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Blood
Body
Fluids
Tissue
Fluid
Lymph
Blood
Blood is a never-stationary fluid and it is always in motion from the heart to the arteries and back through
the veins.
Colour
Volume
Taste
Functions of Blood
Blood forms a clot which serves to prevent the loss of blood and the entry of disease-causing germs.
White blood cells protect the body from diseases by engulfing bacteria which may have entered the
body.
Antibodies produced by the blood neutralise poisonous substances or kill germs which enter the body.
Blood transports digested food from the alimentary canal to the tissues.
It transports excretory materials from the tissues to the liver, kidneys or skin for elimination.
Blood helps in keeping the temperature of the body uniform by distributing heat.
Haemoglobin of RBCs combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which reaches tissues to deliver
the oxygen.
Composition of Blood
Blood is made up of plasma and the blood corpuscles.
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Plasma
It is a light yellow-coloured alkaline liquid.
It mainly consists of
Water
Proteins
Inorganic Salts
Other Substances
9092%
78%
1%
Trace amounts
Cellular Elements
There are three kinds of cellular elements found in the blood:
Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment present in the stroma of RBCs.
It combines readily with oxygen to form an unstable compound oxyhaemoglobin. This compound
delivers oxygen to tissues.
Haemoglobin has a very strong affinity for carbon monoxide. When combined with carbon monoxide, it
forms a stable compound carboxyhaemoglobin.
Carboxyhaemoglobin reduces the capacity of the blood in transporting oxygen, sometimes even resulting
in death.
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Types of WBCs
1.Neutrophils
(62%)
2.Eosinophils
(2.3%)
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Appearance
Distinguishing
Features
Nucleus with
34 lobes
Stain with
neutral dyes
Nucleus with
2 lobes
Stain dark
red with
eosin (acid
dye)
Functions
Destroy
bacteria by
phagocyto
sis
Destroy
bacteria
Location
Produced
Bone
marrow
Bone
marrow
3.Basophils
(0.4%)
B. Agranular
- Cytoplasm
does not
contain
granules
4.Lymphocytes
(30%)
Release
chemicals for
inflammation
which dilates
blood
vessels
Bone
marrow
Produce
antibodies
Bone
marrow,
spleen,
tonsils
Ingest germs
Nucleus
large, kidneyshaped
5. Monocytes
(5.3%)
Bone
marrow
Blood Platelet
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Thrombokinase with the help of calcium ions converts prothrombin of the plasma into thrombin.
Thrombin in the presence of calcium ions reacts with the soluble fibrinogen and converts it into
insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms threads and a meshwork at the site of the wound.
Blood cells are trapped in the network of the fibrin. The blood shrinks and squeezes out the rest of the
plasma in the form of a clear liquid. The solid mass which is left behind is called a clot or thrombus.
Blood Transfusion
Sometimes, it is necessary to inject blood into the body of patients undergoing surgery. This is called
blood transfusion.
The German biochemist Karl Landsteiner was the first to suggest that the blood of different individuals
vary.
Karl Landsteiner
There are several systems of blood grouping. The ABO system and the Rh system are the most
important.
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X
X
X
X
X
Rh System
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Lymphatic System
Cellular Part:
Leukocytes
(mostly
lymphocytes)
Non-cellular
Part:
Water 94%
Solids 6%
Composition
of Lymph
Function of Lymph
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The Spleen
The spleen is a large lymphatic organ, about the size of a clenched fist.
It is reddish brown in colour and situated in the abdomen behind the stomach and above the left
kidney.
Functions of the spleen
I.
II.
Produces lymphocytes.
III.
IV.
The Heart
Human Heart
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Dimensions
Size
Covering
Chambers of the Heart Two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
Blood Vessels
Entering the Heart
Blood Vessels
Leaving the Heart
Coronary Arteries
Heart Valves
The pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle and carries
deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
The aorta arises from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated
blood to supply it to all parts of the body.
Two coronary arteries rising from the base of the aorta supply
blood to heart muscles, i.e. cardiac muscles.
Tricuspid valve (right atrio-ventricular valve) is located
between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Bicuspid valve (left atrio-ventricular valve) is located between
the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valves are located at the opening of the
right ventricle in the pulmonary artery.
Aortic semilunar valves are located at the opening of the left
ventricle in the aorta.
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Ventricular Diastole
(At stage end of ventricular
systole, ventricles start relaxing.
For a short period, both atria and
ventricles are in diastole; this
state is known as joint diastole).
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The rate of the heart beat varies among different species. Smaller the size of the animal, faster is the
heart rate.
Blood Vessels
The blood vessels are branched tubes extending from the heart to all parts of the body.
An artery is a vessel which carries blood away from the heart towards any organ.
A vein is a vessel which carries blood away from an organ towards the heart.
A capillary is a very narrow tube of about 8 m in diameter.
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Before conveying the blood to the posterior vena cava, the veins of the stomach and intestine enter
the liver as a combined hepatic portal vein.
The hepatic portal vein divides into capillaries and then forms a new hepatic vein.
Portal Vein: It is a vein which starts with capillaries and ends in capillaries.
In the liver, excess nutrients are stored, toxic substances are detoxified and excess amino acids are
broken down.
Pulse
The pulse is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular
systole.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure which the blood flowing through the arteries exerts on their walls.
There are two kinds of blood pressure:
Systolic Pressure: The upper limit of the pressure. It occurs each time when the heart contracts and
fresh blood is pumped into arteries.
Diastolic Pressure: The lower limit of the pressure. It occurs each time when the heart is in diastole,
i.e. this pressure is observed between two heart beats.
The normal blood pressure of an adult human is 100140 mm (systolic) and 6080 mm (diastolic).
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.
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