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INTRODUCTION
In India, a huge quantity of construction and demolition wastes is produced
every year. These waste materials need a large place to dump and hence the disposal of
wastes has become a severe social and environmental problem. On the other hand
scarcity of natural resources like river sand is another major problem which results in
increasing the depth of river bed resulting in drafts and also changes in climatic
conditions. Hence it becomes necessary to protect and preserve the natural resources.
The possibility of recycling demolition wastes in the construction industry is thus of
increasing importance. In addition to the environmental benefits in reducing the
demand of land for disposing the waste, the recycling of demolition wastes can also
help to conserve natural materials and to reduce the cost of waste treatment prior to
disposal.
To minimize the waste generated from demolition process, the recycled concrete
wastes used as coarse aggregate in concrete. It is also used to reduce the construction
costs. To utilize the waste generated from structures. To use various waste materials in
construction units. To achieve the sustainable development of structural engineering.
To find the alternative of basic materials which are used in construction from past
many years. (Sherwood, 1995).The largest proportions of demolition waste are
concrete rubbles. It has been shown that the crushed concrete rubble, after separated
from other construction and demolition wastes and sieved, can be used as a substitute
for natural coarse aggregates in concrete or as a sub-base or base layer in pavements.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
The study will carried out locally to check the feasibility of using recycled
aggregates in concrete. This study is taken to achieve the strength of recycled concrete
aggregate like as natural coarse aggregate. It leads to reduce an economical cost. And it
also used to reduce solid waste disposal.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURY REVIEW
Madan MohanReddy.K, Bhavani.R, Ajitha. B (2012).In this study the use of
crushed construction and demolition waste as a Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
in the production of new concrete was investigated. They had tested Compressive
strength, Moister Content, Water Absorption, Specific Gravity, Abrasion Value,
Impact Value, Crushing Value, Bulk Density, Aggregate Thickness, Flakiness Index
and Slump Cone .The RCA were collected from local demolished structure. The study
was conducted with an M20 mix with the selected w/c ratio: 0.5 and the development
of compressive strength of the RAC and NAC at the age of 7 & 28 days were studied.
The performance of compressive strength produced by Recycled Aggregate Concrete
(RAC) and results are compared with the Natural Coarse Aggregate Concrete (NAC).
The result shows the compressive strength of RAC is on average 87% of the NAC and
the Slump of RAC is low and that can be improved by using Saturated Surface Dry of
RCA (SSD RCA). They conclude that the RAC specimen makes good quality
concrete.
S.K.Singh, P.C.Sharma (2013). They had tested Compressive strength, Flexural
strength, Moister content, Water absorption, Specific gravity, Modulus of elasticity,
Abrasion value, Impact value, Crushing value, Bulk density, Aggregate thickness,
Flakiness index and Slump cone. The recycled aggregate were collected from four
sources all demolished structures. The fine aggregate used in the concrete, i.e. recycled
and conventional is 100 percent natural. For both types of concrete i.e. M-20 and M25, 0.5 w/c ratio, maximum size of aggregate and mix proportion are kept constant.
The development of compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete at the age of
1,3,7,14,28, 56, and 90 days; the development of tensile & flexural strength at the age
of 1,3,7,14 and static modulus of elasticity at the age of 28 days are investigated. This
study presents the experimental results of recycled coarse aggregate concrete and
results were compared with the natural crushed aggregate concrete. The results showed
the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of recycled aggregate are on average
85% to 95% of the natural aggregate concrete. The durability parameters were also
investigated for recycled aggregate concrete and are found to be in good quality
concrete.
Marco Pepe,Romildo D. Toledo Filho , Eduardus A.B. Koenders,EnzoMartinelli
(2010).As sustainability is becoming a fundamental requirement for all modern
industrial activities, upcoming environmental research efforts should be intended at
both enhancing the efficiency in the use of raw materials and reducing the carbon
footprint. They had tested Compressive strength and water absorption. The recycled
aggregate were collected from demolished structure. They found, Recycled concrete
aggregates (RCAs) present higher porosity than natural ones. The higher porosity of
RCAs results in a higher water absorption capacity. Autogenous cleaning process was
considered to reduce water absorption. The influence of the process duration on the
concrete properties is investigated. Both workability and strength are enhanced by the
process under consideration.
Prof. Chetna M Vyas, (Dr.) Darshana R Bhatt (2013). In this study of the result
and analysis, the experimental results showed that the early compressive strength of
concrete made of natural coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate is
approximately same. The slump test indicates a decreasing trend of workability when
the percentage of recycled aggregate were increased. The target slump had been
achieved, where the range is from 75mm to 150mm. The workability was good and can
be satisfactorily handled for 0% recycled aggregate to 100% recycled aggregate. The
slump observed is less with more percentages of recycled aggregate concrete mixes.
The compression test result indicates an increasing trend of compressive strength in the
early age of the concrete specimens with minimum percentage of recycled aggregates.
The results also show that the concrete specimens with low % of replacement of
recycled aggregate get the highest strength when compared to the concrete specimens
with different higher percentage of recycled aggregate. From the obtained result, it is
possible to use minimum % of recycled aggregate for higher strength of concretes.
Hence the recycled aggregate can be used in concrete with minimum % of replacement
of natural coarse aggregate.
achieved for 30 to 40 % of RCA replacement by decreasing the water cement ratio and
adjusting the admixture content of mix. This is classified as high strength concrete and
can be applied in infrastructures, which need compressive strength up to 40MPa.
Another result found in this research is that when reducing the water cement ratio used
in recycled aggregate mixes, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are also
improved. This will give an improvement in general strength characteristics of
structural building. The water absorption and porosity of RCA replaced mixes are
higher than normal mix but within the permissible limits. These properties can be
modified by reducing the w/c ratio and by incorporating admixtures.
Table no. 2.1 Literatury Review
sl.no
Author
Tests
Result
Conclusion
M.pepe,
R.D.Toledofilh
o, E.A.B.
Koenders,
E.Martinelli
Compressive
strength.
(M25, 28 days).
0% RCA =33.03Mpa
50%RCA
without
autogenous process=
27.50Mpa.
50%
RCA
with
autogenous process=
29.92Mpa.
N.Sivakumar,
Compressive
S.Muthukumar strength.
, V.Sivakumar, (M40, 28 days).
D.Goutham,
V.Muthuraj.
Compressive
strength
With 0.4 w/c ratio
NCA= 37Mpa.
RCA= 27Mpa.
With 0.34 w/c ratio
RCA= 40Mpa.
Prof. chetna
M Vyas,
Prof.Dr.
darshana
R bhatt.
Compressive
strength.
(M20,
M25,
M30, 28 days).
Madhanreddy. Compressive
k, Bhavani.R, strength
Ajitha.B
(M25, 28 days).
Compressive
strength
0%RCA= 38.1N/mm2.
40%RCA=
39.5N/mm2.
100%RCA=35.1 N/
mm2.
Compressive
strength
NCA= 28.18Mpa.
RCA= 25Mpa.
The
result
shows
the
compressive strength of RAC
is on average 87% of the
NAC and the Slump of RAC
is low and that can be
improved by using Saturated
Surface Dry of RCA (SSD
RCA).
CHAPTER 3
MIX DESIGN
Mix design of concrete is the process of selecting the required ingredients of
concrete and finding their relative proportions with the aim of producing an
economical concrete of certain strength and durability. In order to test the specimen
using recycled aggregate we adopt M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion of M25
Grade is 1:1:2.The coarse aggregate used in this project is divided into two phase of
natural coarse aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate. The broken hardened
concrete, which passes through the 20mm sieve is used. We adopted the w/c as the
ratio of 0.5.
10
% of Retained
Cumulative % % of Finer
4.75mm
0.3
0.3
99.7
2.36mm
51
5.1
5.4
94.6
1.18mm
447
44.7
50.1
49.9
600
293
29.3
79.4
20.6
300
153
15.3
94.7
5.3
150
43
4.3
99.0
75
0.7
99.7
0.3
Pan
0.3
100
Total
1000
100
Table no. 3.2 The Percentage of Finer Value Satisfy The Grade Zone 1 From IS
383 Part 1
Sieves
% finer obtained
4.75mm
90-100
99.7
2.36mm
60-95
94.7
1.18mm
30-70
49.9
600
15-34
20.6
300
5-20
5.3
150
0-10
11
W1
678g
W2
878g
1634g
W4 =
1518g
Specific gravity,
2.66
W1
1000g
W2
1012g
1.2%
(w2-w1)/ ((w2-w1)-(w3-w4)
3.5 WATER
Water is an important ingredient of concrete. As a general guidance, if the water
is fit for drink it is fit for making concrete. However, some water containing a small
sum of salt is not suitable for concrete. Other yard-stick adopted is if the pH between 6
and 8 the water is accepted to be suitable. The best way is to use the water from a
particular source and concrete is made. The concrete is tested for 7 days and 28 days
strengths if 90% result is obtained it can be considered to be suitable.
The pH of the available water
12
7.4
M25
Type of cement
OPC 53 grade
20 mm
0.5
Exposure condition
Severe
Degree of supervision
Good
Type of aggregate
Cement used
OPC 53 grade
3.15
1) Coarse aggregate
2.70
2) Fine aggregate
2.66
1) Coarse aggregate
0.54%
2) Fine aggregate
1.2%
Specific gravity of
Water absorption
13
fck + 1.65 s
fck
fck
s=
standard
deviation.
From Table 1 of IS 10262-2009, Standard Deviation, s = 4 N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.6 N/mm2
3.9 PERCENTAGE OF RCA AND SAMPLE DETAILS
The Recycled Concrete Aggregate is not added fully in specimens. The recycled
concrete aggregate is added in different ratios in a combination of natural coarse
aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate in the following method.
Table no. 3.3 Sample Details.
SAMPLE NAME
% OF RCA
RCA1
0%
RCA2
20%
RCA3
40%
RCA4
60%
RCA5
80%
RCA6
100%
14
CHAPTER 4
PROCESS
4.1. COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
The demolished concrete waste is collected from six different sites. First sample
collected from demolished residential building near Jaya Engineering College,
Thiruninravur, Chennai - 23. Second sample collected from demolished residential
building near Skywalk, Aminjikarai. Third sample collected from residential building
near Periyapalayam, Thiruvallur district. Fourth sample collected from demolished
commercial building near Arakkonam. Fifth sample collected from residential building
near Thiruvallur Railway Station. Sixth one collected from demolished residential
building at Avadi. Totally 1200 kg of waste concrete is collected from different sites
and taken through the casting site.
15
16
4.3. SEGREGATION
The crushed concretes have not uniform in size. It has dust particles. Here
segregation is needed compulsory. The size of 20mm recycled concrete aggregates
would be segregated. The segregation of recycled concrete aggregate is of different
sizes and shapes for using it in making specimens. The recycled aggregate is sieved
through the 20mm sieve and the particles retained in 20mm sieve is taken and weighed.
Then a check for appropriate shape is also made. About 400 kg of recycled aggregate
is crushed and segregated which is to be used for making specimen samples. In this
process Sieve Analysis Flakiness Index and Aggregate Thickness were tested for
segregate the recycled aggregates.
17
18
19
20
21
CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Testing of concrete is used to determine the strength and properties of concrete.
The testing of both natural coarse aggregate and recycled aggregate were also
investigated. There are two types of testing of concrete i) Testing of Fresh concrete and
ii) Testing of Hardened concrete. The tests concerned with fresh concrete are to check
the workability of concrete. The hardened concrete is to find the strength, creep effects,
durability, etc.
22
Description
Moister content
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
500
550
600
480
525
575
4.16%
4.76%
4.34%
4.42%
Description
Weight of natural coarse
aggregate taken w1, (g)
Moister content
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
500
550
600
475
527
578
5%
4.6%
4.5%
4.7%
23
Description
Sample1
Sample2
Sample 3
1000
1250
1500
1005.6
1255.5
1506.4
0.6%
0.57%
0.64%
Weight of recycled
concrete aggregate w1,
(g)
Weight of saturated
surface dry w2, (g)
% of water absorption
Average % of water
0.62%
absorption
Description
% of water absorption
Sample1
Sample2
Sample 3
1000
1250
1500
1006
1255.7
1505.9
0.56%
0.55%
0.52%
0.54%
24
25
W1= 678 g
W2= 878 g
Weight of pycnometer with 200 g blue metal and full of water, W3= 1644 g
Weight of pycnometer with full of water alone,
W4= 1518 g
Therefore,
G = 2.70
Description
Sample 1
Sample 2 Sample 3
1000
1250
1500
1050
1320
1575
600
600
600
1250
1275
1300
650
675
700
2.65
2.60
2.69
Specific gravity
2.63
26
27
Description
Weight of empty mould
w1,(g)
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
1875
1875
1875
2375
2380
2365
500
515
490
95
120
135
405
395
355
19%
23.33%
27.55%
w4 (g)
5
Impact value
23.5%
28
5.7 GRADING
DEFINITION Grading refers to the distribution of particle sizes present in a
material. The grading is determined in accordance with the Indian standars.
TEST METHODS The recycled concrete aggregate sample weighs and
sieved successfully on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. The number and
size of sieves selected for a sieve analysis in depends upon the particle sizes present in
the sample and the grading requirements. Each sieve was shaken separately over a
clean tray until not more than trace passes, for period of two minutes. The shaking of
sieve was done with a varied motion, backwards and forward, left to right, right to left,
circular clockwise and anti clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the recycle
concrete aggregates are kept moving over the surface in frequently changing
directions. On completion of sieving, the mass of material retained on each sieve and
the pan was weighed and the results are given in table.
FINENESS MODULUS Using the sieve analysis results, a factor called the
fineness modulus is computed. It is the sum of the total percentages retained on each of
specified series of sieves, divided by 100. Although fineness modulus is most
commonly computed for fine aggregates, the fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is
needed for some proportioning methods. Even though the 20mm sieve was used in the
sieve analysis, this is not included in the calculation. Since the total percent retained on
the 4.75mm sieve is 100%, 100% will also be retained on the smaller sieves specified
in the fineness modulus definition.
Based on this calculation if fineness modulus has been made here.
29
Sieve size
Mass
no
(mm).
retained
retained
Cumulative % passing
Fineness
% retained
modulus
(g)
calculation
(total %
retained)
20 mm
35000.00
90.00
85.00
90.00
90.00
12.50 mm
19500.00
83.83
65.83
81.17
82.83
10.00 mm
12500.00
63.50
43.33
67.67
63.50
04.75 mm
6750.00
51.67
26.00
51.00
51.60
Pan
5000.00
41.00
100.00
38.00
41.00
Total
78750.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
02.36 mm
3100.00
25.00
35.00
28.00
22.00
01.18 mm
1400.00
15.00
25.00
21.00
15.00
600 m
3500.00
8.00
15.00
10.20
08.50
10
300 m
100
11
150 m
100
12
Sum
674.43
13
30
Retaining
weight (in g)
% retained
Cumulative
%
% finer
25 mm
100.0
20 mm
231
23.1
23.1
76.9
12.5 mm
629
62.9
86.0
14.0
10 mm
125
12.5
98.5
1.5
Pan
15
1.5
100.0
Total
1000
100
31
32
SLUMP (mm)
RCA1
61
RCA2
52
RCA3
45
RCA4
40
RCA5
39
RCA6
35
60
50
RCA1-0%
40
RCA2-20%
30
RCA3-40%
RCA4-60%
20
RCA5-80%
10
RCA6-100%
0
RCA%
PERCENTAGE OF RCA %
33
34
TYPE
14 DAYS
28 DAYS
RCA1
28.7
34.4
RCA2
30.5
36.8
RCA3
32.8
38.3
RCA4
27.9
33.1
RCA5
25.2
29.0
RCA6
20.3
25.8
45
40
35
30
RCA1-0%
25
RCA2-20%
20
RCA3-40%
15
RCA4-60%
10
RCA5-80%
5
0
14 days
28 days
days
35
36
TYPE
28 days
RCA1
2.11
2.57
RCA2
2.17
2.62
RCA3
2.26
2.73
RCA4
2.08
2.49
RCA5
2.02
2.40
RCA6
1.92
2.26
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
14 DAYS
28 DAYS
days
37
5.11COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS
Test results of recycle concrete aggregate properties were compared with normal
coarse aggregates and they are presented in table here in.
Table no.5.12 Comparitive Analysis.
Sl no
Natural
Recycled
coarse
concrete
aggregate
aggregate
Moister content
4.7%
4.42%
Water absorption
0.54%
0.62%
Specific gravity
2.70
2.63
Impact value
20.46%
23.5%
Fineness modulus
6 to 8
6.74
Aggregate thickness
20mm
20mm
Flakiness index
100%
100%
Compressive strength
34.4N/mm2
38.3N/mm2
2.57N/mm2
2.73N/mm2
10
61mm
45mm
38
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 MOISTURE CONTENT
For the selected sample of recycled concrete cubes, the average moisture content
in the recycled concrete aggregates was found to be 4.42%.Each recycled concrete
specimens particles is made up of solid matter and voids that may or may not contain
water. Since the recycled concrete aggregate are basically wood based on organic
material and hence it is moister retaining capacity would be more compared with
normal aggregates. The moister content of samples may have some different with its
state existence. The recycled concrete aggregates usually carry some moister and that
becomes part of mixing water. With the different state of shells and its moister
contents, they will absorb some of the mixing water when it is used in concrete.
39
40
6.7 GRADING
To grade the recycled coarse aggregate, the fineness modulus of the recycle
coarse aggregates were found to be and the average fineness modulus was 6.74,
fineness modulus will give some idea of the mean size particles in the entire body of
the aggregate. The limits of fineness modulus for aggregate are 1) for aggregate having
maximum size of aggregates in the range of 2 to 3.5, 2) for coarse aggregate having
maximum size of aggregate 20 mm is in the range of 6 to 8.
41
42
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Research on the usage of waste construction materials is very important as the
quantity of waste materials is gradually increasing as result of increase in population
and increase in urban development. Furthermore, with the cheaper price of recycled
aggregates compared to natural aggregates, the builders can carry out the construction
task with lesser material cost. From the present experimental investigation it was found
that the recycled aggregates will influence much in hardened properties of concrete. As
the percentage of crushed concrete coarse aggregate increased, strength of the concrete
gets decreased
To achieve the strength of the concrete, use 100% of crushed coarse aggregate in
compression element like concrete blocks and concrete pavements. As there is
considerable reduction in compressive strength with recycled aggregate, further
research is needed to explore about the usage of recycled aggregates in combination
with different fibrous materials with special reference to its applications on structural
elements like concrete slabs, beams, columns and walls, Apart from this more studies
are required to understand the long term durability characteristics of concrete made
using recycled aggregates.
43
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
1.
Chen H.J, Yen T, K.H. (2003), Use of building rubbles as recycled aggregates.
Collins R.J (1994). The use of recycled aggregates in concrete. BRE report,
aggregate for use in BS 5328 designated mixes. Proceeding of Inst. Civil Engineering
Structural Building 134 (august): pp257-274.
6.
7.
Hendriks C.F. and Pieterson H.S. (1998). Concrete: durable but also
44
aggregates. Edited by Dhir D.K, Henderson N.A and Limbachiya M.C. 1-18 Thomas
Telford, U.K.
8.
Katz. (2003). Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially
Mehta P.K and Monteiro P.J.M. (1993). Concrete: structures, properties, and
movement through recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and concrete research. 54(5):
pp 377-384.
12.
telford, London.
45