory of compression waves or shear waves propagation in prismatic
rods. In a resonant column apparatus the exciting frequency is adjusted until the
specimen experiences resonance. The modulus is computed from the resonant frequency
and the geometric properties of the specimen and driving apparatus. Damping is
determined by turning off the driving power at resonance and recording the decaying
vibrations from which a logarithmic decrement is calculated. Alternative methods of
damping measurement include determining damping from the shape of the resonance
curve or determining a resonant factor from driving coil current measurements.
Several versions of the resonant column test are possible using different end conditions
to constrain the specimen. Some common end conditions are shown in figure (50).
Page 25 of 33
( )
( )x
(, )
1
4
1
4
= 0.50
Driving force
(, )
J0
(a)
(b)
Weightless Spring
Deshpot
Rigid mass
Specimen; non-rigid
distributed mass
Specimen; non-rigid
distributed mass
Rigid mass
Weightless Spring
Fixed Support
Driving force
(c)
(d)
Figure - 50: Some common end conditions of resonant column test.

Each configuration requires slightly different driving equipment and methods of
data interpretation. The fixed free apparatus is the simplest configuration in terms of
equipment and interpretation as figure (50-a). Figure (50-a) the distribution of angular
rotation, , along the specimen is a
sine wave but by adding a mass with mass polar
moment , at the top of the specimen as in figure (50-b)the variation of along the
sample becomes nearly linear. The end effects to obtain uniform strain distribution
through the length of the specimen. The apparatus configuration in figure (50-c) can be
described as the spring base model. For a condition where the spring is weak
compared to the specimen, the configuration of figure (50-c) could be called free free.
A mode will occur at mid height of the specimen and the rotation distribution
would be a
sine wave. By adding end masses the rotation distribution can also be
made nearly linear. To study the influences of anisotropic stress conditions on shear
modulus and damping. Figure (50-d) has fixed base and a top cap that is partially
restrained by a spring and dashpot which in turn reacts against an inertial mass. For
Page 26 of 33
= 1.0 tests, the inertial mass is balanced by a counter weight, but by changing the
counter weight, axial load can be applied to the specimen.
Tensional Resonant Column Test
The shearing strain on a circular cross section in a tensional resonant column test varies
from zero at the centre to a maximum at the outer edge.
To study the influence of shearing strain amplitude on shear modulus and damping a
hollow cylinder apparatus shown in figure (24) with a configuration.
( , ))
x
( , ))
1
4
Figure - 24: Tensional Resonant column test apparatus
Page 27 of 33
The average shearing strain on any horizontal cross section is not greatly different form
the maximum or minimum and shearing strain is uniform along the height of the
specimen.
Figure (24) also increased the torque capacity of the device to produce, large shearing
strain amplitudes,
For
Clay
shearing strain amplitude up to 1%
Sand
shearing strain amplitude up to 5% (for 40psi or 276KN/m2
confining pressure.)
Cyclic tri-axial compression tests
Cyclic test permit evolution of modulus, either
as appropriate for the specific
test configuration and material damping. The field condition to be reproduced in a
cyclic loading test is shown conceptually in figure (25) but because apparatus that could
produce these stress conditions did not exist in the early stages of cyclic soil testing, the
cyclic tri-axial compression test was developed first.
Figure - 25: Cyclic shear test

In this test cylindrical tri-axial samples are initially consolidate under a cell pressure,
resulting in stress shown by condition 1, figure (26)
Page 28 of 33
Condition 1
Condition 2
Figure - 26: Stress Condition

In principle, the sample is then subject to an increase in axial stress
and a
simultaneous reduction in the cell pressure by an equal amount (condition -2, Figure26). The normal stress on the 45 plane through the sample is not changed but a
shearing stress of
is developed on that plane. The axial stress and cell pressure are
then simultaneously reversed by
so that the shearing stress reverses on the 45 plane
while the normal stress remains the same. These stress conditions are intended to be
similar to those experienced on a horizontal plane in an element of soil in the field. For
convenience the test is normally performed by maintaining the cell pressure at a
constant value and cycling the axial stress by as shown in figure (27).
Figure - 27: Constant Cell Pressure
Page 29 of 33
Pore Pressure
Vertical Deformation
Vertical Load
Figure - 28: Vertical load, vertical deformation and pore pressure record as a function
of the number of cycles of load
The technique results in essentially the same stress conditions as long as the
sample is saturated and tested un-drained. If samples are partially saturated or tested
with drainage, it is necessary to utilize axial and lateral stress control to simulate
earthquake loading. In the many versions of the cyclic tri-axial test, the configuration of
the specimen is standard but the loading and control equipment are variable. Most
currently used apparatus are stress controlled devices in which a cyclic axial load is
applied to an un-drained specimen.
Vertical load, vertical deformation and pore pressure are recorded as a function of
the number of cycles of load (figure - 28). Some of the more common load control
systems are the pneumatic, hydraulic, electro hydraulic and the pneumatic hydraulic.
Page 30 of 33
In addition to liquefaction characteristics of soils, Youngs modulus, , and

damping ratio
are often measured in the cyclic tri-axial test (Figure - 29) by
performing strain controlled tests. These tests are performed in essentially the same
manner as the stress controlled test, however, a servo system is used to apply cycles of
controlled deformation.
Vertical Stress,
+
Vertical Strain
1
2
Figure - 29: Stress-Strain plot of strain controlled test

Youngs modulus
strain.
is determined from the ratio of the applied axial stress to axial
For strained strain controlled tests, shear modulus

which
is computed from,
in
is Poissons ratio.
The cyclic tri-axial test has limitations among which are:

1. Shearing strain measurements below 10
percent are difficult to achieve.

Page 31 of 33
2. The extension and compression phases of each cycle produce different results,
therefore hysteresis loops are not symmetric in strain controlled tests and samples
tend to neck in stress controlled tests.
3. Void ratio redistribution occurs within the specimen during cyclic testing.
4. Stress concentrations occur at the cap and base of the specimen and the major
principal stress changes direction by 90 during test.
Questions
on
Dynamic Soil Properties
1. Write down the name of major dynamics soil properties parameters with proper
symbols?
2. Define isotropic soil and homogenous soil? Practically is soil always isotropic?
Why?
3. Define shear modulus and Poissons ratio of soils.
4. What are field tests for soil dynamic parameter?
5. What are laboratory test for soil dynamics parameter?
6. Write down name and symbol for soil dynamics parameters that you will find by
test.
7. Draw the figure for cross bore hole wave propagation method.
8. What are four sources used for cross bore holes wave propagation method for
dynamic soil properties?
9. What the calculations are for cross bore holes wave propagation method?
10. Draw a figure for up hole and down holes wave propagation method.
11. Draw a schematic diagram for down-hole wave propagation method survey.
12. How will you calculate for down hole wave propagation method for dynamics
soil properties?
13. What are the calculations used for up bore holes method?
14. Draw the R-wave and define it.
15. What do you mean by Lissajous figure for dynamics soil properties
measurement? Draw Lissajous figure for dynamics soil properties measurement.
16. How will you calculate soil parameters from surface - wave propagation
method?
17. What are the factors affecting the dynamic properties of cohesive soils?
18. What are the differences between dynamic and static soil properties test?
Page 32 of 33
19. With graph define several types of stiffness used for soil.
20. Why is the average shear stress 65% of maximum shear stress?
Page 33 of 33

Dynamic Soil Properties - 6th

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Prof. Dr. Md.

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 30: Strain Stress curve

Dynamic soil test

Wave propagation test

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Differences between dynamic test and static test:

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 31: Strain and stress have same direction

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Stiffness is increased with

Figure - 32: Shear modulus and Shear strain relationship

Definitions of several types of stiffness

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Secant Youngs modulus,

Tangent Youngs modulus

Secant Youngs modulus at

Equivalent Youngs modulus

Figure - 45: Plot of Deviator stress vs Axial strain

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 46: Plot of Stress vs Axial strain

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 48: Variation of shear stress verses shear strain

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Bore hole wave propagation:

The bore holes

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 33: Schematic diagram of cross hole seismic survey technique

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

= mass density of soil

Up-hole or down-hole wave propagation method

Down bore-hole method

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 35: Equipment and instruments of down hole survey

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Figure - 36: Deformed shape of half space surface

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

0.03 - 0.35 for sand

Block Resonance Test

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303

Motor Oscillator Assembly

Figure - 37: Block Resonant test setup

represents the vertical acceleration of vibration in

Prof. Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman

Advanced Foundation Engineering - CE - 4303