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Abstract
The paper is an update to the current status of laser drilling
technique - the first fundamental change to rotary drilling. We
begin with a brief note on history of physical tests in 60's and
70's which were limited by the laser technology and low
power available at that time. Seven lasers have been identified
for potential use in the upstream oil industry. Each rock type
has a set of optimal laser parameters to minimize specific
energy as observed in the linear track tests. Current efforts are
focused on underwater laser drilling.
Next, stress has been put on the basic scientific principles that
can bring laser drilling within reach of an industry-supported
prototype. Hence, the methods of delivering laser radiation
and rock removal from wells drilled followed by parameters
like feasibility, economics, benefits and environmental impact
related to laser drilling have been discussed.
Laser drilling is found to be more efficient, cleaner way to
drill and perforate wells through hard rock formations
encountered at greater depths. The effects of the laser rock
interaction on permeability have also been studied. Laser
perforation resulted in permeability improvements. One of the
major advantages of laser drilling is its potential to reduce
drilling time. Lasers cut drilling time by not contacting the
rock, eliminating the need to stop and replace a mechanical
bit. Finally, we end with a discussion on the wider scope of
laser technology for on-site tasks including cutting windows
for side exiting casing or laterals, extended perforations that
connect additional reservoir rock to the well bore, and removal
of objects lost down hole that would normally require drill out
or fishing operations.
Introduction
Almost three decade old experiments and studies had declared
laser drilling as technically unviable. The earliest studies were
directed at enhancing tunneling machines used in mining
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SPE/IADC 102017
blow the ejected gases and debris from the rock surface and to
clean the hole [10]. Rock spallation produces chips which
have to be removed from the bore. Conventional drilling
practices use drilling fluids for the same (removal of drill
cuttings) while working of laser in presence of drilling fluids
is yet to be researched. Hence, efficiency of lasers in fluids
and design of gas purging system and other such systems for
cleaning of bore hole remain to be the topics for future
projects.
Results
A laser based system will have numerous advantages over
conventional methods. Need for concentric casings may be
eliminated. A single diameter hole might be drilled with or
without the need for a casing string. Rig size may be reduced,
casing cost reduced (if any). Deviation of well from the
desired profile is least expected as photons in laser move in
straight paths. Laser drilling is expected to reduce or eliminate
the use of bits, hence reducing the costs due to trip time. Most
important, much higher than conventional ROP values can be
achieved bringing down the drilling costs [1]. Also, MWD
operations could be easier and more efficient. In case of
drilling salt sections, oil based mud has to be used in
conventional methods. Further, cuttings need more treatment
before disposal with non-aqueous base fluids. However, laser
drilling method is expected to be more environment friendly in
such cases.
Effects of Laser drilling on permeability: Both porosity and
permeability were found to be increased after the application
of laser on rock; however the extent of increment depends
upon thermal conductivity of the rock [7]. Significant increase
in permeability was noticed in case of sandstones having high
thermal conductivity, while insignificant change in
permeability was observed in case of rocks with low thermal
conductivity like limestone. This is because in case of high
thermal conductivity rocks, the heat transfer is more compared
to low thermal conductivity rocks thus causing expansion of
some constituents of mineralogy such as water in clays which
vaporizes thus increasing pressure resulting in fractures [8].
The porosity increment was 50% in case of Berea sandstone,
and 150% in case of shaly sandstone. Lower increment in
porosity was observed in case of limestone (about 20%). The
permeability increase was also greatest in case of shaly
sandstone (of the order of 170%). Less permeability increase
was observed in limestone (35%) [7].
Laser perforation: Perforation with lasers if ever
implemented would not require any perforators. It might also
prevent the formation damage caused by conventional
perforating methods. Debris resulting due to use of perforating
guns may plug the pores in the formation and further needs
stimulation or work over. In conventional methods,
unintended fractures may be created connecting other zones to
perforated zone. Casing may also get fractured. Laser
perforation is expected to overcome above problems and
provide a more efficient and economic method. A little more
innovation with lasers can enable us to think of lasers being
used for making casing exit windows and other such
operations at the drill site.
SPE/IADC 102017
References
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