CIV210

Engineering Mathematics II
Lecture 11
Tutorial
XU Dong-sheng
Email: xuds@chuhai.edu.hk
1

Application example 1: ODE

Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

we considered vertical motions of a massspring

system (vibration of a mass m on an elastic spring,
as shown in figure, and modeled it by the
homogeneous linear ODE.

my cy ky 0

(1)

Here y(t) as a function of time t is the

displacement of the body of mass m from
rest.

Mass on a spring

The massspring system exhibited only free motion. This means no external
forces (outside forces) but only internal forces controlled the motion. The
internal forces are forces within the system. They are the force of inertia my,
the damping force cy (if c>0), and the spring force ky, a restoring force.
2

Application example 1: ODE

Modeling: Forced Oscillations. Resonance

We now extend our model by including an additional force, that is, the
external force r(x) on the right. Then we have:

my cy ky r x
Mechanically this means that at each instant t the resultant of the
internal forces is in equilibrium with r(t). The resulting motion is called a
forced motion with forcing function r(t), which is also known as input or
driving force, and the solution y(t) to be obtained is called the output or
the response of the system to the driving force.
The special interest are periodic external forces and we shall consider a driving
force of the form
r x F cos t

Then we have the nonhomogeneous ODE

my cy ky F0 cos t

(2)
3

Application example 1: ODE

Solving the Nonhomogeneous ODE (2)

From previous lecture, we know that a general solution of (2) is the

sum of a general solution yh of the homogeneous ODE(1) plus any
solution yp of (2). To find yp, we use the method of undetermined
coefficients,
y p t a cos t b sin t
y p t a sin t b cos t

y p t 2 a cos t 2 b sin t
Substituting yp, yp and yp into (2) and collecting the cosine and the sine terms,
we get

k m 2 a cb cos t ca k m 2 b sin t F0 cos t

So that:

k m a cb F
2

ca k m 2 b 0
4

Application example 1: ODE

Solving the Nonhomogeneous ODE (2)
To eliminate b, obtaining

Example 2: Application of Laplace transform

Example 2: Application of Laplace transform

Example 2: Application of Laplace transform

Apply the inverse

transform to obtain
8

Laplace Transform and Inverse Transform

Original function (given function) : f(t)

Important Formulars
L c1 f t c2 g t c1 L f t c2 L g t
L f t sL f t f 0
L f t s 2 L f t sf 0 f 0
L f t s 3 L f t s 2 f 0 sf 0 f 0
L f n t s n L f t s n 1 f 0 s n 2 f 0 f n 1 0

10

Some functions and their Laplace transforms

transforms
Function f(t)

Laplace Transform

1/s, s>0

2/s, s>0

n (n=1,2,3,)

n/s, s>0

1/s2

t2

2!/s3

tn

n!/sn+1

t-1/2

(/s)1/2

ent

1/(s-n), (s-n)>0

e-nt

1/(s+n), (s+n)>0

te-nt

1/(s+n)2, (s+n)>0

cost

s/(s2+2)

sint

/(s2+2)

cosht

s/(s2-2)

sinht

/(s2-2)

tcost

(s2-2)/(s2+2)2
11

Laplace Transformation of Integration

L

1
f d L f t
s

t
1

L F s f d
s
0
1

Shifting theorem 1:
If

L f t F s

Then

L e nt f t F s n
L1 F s n e nt f t

Shifting theorem 2:
If L f t F s

Then

L f t n g n t e ns F s
L1 e ns F s f t n g n t

12

Example type 1:

13

Example type 2:
Initial Value Problem: The Basic Laplace Steps

14

Summary diagram for the approach

15

Fourier Series of all even function

over R<x<R:
a0
n x
f x an cos

2 n 1
R
where
1 R
a0 f x dx
R R
1 R
n x
an f x cos
dx
R R
R
2 R
n x
f x cos
dx
R 0
R
Note: for x between and , cos (nx
Note:
nx)) is an even function for
all n.
16

Example:

n x
cos
dx

17