Welding vs Brazing

Welding
Welding is a materials joining process which produces
coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable
temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by
the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of
filler material.
Welding is used for making permanent joints.
It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies,
aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames,
structural works, tanks, furniture, boilers,
general repair work and ship
building.
TYPES

Plastic Welding or Pressure Welding

The piece of metal to be joined are heated to a
plastic state and forced together by external
pressure
Ex- Resistance welding
Fusion Welding or Non-Pressure Welding
The material at the joint is heated to a molten state and allowed
to solidify
Ex- Gas welding, Arc welding
MERIT AND DEMERIT
MERITS
1) Easy way of joining 2 metals.
2) Flexible in operation i.e. the equipment can be taken of to any
location.
3) Cheap.
4) The strength of the joint is good enough.
5) Metal property does not changes.
DEMERITS
1) Aesthetic value of welded joint is poor.
2) Post welding operation like chipping and grinding is required.
3) Trained labor is required.
4) Blow holes in the joint weakens the weld.

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Brazing
Brazing is a metal joining process whereby a filler metal is heated
above melting point and distributed between two or more closefitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly
above its melting temperature while protected by a suitable
atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal and
is then cooled to join the work pieces.
Metal used as filler metal
Aluminum-silicon
Copper
Copper-silver
brass
Gold-silver
Nickel alloy
Silver
TYPES
1. Torch brazing
2. Dip brazing
3. Furnace brazing
4. Induction brazing
5. Salt-bath brazing
6. Infrared brazing
7. Exothermal brazing
8. Resistance brazing
MERIT AND DEMERIT
MERIT
Dissimilar metals which can not be welded can be joined by
brazing.
Very thin metals can be joined.
Metals with different thickness can be joined easily.
In brazing thermal stresses are not produced in the work
piece. Hence there is no distortion.
Using this process, carbides tips are brazed on the steel tool
holders.

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DEMERIT
Brazed joints have lesser strength compared to welding.
Joint preparation cost is more.
Can be used for thin sheet metal sections.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRAZING AND WELDING

Both methods use to produce strong, permanent joints but some

difference is there between them. Some of are given below
1. Welding is usually more suited for joining large assemblies.
Brazing applies heat to a broad area, often the entire assembly.
Larger assemblies tend to dissipate heat and can make it difficult
to reach the flow point of the filler metal. Welding's intense
localized heat overcomes this drawback, as does the ability to
trace a joint.

2. Brazing typically produces a tiny, neat fillet, versus the

irregular bead of a welded joint.

3. Welding joint gives more strength as compare to brazing.

4.When thickness of base metal is less then brazing is used and

when base metal are thick then either method can be used.

5. Braze method use lower temperature as compare to welding

method.

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6. In brazing, only the filler material is melted and is allowed to

flow in between the metals to be connected and allowed to cool
where as in welding base as well as filler metal both melted.

Designations for steel Steel Alloys

AISI and SAE designate carbon and alloy steels using 4

digits.
The first two digits indicate the alloying elements and
their percentages
The last two digits indicate the carbon content by weight
ASTM has another designation system

UNS (Unified Numbering System) is the present system

Letter gives the general class of alloy

G- ANSI and SAE carbon steels
J- Cast steels
K-Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys
S-stainless steels
T-tool steels

5 digit number gives chemical composition

Steel Alloys can be divided into five groups

1- Carbon Steels
2- Low Alloy Steels
3- Quenched and Tempered Steels
4- Heat Treatable Low Alloy Steels
5- Chromium-Molybdenum Steel

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2-Nickel Chromium Steels

1-Carbon Steels

10xx

Plain Carbon

11xx

Resulfurized

12xx

Ni 1.25 Cr 0.65-0.80

32xx

Ni 1.75 Cr 1.07

33xx

Ni 3.50 Cr 1.50-1.57

34xx

Ni 3.00 Cr 0.77

Resulfurized
and

3- Chromium Molybdenum steels

rephosphorized

41xx

Mn 1.75

6-Nickel
Chromium
Molybdenum
steels

Manganes
e steels
13xx

31xx

43xx

Ni 1.82 Cr 0.50-0.80 Mo
0.25

47xx

Ni 1.05 Cr 0.45 Mo 0.20

0.35

86xx

Ni 0.55 Cr 0.50 Mo 0.20

Nickel
steels
23xx

Ni 3.5

25xx

Cr 0.50-0.95 Mo 0.120.30

Ni 5.0
4- Nickel Molybdenum steels

51xx

Cr 0.80 1.05

Alloy steel - Tool

steels
A
I
S
I
S
A
E

Clas
sific
atio
n of
Tool
s
Stee
ls

46xx

Ni 0.85-1.82 Mo 0.20

48xx

Ni 3.50 Mo 0.25

5-Chromium steels

COMPOSI
TION %

50xx

Cr 0.27- 0.65

O
t
h
e
r

T
y
p
e
s

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W1

Water hardening

0.6
0

S5

Shock resisting

0.5
5

0.4
0

0.80 Mn2.00 Si

O1

Oil hardening

0.9
0

0.5
0

0.
5

A2

Cold work

1.0
0

5.0
0

1.0
0

A4

Medium alloy air

hardening

1.0
0

1.0
0

1.0
0

2.00 Mn

1.5
0

12.
0

1.0
0

D2

Cold work High

carbon
High chromium

M1

Cold work

0.8
0

4.0
0

1.0
0

1.
5

8.0
0

M2

Molybdenum

0.8
5

4.0
0

2.0
0

6.
0

5.0
0

H11

Hot work

0.3
5

5.0
0

0.4
0

1.5
0

H12

Chromium

0.3
5

5.0
0

0.4
0

1.
5

1.5
0

P20

Die casting mold

0.3
5

1.2
5

0.4
0

Stainless steels
Stainless steels usually contain less than 30% Cr and more than
50% Fe. They attain their stainless characteristics because of the
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formation of an invisible and adherent chromium-rich oxide

surface film. Other alloying elements added to enhance
characteristics include Ni, Mo, Cu, Ti, Al, Si, Nb, and N. Carbon is
usually present in amounts ranging from 0.03% to 1.0%. Addition
of Mo improves the corrosion resistance in salt water (316).
Reduced carbon content from 0.08 wt% to 0.03 wt% further
improve corrosion resistance in chloride solutions (316L type).
Stainless steels are commonly divided into five groups:

Martensitic stainless steels

Ferritic stainless steels

Austenitic stainless steels

Duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels

Precipitation-hardening stainless steels

Stainless Steel Properties and Selections
Type

Condition

Ultimate Tensile
Strength [MPa]

Yield
Strength
[MPa]

Elongation
[%]

316

Annealed

515

205

40

Cold-finished

620

310

35

Cold-worked

860

690

12

Annealed

505

195

40

Cold-finished

605

295

34

Cold-worked

860

690

12

316L

Corrosion resistance
Resistance to oxidation and sulfidation
Toughness
Cryogenic strength
Resistance to abrasion and erosion
Resistance to galling and seizing
Surface finish
Magnetic properties
Retention of cutting edge

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