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Date ________________ Hour ___________

AP European History

The 19th Century: An Age of Isms

The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism (pp. 658-662)


1- Define the modern political concept of nationalism.

2- What specific elements of the Vienna settlement (1815) were challenged by 19th century
European nationalists? Describe the opposing nationalistic concept of "popular sovereignty."

3- In what ways did the print culture and public education contribute to linguistic uniformity in
European nations during the 19th century? How did such linguistic uniformity contribute to
the spread of nationalistic sentiments?

4- Briefly describe the various arguments and metaphors used by European nationalists to
express their meaning of the concept of "nationhood."
5- Identify the six major areas of Europe, and the specific national groups within each, that
challenged the political status quo during the 19th century. How and why did they challenge the political
situations within their regions?

6- How did 19th century European conservatives view the concept of political liberalism?

7- What was the historical foundation from which 19th century liberals derived their political
ideas? What were the typical political goals of 19th century European liberals?

8- Why were 19th century European conservatives typically suspicious of written constitutions?
9- Who was most likely to have been a liberal in 19th century Europe?

10- Although liberals wanted broader political participation, why did they not advocate
democracy?

11- What were the typical economic goals of 19th century European liberals?

12- How did the varied social and political circumstances of European countries lead to
differences in the specific programs of reform supported by liberals in Great Britain, France,
and the German-speaking states?

13- Why did most German liberals favor a united Germany, and who did they look to as the
instrument of unification?

14- Identify three ways in which the ideals of 19th century nationalism and liberalism were
directly opposed to one another. In what way were the ideals of nationalism and liberalism
compatible?
Name ____________________________________ Score ___________
Date ________________ Hour ___________

AP European History

Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order (pp. 662-669)


1- What were the three major pillars of 19th century conservatism which established the alliance
of "throne, land, and altar"? Why did these groups, which had frequently engaged in conflict
during the 18th century, find reason to cooperate in the 19th?

2- Why did each of the three pillars of 19th century conservatism feel that genuinely
representative government could not be trusted in any form?

3- How did Europe's entry into an era of peace following the Napoleonic Wars (1815) confront
the nation-states of Europe with new pressures and demands of their citizenry?

4- Why were programs of liberalism and nationalism potentially more dangerous to Austria than
to any other European nation-state?

5- Why was Austria determined to prevent the newly formed German Confederation from
evolving into a new, constitutional, German national state?
6- Why did Prussian King Frederick William III renege on his promise to establish some sort of
constitutional government in Prussia?

7- What incident in 1819 provided Metternich with the opportunity to suppress the
Burschenschaften and other potential institutions of liberalism within the Austrian dominated
German Confederation? Describe the Carlsbad Decrees, which were undertaken by
Metternich to achieve this.

8- Following the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, what actions were undertaken by the Tory
ministry of Lord Liverpool to deal with problems of postwar dislocation and to protect the
interests of the landed and other wealthy classes?

9- As the policies of Lord Liverpool perpetuated the trend of abandonment by the British ruling
class of its traditional role of paternalistic protector of the poor, how did the lower social
orders react? How did the government respond to the response of the poor?

10- What was the reason for the demonstration, held in the industrial north of England in August
of 1819, which resulted in the Peterloo Massacre? Describe the Six Acts which were issued
by the British government in response to the massacre.
11- Why did France's restored Bourbon monarch, King Louis XVIII, agree not to pursue the
restoration of absolutism and instead become a constitutional monarch?

12- Describe the government of France as established by the Charter - the constitution of the
French restoration. In what ways did it incorporate achievements of the Revolution?

13- Who, in the months after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo, carried out a White Terror
against former revolutionaries and supporters of the deposed emperor? Why?

14- Who were the ultraroyalists? How did the government of Louis XVIII respond to the
assassination of the king's nephew and son of the Count of Artois - the Duke of Berri - in
February, 1820?
Name ____________________________________ Score ___________
Date ________________ Hour ___________

AP European History

The Conservative International Order (pp. 670-678)


1- What was the Concert of Europe? Who participated in it? What were its goals?

2- Why did a group of army officers rebel against the government of Spain's King Ferdinand VII
in 1820? What did this Spanish Revolution of 1820 accomplish? How was the revolution
ultimately suppressed in 1823?

3- What did NOT happen in Spain in 1823 proved to be as important for the new post-
Napoleonic international order as what did happen. What did NOT happen? How did this
demonstrate that the implementation of the Congress System of the Vienna settlement was a
resounding success?

4- How did Britain's foreign minister, George Canning, attempt to prevent the politics of
European reaction from being extended to Spain's colonies in Latin American - and, in the
process, secure British access to Latin American trade?
5- What was "the Eastern Question," and what were the major concerns of each of the Great
Powers in relation to this question?

6- Why did the European Great Powers ultimately choose to support the cause of
Greek independence?

7- In what ways did the establishment of an independent Serbia in 1830 create tensions between
Serbia and its neighbors? Why did the new Serbian nation-state attract Russia as its formal
protector?

8- Describe the many sources of Creole discontent with Spanish colonial government in Latin
America. Which specific events in Europe created the imperial political vacuum throughout
Spanish Latin America which provided both the opportunity and the necessity for action by
Creole leaders?
9- Which parts of Latin America were liberated by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar?
How did they differ in terms of the form of political structure they supported for a post-
revolution Latin America?

10- Though the Mexican uprising in New Spain began as a liberal, even radical, movement, why,
in the end, did it come to illustrate better than in any other region of Latin American the
socially conservative outcome of the Latin American colonial revolutions?

11- What three factors account for the peaceful transition to independence for Brazil?

12- Following the Latin American wars for independence, why did Latin American governments
and businesses look to Britain for protection, for markets, and for capital investment?
Name ____________________________________ Score ___________
Date ________________ Hour ___________

AP European History

The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe (pp. 678-685)


1- In the wake of Napoleon's defeat, how did many Russian military officers come to develop
liberal reformist sympathies? Describe the organizations which they formed upon returning
home.

2- Describe the succession crisis which unfolded in Russia following the unexpected death of
Czar Alexander I in 1825? How did the succession crisis lead to the failed Decembrist Revolt
of 1825? What did the Decembrists hope to achieve?

3- Why did Czar Nicholas I consistently oppose reform in Russia, including calls for the
abolition of serfdom?

4- Describe the Official Nationality program supported by Nicholas I in place of reform,


identifying the role of each of the three pillars of the program: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and
Nationalism."
5- What events forced Nicholas I to issue the Organic Statue of February 1832, and how did it
address the status of Poland within the Russian Empire?

6- How did the beliefs and actions of France's King Charles X, including his issue of the Four
Ordinances in July 1830, serve to identify him as an ultraroyalist, conservative monarch?

7- Why did the laboring populace of Paris rise in rebellion against the monarchy of Charles X
in the July Revolution of 1830? What were the results of this uprising? How had the goals of
the middle and working classes been different during this revolution?

8- In what ways was the "July Monarchy" of King Louis Philippe more liberal than the
restoration of government of the Bourbons?
9- In what ways did the Revolution of 1830 prove to be socially conservative? Why did this
social conservatism lead to continued turmoil in France, including the "July Days" in Paris in
1832 - the uprising written about by Victor Hugo in his novel Les Miserables?

10- Why did the Belgian (southern) provinces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rise in rebellion
against Dutch rule? Why did the Great Powers of the Concert of Europe choose not to
intervene to reverse the Belgian revolution? What did the Convention of 1839 guarantee?

11- In Great Britain, what three factors contributed to the spirit of accommodation between the
forces of conservatism and liberalism?

12- Why, in 1800, was Parliament persuaded to pass the Act of Union between Ireland and
England? What limitation did the Act place on the political rights of Irish Catholics?
13- How did the Irish nationalist Catholic Association, under the leadership of Daniel O'Connell,
persuade Parliament to enact the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829? What rights did the
Act grant to Irish Catholics?

14- Why did Parliament agree to pass the Catholic Emancipation Act? Why did its passing
alienate many Tory supporters of Wellington's government, and how did it ultimately speed up
the movement for Parliamentary reform?

15- What were the two broad goals for Parliamentary reform of the Whig ministry of Earl Grey?
In what ways did the Great Reform Act (Bill) of 1832 reform British politics? In what ways
were the gains achieved by the Act, in reality, tempered? Why was the Act, overall, a great
success?

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