Part I - Basics Flexibility

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Course Outline 1
Matrix Methods for Structural
Analysis
1. Fundamental Principles of Structural Analysis
Part I Fundamentals & The Flexibility

Method
Bedilu Habte
Civil Engineering, AAU
Deformations in framed structures

Equilibrium and Compatibility
Principle of Superposition
Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices
October 2014
Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -
Course Outline 2
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Course Outline 3
3. The Stiffness Method
2. The Flexibility Method
Basic Concepts
Flexibility of Prismatic Members
Action Transformation and System Flexibility
Equation
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Basic concepts
Stiffness of Prismatic Members
Axis Transformation and Master Stiffness Equation
Direct Stiffness Method & Solution Procedure
4. Additional Topics for the Stiffness Method
Solution Procedures
References
Curved Members
Non Prismatic Members
Oblique Supports
Elastic Supports
Discontinuities in Members
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Revise
1. Matrix Manipulation
1. Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures

by Weaver & Gere
2. Matrix Structural Analysis
by McGuire & Gallagher
3. Any other Matrix Structural Analysis books
Addition, subtraction, multiplication

Determinant, inverse,
Solution of simultaneous equations
Sub-matrix
2. Determinate Structures
Condition for stability & determinacy of structures
Analysis of determinate structures

Forces in truss, beam, plane frame
Deflection of determinate structures
Moment-area, Conjugate-beam, Virtual Work
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Topics
Software for the course
Introduction
Practice how to use:
Deformations in Framed Structures
SciLab

Static & Kinematic Determinacy
A free software for scientific computation and

visualzation.
Structural Analysis Methods

http://www.scilab.org
Equivalent Joint Load

http://www.scilab.org/products/scilab/downloads
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Energy Concepts
7
Introduction
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Introduction
Classification of structures (Analytical models)
The objectives of structural analysis are: to
1. Skeletal structures: consist of line elements
determine the reactions and the displacement

at various points of interest, and to evaluate
stresses and strains within the elements
present in the structure.
All structural forms used for load transfer
from one point to another are 3-D in
nature. Using the fact that one or two
dimensions are smaller than the other(s),
analytical models of the structure are
adopted for simplicity.
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2D Models
3D Models
Plane Trusses
Grids
Beam
Space Trusses
Plane Frames
Space Frames
2. Plated structures: plates & shells

3. Solid structures: have all three dimensions
Actions/stresses in structures may be:
Axial: in cables, truss elements, arches, membranes

Flexural: in beams, frames, grids, plates
Torsional: in grids, 3D frames
Shear: Frames, grids, shear walls
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Deformations in framed structures:

Axial:
Bending:
Shear:
Torsional:
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Equilibrium equations set the externally

applied loads to be equal to the sum of the
internal forces at all joints or node points of a
structure.
In simple form, the equilibrium equations in
three dimensional coordinate system are:
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Compatibility condition
refers to the continuity of
displacements and must also
be satisfied. In the analysis
of a structural system of
discrete elements, all
elements connected to a
joint or node must have the
same absolute displacement
at that node.
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14
Static indeterminacy may be internal or

external (or both), depending on the
redundancy. The total number of releases
required to make a structure statically
determinate is called the degree of statical
indeterminacy.
Overall statical classification of plane structures

Statically
This truss system is

statically determinate
Derive similar relationships for the statical

classification of space (3D) truss and frame
structures.
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Structural Analysis Methods
Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy
The force method:
The degree of kinematic indeterminacy refers to the

number of independent joint displacements that are
unknown and are needed to describe the displaced
shape of the structure. It is also known as the
number of degrees of freedom.
the redundant(s) of a statically indeterminate

structure are removed and solutions are
obtained by setting the relative
displacements at the redundant(s) to zero.
The displacement method:
This truss system is

kinematically
Indeterminate to
the 2nd degree
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constraints are added to the structure, and

subsequently equations are written satisfying
the equilibrium conditions, the solution of
which is the constrained displacements.
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Equivalent Joint Load
In matrix structural analysis, loads must be

placed at the joints.
D f A
A s D
Where:
A is the action, D is the displacement, f is the
flexibility coefficient and s is the stiffness
coefficient of the spring.
D 1 f 11 A1 f 12 A 2
Equivalent joint load
D 2 f 21 A1 f 22 A 2
[ D ] [ f ][ A ]
A1 s 11 D 1 s12 D 2
A 2 s 21 D 1 s 22 D 2
[ A ] [ s ][ D ]
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Contents
Principles of Superposition
The forces acting on a structure may be separated or
divided into any convenient fashion and the structure
analyzed for the separate cases. Then the final
results can be obtained by adding up the individual
results.
Flexibility & Stiffness
Energy Methods
1. the geometry of the structure is not appreciably

altered under load, and
Strain Energy
2. the structure is composed of a material in which

the stress is linearly related to the strain.
Castiglianos Theorem
Virtual Work
Provided:
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The principle of superposition

A, D
the deflection at a given point in a structure
Where:
A is the action, D is the displacement, f is the
flexibility coefficient and s is the stiffness
coefficient of the spring.
produced by several loads acting

simultaneously on the structure can be found
by superposing deflections at the same point
D f A
produced by the loads acting individually.

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A s D
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A1,D1
Energy Methods
A2,D2
Are techniques to study the consequences of

deformation in structures .
They are useful for the formulation of the
D1 f11 A1 f12 A2
A1 s11 D1 s12 D 2
stiffness and flexibility matrix of an element

in a structure and also for the analysis of
D 2 f 21 A1 f 22 A2 A2 s 21 D1 s 22 D 2
[ D ] [ f ][ A ]
[ A ] [ s ][ D ]
Flexibility equation
Stiffness equation
indeterminate structures as a whole.
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Strain Energy
Strain Energy
Stresses Strains Displacements
Defined as:
the work stored within the structure due to

the deformation it undergoes.
u
u v
xy
x
y x
v
u w
y
xz
y
z x
w
w v
z
yz
z
y z
(u,v,w) are the x, y and z
x
x
y
z
xy
y
yz xy
xy
zy
x
z zx xz
yz
zx
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Strain Energy
components of displacement
dV
T
1
2
dV
T
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Evaluated as the internal work of strains

multiplied by incremental stresses,
integrated over the volume.
1
2
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Complementary Strain Energy
Evaluated as the internal work of

stresses acting through incremental
strains, integrated over the volume.
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External Work of Loads
Complementary Work of Loads
Evaluated similarly as the strain energy:
Evaluated similarly as the complementary

strain energy:
A
1
A T D
2
1
D T A
2
D
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Conservation of Energy
1st Theorem:
The work of loads W equals the strain energy

U stored in the structure
1
T
W U D S D
2
If the strain energy of an elastic structure can

be expressed as a function of a set of
displacement , the first partial derivative of
that function, with respect to a particular
displacement equals the corresponding
action.
Conservation of Complementary Energy:
Leads to W* equals U*
*
U*
U
Aj
D j
1
A T F A
2
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Castiglianos Theorems
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Virtual Work Principle
2nd Theorem:
The external virtual work of the real actions A

multiplied by virtual displacements D is
equal to the internal virtual work of the real
stresses multiplied by the virtual strains
, integrated over the volume.
If the complementary strain energy is

expressed as a function of a set of applied
actions, the first partial derivative of that
function, with respect to a particular action
equals the corresponding displacement.
W A T D
U *
Dj
A j
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Castiglianos Theorems
Conservation of Energy:
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dV
T
V
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Complementary Virtual Work
Unit Load/ Unit Displacement
The external work of the virtual actions A

multiplied by real displacements D is equal
to the internal work of the virtual stresses
multiplied by the real strains ,
integrated over the volume.
A D
Unit Displacement Method:

to obtain stiffness coefficients
A j 1
j dV
Unit Load Method:
to obtain flexibility coefficients
T
dV
1 D j
T
j
dV
V
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Matrix Methods
Contents
Use matrix equations to analyze the truss and loading
shown below.
Matrix Methods Truss Analysis
The Flexibility Method Basic Approach
The Flexibility Method - Beam
The Flexibility Method - Truss
Other Effects; Fixed End Actions
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Matrix Methods
Matrix Methods
External & internal unknowns (3+5 = 8)
4*2 = 8 equilibrium equations available
Assume all
member forces
are tension (+ve)
Equilibrium equations are:
Y
X
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Equation
Joint
Axis
R1 + F14 + 0.6F13 = 0
R2 + F12 + 0.8F13 = 0
10 + F23 = 0
-5 F12 = 0
-F23 0.6F13 + 0.6F34 = 0
-5 0.8F13 0.8F34 = 0
-F14 0.6F34 = 0
0.8F34 + R3 = 0
Equation
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Matrix Methods
Matrix Methods
Matrix form of equilibrium equations:

Eqn.
R1
R2
R3
F12
F14
0.6
F23
F34
-10
5
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1
1
X =A\b
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-1
A =
RHS
0.8
Solving the equilibrium equations (SciLab):
F13
0.6
-0.8
-0.6
0.8
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0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0. 0. 0.6 1.
0. 1. 0.8 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. - 1. 0. 0.
0. 0. - 0.6 0.
0. 0. - 0.8 0.
0. 0. 0. - 1.
1. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0.
0. 0.
1. 0.
0. 0.
- 1. 0.6
0. - 0.8
0. - 0.6
0. 0.8
Solution is:
R1
R2
R3
F12
F13
F14
F23
b = [0
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Matrix Methods
0 -10 5
0 5
0 0]'
-10.
0.833
9.167
- 5.
5.2083
6.875
- 10.
- 11.4583
F34
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The Flexibility Method - General

In this method the degree of static indeterminacy of the
structure is determined and the redundants are identified.
A coordinate is assigned to each redundant.
Thus, Aq1, Aq2 , Aqn are the redundants at the
coordinates 1,2, n. If all the redundants are removed,
the resulting structure known as primary-structure, is
statically determinate.
The Flexibility method is also called 1)Force Method 2)Static

Method 3)Compatibility Method.
From the principle of superposition the total displacement

at any point in statically indeterminate structure is the sum
of the displacements in the basic structure due to the
applied loads and the redundants. This is known as the
compatibility condition and may be expressed by the
following equations.
Similarly the Stiffness method is also called 1)Displacement

Method 2) Kinematic Method 3)Equilibrium Method.
Both force & displacement methods are used for the analysis of
indeterminate structures.
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The Flexibility Method - General
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The Flexibility Method Basic Approach
D1 = D1(AL)+ D1(Aq) Where D1 Dn = Displ. at co-ord. 1,2 n

D2 = D2(AL)+ D2(Aq) D1(AL) Dn(AL) = displ. at coord. 1,2 n
| | |
due to aplied loads
|
D1(Aq) Dn(Aq) = displ. at coord. 1,2 n
Dn = Dn(AL)+ Dn(Aq)
due to redudants
The above equations may be written in compact form as

[D] = [DL] + [DAq]
[D] = [DL] + [F] [Aq]
- - - - - - (2)
- - - - - - (3)
where [F] is the array of flexibility coefficients

D1 = D1(AL)+ f11 Aq1 + f12 Aq2 + - - - - - f1nAqn
D2 = D2(AL)+ f21 Aq1 + f22 Aq2 + - - - - - f2nAqn
| | | |
|
| | | |
|
(2)
If the net (total) displacements at the redundants are zero

then
Dn = Dn(AL)+ fn1 Aq1 + fn2 Aq2 + - - - - - fnnAqn
D1, D2 Dn = 0,
[Aq]= [F]-1 {[D] [DL]}
Then [Aq] = - [F] -1 [DL]
- - - - - - (4)
- - - - - - (5)
The redundants Aq1, Aq2, Aqn are thus determined.

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Da = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to all
causes
Dao = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to
applied load (Redundant removed i.e condition Aqa = 0)
Daa = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to Aqa
( i.e Redundant )
faa = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to Aqa = 1;
this is the flexibility coefficient (faa).
Method of consistent deformation is the basis of the method

Redundant forces are made the primary unknowns
Daa = faa . Aqa

Da = Dao + Daa Substituting for Daa
Da = Dao + faa . Aqa
Superposition equation
Due to compatibility, the net displacement at A = 0 i.e
Da = 0 we get Aqa = Dao / faa
Beam is indeterminate to 1st degree

A stable and determinate structure (primary structure) is obtained by
removing the vertical reaction at A (AqA) as redundant.
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Flexibility Method Beam

Analyze the beam shown below using the basic flexibility method.
L3
f aa
3EI
wL4
Dao
8EI
Da DaL Aqa f aa
L1
Given: W = 5(n+1)
P = 10(n+1)
M = 5n+1
L1=L2-1.5=L3-1=2.5+0.2n
where n is your roll number
D
3wL
Aqa aL
f aa
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L3
L2
Da 0
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Flexibility method Truss
Flexibility method Truss
Using the virtual load method (Virtual work):
Member
pPL/A
p2L/A
AB
2A/sqrt(3)
2L/sqrt(3)
-P
-1/sqrt(3)
PL/(A.sqrt(3))
L/(3A)
AC
L/A
AD
4A/sqrt(3)
2L/sqrt(3)
-1/sqrt(3)
-PL/(2A.sqrt(3))
L/(6A)
SUM
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PL/(2A.sqrt(3)) 3L/(2A)
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Effect of temperature, prestrains & support settlement
The Flexibility Method Other Unknowns

Using principle of superposition
{DQ} = {DQL} + {DQT} + {DQP} + {DQR} + [F] {Aq} - - - - - - (7)
{DJ} = {DJL} + [DJR]{Aq}

{AM} = {AML} + [AMR]{Aq}
{AR} = {ARL} + [ARR]{Aq}
{DQC}
Let {DQC} = {DQL} + {DQT} + {DQP} + {DQR}
[Q]= [F]-1 ({DQ} {DQC})
where DJL = joint disp in primary structure due to loads

DJR = joint disp in primary structure due to unit value of redundant
AML = member end action in primary structure due to loads
AMR = in primary structure due to unit value of redundant
ARL = support reaction in primary structure due to loads
ARR = in primary structure due to unit value of redundant
Effect of temperature change, prestrains, and support settlement are
accommodated in the first equation by replacing {DJL} by {DJC} but not in
the remaining two.
where {DJC} = {DJL} + {DJT} + {DJP} + {DJR}
- - - - - - (8)
where
{DQL} displacement due to applied loads on released structure
{DQT} displacement due to temperature change on released structure
{DQP} displacement due prestrain (initial displacement from any cause)
{DQR} displacement due restraint (support) settlement not selected as
redundant supports
Refere Text book Section 2.4

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Flexibility Method Basic Approach Procedure
Flexibility Matrix Formalized Approach

Basic Approach Recap
Flexibilities of Prismatic Members
Flexibility equation: Compatibility is written as
D D L f R
Flexibility for a Truss Member
where:
D array of the total displacement on the structure (known)
DL array of displacements on the released structure due to the
applied action
R array of redundant forces to be solved
f matrix of flexibility coefficients
Flexibility for a Beam Member

Flexibility for a Plane Frame Member
Flexibility for a Grid Member
Flexibility for a Space Frame Member
Transformation from member flexibility matrix to
assembled system flexibility matrix
R f 1 D D L
Solution of System flexibility equations

Determination of member forces, joint
displacements and support reactions

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If D is zero.
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R f 1 D L
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Flexibility for Truss Member
Flexibility Method Basic Approach Procedure

Effects other than loading: if a structure is subjected to
the effect of temperature, pre-strain or support settlement,
D DL DT DP DS f R
where:
DT array of displacements on the released structure due to
temperature
DP ditto due to pre-strain
DS ditto due to support settlement
EA
FMi
If D is [0],
R f 1DL DT DP DS
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Flexibility for Beam Member
Flexibility for Plane Frame Member
L3
FMi 3EI2
L
2 EI
L2
2 EI
L
EI
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L
EA
FMi 0
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Flexibility for Grid Member
0
L
GJ
0
L2
2 EI
L
EI
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0
0
0
0
0
L2
2 EIz
L3
3 EIy
0
0
0
L
GJ
L2
2 EIy
L
EIy
0
0
L3
3EI y
L
GJ
2EI y
L
EI y
L2
2EI y
0
2
L
2EIz
EIz
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Principles of Conservation of Energy: the work of loads

equals the strain energy stored in the structure. For linearly
elastic structures, U = W and U* = W*, which could be
expressed as:
D T s D
T
U * W * 12 A f A
U W
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Recall Energy Methods
Flexibility matrix of a space frame element
L3
3 EIz
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L
0
EA
L3
0
3EIZ
0
0
FMi
0
0
0
0
L2
0
2EIz
Formalized Flexibility Method
L
EA
0
0
f
0
0
L3
3EI
L2
2 EI
Flexibility for Space Frame Member
L3
3EI
FMi 0
2
L
2 EI
0
L2
2 EI
L
EI
0
0
L2
2 EIy
0
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0
0
EIz
L2
2 EIz
1
2
using A s D
using D
f A
Principles of virtual work: the external virtual work of

the real action equals the work of the real stresses times
the virtual strains.
T
W A D
U T dv
V
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Flexibility equation
Structure Flexibility equation in compact form
D M f M A M
D Mi f Mi AMi
for an individual element
called unassembled flexibility equation.
for the whole structure with n elements (arranged in matrix form)
DM1 f M1
D 0
M2
... 0
DMi 0
... 0

DMn 0
0
fM 2
0
0
0
0
...
f Mi
0
0
0
0
0
0
Relationship between Am and As (member vs. structure

actions related through equilibrium equations)
0 AM1
0 AM 2
0 0 ...

0 0 AMi
... 0 ...

0 f Mn AMn
0
0
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AM BMS AS
AJ
B MJ B MQ
AQ
where:
BMS : action transformation matrix
AS, AJ, and AQ : structure-, joint- as well as redundantactions
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Arbitrary virtual load: AS = [AJ AQ] would cause a member

force of:
A
A M B MS A S B MJ B MQ J
Structure displacement:
External complementary virtual work: is given by
In terms of joint and redundant

displacements:
A Q
AS D S AJ
the structure flexibility equation

is obtained as
DJ
DQ
AQ T
AM
D J f JJ

D Q f QJ
f JQ A J
,
f QQ A Q
Equating complementary virtual works: W *=U*

T
f M B MS A S
fS AS
T
f M B MS
where
f JJ B MJ f M B MJ
T
f QJ B MQ f M B MJ
f S B MS
where
D S
Internal complementary virtual work: is given by
B MS
i .e ,
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f JQ B MJ f M B MQ
T
f QQ B MQ f M B MQ
A Q f QQ
the redundant action is given by:
f QJ A J
A S D S AM D M
A S B MS
the member forces is given by:

M
B MS A S
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Formalized Method Solution Procedure
A M A Mf B MJ A J B MQ A Q
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Formalized of the Flexibility Method
Steps in applying the formalized flexibility method
5. Form the member flexibility matrix (unassembled)
[FM] from the individual members
{ D M } [ FM ] { AM }
1. Establish the idealized structure and identify the
nodal points (load points, support points &

member connection points)
2. Identify the internal member forces and specify
the redundants
3. Select system coordinates where external forces
are applied and where displacement
measurements are desired
4. Select element coordinates so that system
coordinates occur only at their ends
0
{DM 1} [ FM 1 ]
{D } 0
[
F
M
2
M2]

... 0
0
`
0
{DMi } 0
... 0
0

0
{DMn } 0
0
0
...
0
0 [ FMi ]
0
0
0
0 { AM 1}
0 { AM 2 }
0 ...
0 { AMi }
0 ...
0 [ FMn ] { AMn }
0
0
0
0
...
6. Calculate [BMJ] as the matrix of internal forces for
unit values of Applied forces {AJ} (only one force acts

at a time)
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7. Calculate [BMQ] as the matrix of internal forces for
9. Partition the system flexibility matrix as
unit values of Redundant forces {AQ} (only one force

acts at a time)
Action transformation matrix [BMS] which relates
{AM} and {AS} (member vs. structure actions related
through equilibrium equations) is formed from both
[BMJ] & [BMJ] considered as partitions
[BMS] = [BMJ | BMQ]
8. Calculate the assembled system flexibility matrix [FS]
[FS] = [BMS]T[FM] [[BMS] or
[FS] = [BMJ|BMQ]T[FM] [BMJ|BMQ]
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DJ FJJ
DQ FQJ
DS
[ FJJ ] [ BMJ ]T [ FM ][BMJ ] [ FJQ ] [ BMJ ]T [ FM ][BMQ ]

[ FQJ ] [ BMQ ]T [ FM ][BMJ ] [ FQQ ] [ BMQ ]T [ FM ][BMQ ]
10. Calculate the redundant forces {AQ} from the
partitioned equation
{AQ} [FQQ ]1 {DQ} [FQJ ]{AJ }

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11. Calculate the internal forces and displacements
Example Analyze the truss shown below using the
{ A M } { A MF } [ B MJ ]{ A J } [ B MQ ]{ A Q }
formalized method.
{ D J } [ F JJ ]{ A J } [ F JQ ]{ A Q }
where {AMF} represents fixed end action
Use P1=10kN, P2=5kN
12. Compute the support reaction

{ AR } { ARC } [ BRS ]{ AS }
FJQ AJ
, where
FQQ AQ
EA=constant for all members
AJ
{ ARC } [ BRJ BRQ ]
AQ
where {ARC} denotes the combined loads (actual &

equivalent) applied at supports
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Beam Example
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Beam Example - continued

Beam has two DOF (rotation both at the roller-supports Dj1 and
Dj2); it is indeterminate to the 2nd degree, hence
Analyse the beam shown below using the generalized

flexibility method
Step 1. To create a primary structure, the moment reaction at the

fixed-support is removed and also a hinge is inserted just to the
right of the middle support (Aq1 and Aq2).
Step 2. Flexibility matrix of a beam element and the unassembled

structure flexibility matrix are given by:
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L3
L2
2 EI
f Mi 3 EI2
L
L
EI Civil
2 EIAnalysis, AAiT
Matrix Methods for Structural
f
Fm M 1
0
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13
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Step 2. Unassembled structure flexibility matrix :
F M
1 4 .5
EI 0
4 .5
3
0
0
4 .5
2 .25
Step 4. Assembled structure flexibility matrix Fs:
0
0
2 .25
1 .5
Fs B ms Fm B ms
Step 3. Action Transformation Matrix Bms:

1 / 3
1
Bms
0
1/3
0
1/3
0
0
1
0
0 .5
1
0 .5
0 .5
0
0
1
0 . 25
0 .5
1
0 . 25
0 .5
1 .5
Step 5. The redundant actions are obtained as:
1 / 3
1
1/3
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7 . 5 kNm
Aj
Amf 15
Aq fqq \ fqj Aj
79
7 .5
7 .5
10
0 . 75
1 . 5 kNm
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Plane Frame Example

Step 6. Member end forces
Analyze the plane frame shown below using the formalized

flexibility method
15 . 75
9
Am Amf Bms As
7
For both members use:

E = 200GPa
I = 200E6 mm4
A = 5000 mm2
Step 7. Structure displacement :
Dj
Dq Fs As
1 . 125
1 3 . 375
Aj ; Aq Fs
0
EI
Ds
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Plane Frame Example (continued)
Flexibility matrix of a plane frame element and the unassembled

structure flexibility matrix are given by:
f Mi
DOFs
L
EA
0
0
0.6
f M1 1 0
E
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Plane Frame Example - continued
The frame has four DOFs and it is statically indeterminate to the

2nd degree
Primary structure &

redundants
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0
3
L
3 EI
L2
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
EI
0
0
0
45
0.0225
0.0225 0.015x103
f
Fm M 1
0
0.8
f M 2 1 0
E
f M 2
0
0
106.667
0.04
0.04
0.02x103
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Action Transformation Matrix Bms:
Unassembled structure flexibility matrix :
0
0
0
0
0
0.0015
0
0
.
225
0
.
0001125
0
0
0
8
0
0.0001125 7.5 x10
0
0
0
FM
0
0
0
0
.
002
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.533333 0.0002
0
0
0
0
0.0002 1x10 7
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0
0
0
0
1 0
Bms
0
0
0 1
0
1
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
1
3000
1 0 0
1
0 0 1
0
0 1 0 3000
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Assembled structure flexibility matrix Fs:
Fs B ms T Fm B ms
The redundant actions are obtained as:
Amf 0
0.0000002
- 0.0002
0.
1.000E-07
-0.0002
- 0.0002
0.5333333
0.
-0.0002
0.5333333
0.
0.
1.000E-07
- 0.0002
0.0001120
0.002
0.
- 0.0002
0.
1.000E-07
0.5333333
0.
0.0006
-0.0002
0.
0.5348333
Aj 15000
0.0006
67 . 5
10 15 45 x10 3 T
0.002
-0.0002
0.002 -0.0000003
0.0001120
30 15000 0 67.5 45000
0.0006
-0.0000003
Aq fqq \ fqj Aj check kN
0.0006
0.2263266
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Contents
Basics
Vectors and Matrices
More Matrix Operations
Plotting Graphs
Further Topics
Redundant forces:
Structure displacement :
Ds Dj ; Dq As Fs
Aj ; Aq Fs
0 .00344 0 . 03644 0 .02969
0 .00286
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Basics
Basics
Scilab
is a software for computation and visualization

is developed in 1990 at INRIA (France)
is open source & free of charge
has all matrix operations as built in functions
excellent tool for subjects involving matrices
SciLab window
has a built-in programming language

has a number of toolboxes:
2-D and 3-D graphics, animation, linear algebra,
sparse matrices, polynomials and rational functions,

differential equation solvers, etc
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Basics
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Basics
Simple calculations
Variables
>> (-1+2+3)*5 - 2/3 // simple arithmetic

>> 2^3 // 2 to the power 3
>> 10-3 // values are stores in ans

ans =
7.
>> a=2; b=3; // declaring variables
>> exp (2) // e to the power of 2

>> %e // constant e
>> %pi // constant
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> c=b-2*a
c=
-1.
>> y= sqrt(-4); // y = 2.i (imaginary)
>> Y= acos(-0.5); // case sensitive, y<>Y
cos( %pi/3 ) // trig functions.

sin( %pi/4 )
22/7 4*atan(1.0)
6*(5/3) - 10 // round-off error
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Matrices
Vectors
Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas.

Use a semicolon ; or a new line at the end of each row.
Surround the entire list of elements with square brackets, [ ].
>> A = [1 2 3]; B = [4,3,2] // row vector

>> C = [0.5; 1; 1.5] // column vector
>> f=2*A; D=A+B; e=B-A; At = A //algebra
>> s=A*B; sc=sum(A .* B) // dot product
What about cross product??
>> a=[1:3] // means [1, 2, 3], range
>> b=[1:0.5:3] // means [1,1.5,2,2.5,3]
>> v = linspace(0,9,5) //[0, 2.25, 4.5, 6.75, 9]
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A = [1 2 3; 4,3,2; -1 3, 2] // 3x3 matrix
p=A(1:2,2:3), A(1,:), A(:,2) //sub-matrix
s=size(p) // 2x2
B = [-1 2.5 3; 1 1, 1]
c=B*A; d=c-2*B; b=A/A, S=A^2
e = A .* A // element-wise product
D = [A;B] // Juxtapose
z=zeros(3,2),o=ones(2,3),y=eye(4,3)
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Plotting Graphs
More Matrix Operations
Matrices
The element in row i and column j of A is denoted by
x = 0:%pi/100:2*%pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
Label the axes and add a title.
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot of the Sine Function','FontSize',12)
A(i , j)
A = [-1 3 1; 1,3,2; 3 0, 1] // 3x3 matrix

d=det(A), inv(A), diag(A), diag([1 2 -1])
Solution of simultaneous equations
Let b = [-1; 2.4; 3]
To solve for A*x = b, use
x = A \ b //
Multiple graphs
y2 = sin(x-0.25); plot(x,y,x,y2)
legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)');
R = rand(3,3)
D = R*inv(R)
v = clean(R*inv(R))
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Further Topics
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Graph Example
Working with Polynomials

Matrix of polynomials
Calculus, DEs
3D graphs
Functions
Programming
function [x,y,z] = f3(alpha,theta)

x = cos(alpha).*cos(theta);
y = cos(alpha).*sin(theta);
z = sinh(alpha);
endfunction
alphagrid = linspace(-%pi/2,%pi/2,40);
thetagrid = linspace(0,2*%pi,20);
[x1,y1,z1] = eval3dp(f3, alphagrid, thetagrid);
plot3d1(x1,y1,z1);
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Part I - Basics Flexibility

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Part I - Basics Flexibility

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1. Fundamental Principles of Structural Analysis

Part I Fundamentals & The Flexibility

Deformations in framed structures

2. The Flexibility Method

Stiffness of Prismatic Members

Axis Transformation and Master Stiffness Equation

Direct Stiffness Method & Solution Procedure

4. Additional Topics for the Stiffness Method

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Non Prismatic Members

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

1. Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures

2. Matrix Structural Analysis

by McGuire & Gallagher

3. Any other Matrix Structural Analysis books

Addition, subtraction, multiplication

Condition for stability & determinacy of structures

Analysis of determinate structures

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Software for the course

Practice how to use:

Deformations in Framed Structures

Equilibrium and Compatibility

A free software for scientific computation and

Structural Analysis Methods

Equivalent Joint Load

The objectives of structural analysis are: to

1. Skeletal structures: consist of line elements

determine the reactions and the displacement

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

2. Plated structures: plates & shells

Axial: in cables, truss elements, arches, membranes

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Deformations in Framed Structures

Deformations in Framed Structures

Deformations in framed structures:

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Equilibrium and Compatibility

Equilibrium and Compatibility

Equilibrium equations set the externally

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Static indeterminacy may be internal or

Overall statical classification of plane structures

This truss system is

Derive similar relationships for the statical

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Structural Analysis Methods

Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

The force method:

The degree of kinematic indeterminacy refers to the

the redundant(s) of a statically indeterminate

This truss system is

Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

constraints are added to the structure, and

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices

Equivalent Joint Load

In matrix structural analysis, loads must be