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Pengenalan
(Chapter 1 Introduction)
Example:
a) use the statistical testing method to see the relationships between achievement
and place of residence
b) use the statistical procedure to detect the difference in achievement between
two groups of students)
Umumnya : Statistik merujuk kepada kaedah dan procedur yang digunakan untuk
mengurus, merumus dan interpret maklumat dalam bentuk data .
(Generally, statistics refers to the methods and procedures used to organize, summarize
and interpret information from a group of data)
Mengapa belajar statistik?
(Why learn statistics?)
Jawapan biasa -- kerana penggunaan semakin meluas dalam kehidupan seharian dan
penyelidikan. Pelbagai contoh dapat difikirkan. Contoh dalam suarat khabar mengenai
indeks, laporan kemajuan, keptusan peperiksaan, laporan untung-rugi syarikat dan
sebagainya.
Statistik sebagai satu alat untuk menganalisis data yang diperolehi daripada sesuatu
penyelidikan untuk menjawab persoalan kajian yang telah ditetapkan/kenalpasti..
(Common answer widespread use of statistics in everyday life and research. Many
examples can be cited. The use of index in newspaper reports, progress reports,
examination results, profit-loss reports etc. Statistics as a tool to analyze data obtained
from research to provide answers to the identified research question(s))
Sains adalah empirikal, membuat rumusan berasaskan kepada cerapan sekumpulan
subjek yang terpilih (sampel) dan seterusnya membuat rumusan kepada kumpulan yang
lebih besar (populasi).
(Science is empirical, we make conclusions based on the observed data of a selected
group (sample) and further make conclusions (generalization) to the larger group
(population).
Sample is the subset of the population from which the study collects data. The sample is
assumed to be representative of the population. Example: the group of form four students
in Batu Pahat is the sample for all form 4 pupils in Malaysia, depending on the aim or
focus of research. Research is conducted on form four pupils in Batu Pahat and the
results can be generalized to all form four pupils in Malaysia)
Parameter -- Pengukuran yang memberi gambaran ciri populasi
Statistik -- pengukuran yang memberi gambaran ciri sampel.
(Parameter measurement that reflects the properties of the population
Statistic measurement that reflects the properties of the sample)
(Notes:
a) It is not practical to make observations on each individual of the population
relationship
4)
researcher, It usually consists of the two (or more) treatment conditions to which
the subjects are exposed.
6)
the treatment.
7)
Control group the group that does not received any treatment. To