International Journal of Business and Social Science

Vol. 6, No. 2; February 2015

An Initial Study on Accident Rate in the Workplace through Occupational Safety

and Health Management in Sewerage Services
Amirrudin Abdul Aziz
Mohd Esa Baruji
Muhammad Syaidan Abdullah
Nik Fadhilah Nik Him
Norsyahidah Mohammad Yusof
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Malaysia

Abstract
The issue on the importance of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is gaining more attention in the industries.
The objective of this paper is to emphasize on the OSH legal compliance among Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) involved in the sewerage services. The methodology of this paper is through quantitative research on 69
respondents of contractors in the sewerage services. The general findings of this paper show that there are
significant relationships between OSH risk management factor and communication and safety report.Moreover,
managerial commitment is the main factors that restrict workers compliance with OSH in the workplace.
Overall, the analysis indicates that the main issues that affect contractors compliance with OSH legal
complianceis the lack of financial resource for the implementation of OSH programs. This paper suggests the
necessary steps to be taken in improving the level of OSH through the implementation of OSH management
method that able to reduce the rate of accidents in the workplace.

Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprises, Occupational Safety and Health management, Sewerage services,
Legal Compliance

1. Introduction
SMEs and large multinational companies are very different in many aspects. These differences have huge impact
when it comes to the implementation of OSH and this raisesseveral issues. Most of SMEs are lacking in term of
financial capability to provide and develop safety program internally in order to comply with OSH compliance
compare to the large company. The success of an organization is not just determined in term of financial aspect,
but it also takes into consideration the factor of accidents which involves property, disrupts productivity, and
causes injury or loss of life as well as the reputation of a company.The size of the company plays a big part in the
effectiveness of OSH implementation (Cook, 2007). In Japan, half of the cost to implement OSH is subsidized if a
group of SMEs is organized to fulfill certain condition such as holding joint occupational health and safety
meeting regularly (Mizoue et. al., 1999).
Modernized sewerage propagated throughout Europe after mid-19th century, as the dumping of human waste into
streams along with other causes led to urban problems such as a raging cholera epidemic; while Seoul did not
experience the same problems, concerns nevertheless arose regarding similar risks. Continuous investment of
additional financial resources is needed in order to meet these requirements. Since the current sewerage user fee is
extremely low, insufficient financial on funding for sewerage facilities support for the sewerage system, making
even the adequate maintenance of existing sewerage a difficult task (Kim, Young-Ran, 2014).
There was an increase in severity and incidents rates in 2012 compared with previous years. The highest two
work-days lost accidents in 2012 resulted from lifting and traffic accidents with 134 and 86 work-days lost
respectively. However, the work-days lost due to these two accidents reduced to 33 days and 51days respectively
in 2013. Several awareness programs were introduced such as an H&S quiz and H&S campaign in 2012 and a
defensive driving training for vehicle drivers.
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The highest occurrence of work-days lost accidents were slip sand falls in 2013. The total work-days lost as a
result of these accidents increased from 43 days in 2012 to 194 days in 2013 (IWK Sustainability Report 20122013).
Sewerage work involves highly risky operations and safety measures have to be given paramount consideration.
All activities are conducted with full regard for safety at our facilities, sites, vehicles and equipment. This practice
protects the safety and health of our employees, communities adjacent to our operations and the public in order to
achieved OHSAS 18001:2007 and MS 1722:2011 in May 2013(IWK Sustainability Report 2012-2013).
Therefore, studies targeting the SME contractors are required in identifying the level of compliance to OSH at the
workplace among the contractors, and to propose for actions to improve the level of compliance with OSH, which
could indirectly reduce the rate of injuries and deaths that create losses to the country in general.

2. Literature Review
As a developing country, the improvement of occupational safety and health issues at the workplace should be
made on an ongoing basis in line with the fast-growing Malaysian economy. With the increasing number of
SMEs, Malaysia is facing greater challenges in monitoring the requirements of OSH, although at the same time
the SMEs need to remain competitive and to survive with limited capital or financial resources (Lilis, Khoo, &
Daisy, 2011).At present, the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) has gained the
attention of the world. This system has been accepted as a way of a continuous approach in preventing or
reducing accidents and injuries. Apart from that, it can also increase the awareness about health and safety in an
organization. With regard to this, Malaysia has also published a standard on occupational safety and health
management system, known as the Malaysian Standard, MS 1722: 2011. This standard provides the requirements
for OSHMS and forms the basis in maintaining OSH culture in an organization. The OSH management requires
for a more systematic approach compared to OHSAS 18001, where on the one hand, it appears only as a
management tool in achieving effective and efficient risk management of the OSH (NIOSH, 2013).
The provision of training programs in OSH is important because they can help to build and increase the capacity
of the SME industry in implementing OSH in the workplace. Previous studies have found that any support or
assistance received by the SME industry in implementing OSH programs could promote proper implementation
regarding the application of OSH in the workplace (Lingard & Rowlinson, 2005). Thus, SMEs need to provide
training and supervision for the workers about OSH so that the level of awareness about OSH among employees
can be increased.
Effective implementation of OSH also can reduce accident rates, and thus reduce the compensation paid. A study
found that the safety measures taken at the workplace can lead to better safety performance (Jaselskis & Suazo,
1993; Teo & Phang, 2005).Based on the findings obtained, it is found that the SMEs need to perform monitoring
as frequent as possible to ensure proper monitoring and effective OSH compliance.
Managerial commitment is defined as the involvement of the management in any actions towards achieving the
goals of the company (Cooper, 2006). Gilkey, Keefe, Hautaluoma, Bigelow, Herron, and Stanley (2003) found
that support from the management is crucial in the implementation of OSH.The management must be committed
in allocating the budget for OSH activities in order to produce effective implementation of OSH. Apart from that,
managerial commitment can also be seen from the managements commitment in penalizing employees who do
not follow safety precautions, such as not using protective equipment while working (Holmes, 1999).
This view is supported by Dejoy (1985), and also by Lin and Mills (2001), by emphasizing on a two-way
communication between the employees and the management to facilitate effective implementation of OSH.
Therefore, the organizational structure of SMEs usually conforms to the small structure with a director who
usually acts as a financial manager, and also as a human resources manager. Due to the small size of the company,
each additional worker adds costs to the organization, and the employees are usually given more than one job
responsibilities. The management of SMEs take up just a small amount of time in solving safety issues, which is a
widespread phenomenon in the United Kingdom and Spain (Vassie, Thomas, & Oliver, 2000). Therefore, the
management of the SMEs must demonstrate a strong commitment towards the implementation of OSH.

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Even if the workplace is safe, all OSH measures might fail if the employees do not possess the right knowledge,
attitude and behavior towards the practice of OSH in the workplace (Raouf & Dhillon, 1995; Cooper & Philips,
1994).Employee attitude towards OSH is important in reducing workplace accidents in the SME industry.
In addition, external support is also needed for the successful implementation of OSH, such as the provision of
information and the exchange of experience, also it is always being in the same group that would share knowledge
and information about the implementation of OSH in the SME industry (Saksvik, Torvatn & Nytro, 2003).

3. Research Methodology
This study covers the SMEs contractors in the sewerage services. This study focus on registered contractors and
for those who belong in the SME category in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These areas have been
selected due to the most registered and active contractors in sewerage services are located in these two states.
Therefore, the findings of the study will be representing the whole sewerage services in the country.
Workers aged 18 years and above, and representing the SME contractor are the respondents of this study. A total
of 69 respondents were involved in this study.Questionnaires were used to determine the respondents background
information and company information. The questionnaire was developed also consists of six elements, namely
training and supervision, safe operating procedures (SOP), OSH management system, communications and safety
report on OSH, managerial commitment, employee attitude towards OSH. The purpose of this questionnaire is to
obtain a basic assessment of the level of compliance and OSH management system in the sewerage services from
the perspective of the contractors. Convenience sampling was used in which the questionnaire was directly
handed out to the representatives of the contractor.
All the data obtained were analysed using the latest version of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
The exploration of the data analysis was made using Q-Q Plots. Descriptive analysis is used in obtaining the
frequency table or the percentage, and the two-way tables. Descriptive analysis is used to obtain a frequency table
or a percentage, two-way tables, mean, and standard deviation. The development of action plan for improvements
was made based on the information obtained from the respondents.

4. Result
A pilot study was conducted on the questionnaire before they are distributed to the actual respondents in the main
fieldwork. A pilot study of the questionnaire is a method for ensuring the reliability and validity index of the
questions is between the range of 0.7 and 0.9(Hair et. al., 1998).
Table 1: Analysis of Respondents Overall Reliability and Validity
Cronbachs Alpha
0.926

No. of Part
6

Table 1above clearly shows that the reliability value for the response on the overall statement from Part C to Part
H is high, which is 0.926. This shows that the overall understanding of the respondents is consistent and that the
level of response error rate is at the lowest level.
Table 2: Reliability and Validity Analysis of Each Statement
Manipulated Variables
Training and Supervision
Safe Operation Procedure
Management of OSH Risks
Communication and Safety Report
Managerial Commitment
Employee Attitude Towards OSH

Cronbachs Alpha
0.923
0.940
0.946
0.921
0.903
0.842

No. of Statement
10
11
16
9
6
4

Based on the table 2, the reliability value of each manipulated variable is high, where all are above 0.8 and
approaching 1.0. In conclusion, all of the statements provided are easily understood by the respondents.

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Table 3: Descriptive Analysis for Each Statement

Manipulated Variables
Training and Supervision
Safe Operation Procedure
OSH Risk Management
Communication and Safety Report
Managerial Commitment
Employee Attitude Towards OSH

Mean Score
4.41
4.16
4.10
4.46
4.08
4.39

Standard Deviation
0.95
1.09
1.07
1.01
1.19
1.10

Based on the Table 3, the communication and safety report aspects scored the highest mean value of 4.46 in terms
of the level of compliance and the issue on the legal compliance of OSH. Similarly, the value of standard
deviation recorded the lowest value (0.95), which means that the standard deviation for each of the Likert Scale
value answered by all respondents is 0.95. Thus, the deviation rate is less, and this leads to a more accurate set of
data distribution. In conclusion, communication and safety report is an important variable for SME contractors in
the sewerage services.
Table 4: Q-Q Plot for Each Section

Training Q-Q Plot

ProcedureQ-Q Plot

OSH Q-Q Plot

CommunicationQ-Q Plot

ManagementQ-Q Plot

AttitudeQ-Q Plot

Based on Table 4, it is found that the three parts of all the points are approaching to and are located on a straight
line. This shows that all parts are approaching the normal distribution.

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Table 5: The Correlation for Each Statement

MEAN_C

MEAN_D

MEAN_E

MEAN_F

MEAN_G

MEAN_H

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

MEAN_C
1
69
.713**
.000
69
.697**
.000
69
.604**
.000
69
.607**
.000
69
.626**
.000
69

MEAN_D
.713**
.000
69
1
69
.763**
.000
69
.665**
.000
69
.606**
.000
69
.555**
.000
69

MEAN_E
.697**
.000
69
.763**
.000
69
1
69
.839**
.000
69
.756**
.000
69
.780**
.000
69

MEAN_F
.604**
.000
69
.665**
.000
69
.839**
.000
69
1

MEAN_G
.607**
.000
69
.606**
.000
69
.756**
.000
69
.655**
.000
69
1

69
.655**
.000
69
.728**
.000
69

69
.620**
.000
69

MEAN_H
.626**
.000
69
.555**
.000
69
.780**
.000
69
.728**
.000
69
.620**
.000
69
1
69

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Based on Table 5, the correlation of each variable is significant and strong between one another when the p-value
is less than 0.05. In addition, OSH risk managementvariables are closely related to the variable of communication
and safety report, where the correlation value between them is 0.713 compared to the other variables.
Graph 1: The Issues Faced by the Contractors

Lack of expertise in the field of work performed

26%

Inappropriate and inadequate Safety Equipments

for work

30%

Inadequate and Inappropriate training for the type

of work

33%

High rates of migration of employees

39%

Short duration of a project preparation

46%

ineffective communication between the sewerage

service provider-contractors and the company
management-employees

55%

Inadequate financial resources to implement the

OSH program

57%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Based on the results in Graph 1, majority of the sewerage service provider contractor representatives agree that
the 7 main problems faced by them. This is due to managerial commitment to provide proper OSH programs
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which required more investment in term of financial resources. This is proved by the findings shown in Table 3
where the mean value for managerial commitment (4.08) is the lowest.
5. Suggestions for Improvement
A total of 16 improvement activities have been proposed to overcome by the researchers to overcome those
problems which are as follows:
i. To implement the granting of incentive for OSHMS certification for sewerage contractor companies
ii. To increase financial assistance related to OSH training based on the priorities identified by the sewerage
service providers
iii. To grant/give vouchers for the purchase of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to the companies for the
employees
iv. To provide incentives/rebates for contractors who achieve excellent records in OSH (for example: zero
accidents/occupational disease)
v. To reduce the payment of insurance premiums/protection for achieving outstanding records in OSH
vi. To provide incentives OSH courses incentive scheme, which is sponsored for first timers (for example:
OSH induction)
vii. To specify the allocation of OSH requirements (PPE, training, induction, safety equipment) in all
employment contracts between the sewerage service provider& the contractors
viii. To establish OSH legislation regarding the need to provide the finances in the employment contract
ix. To develop OSH documentation for the dealings of communication on contract management the use of
simple and easy format/language (OSH guides/ & project management)
x. To use information and communications technology (ICT) for the dissemination of information on OSH
xi. To establish training programs that involve both the sewerage service provider and the contractors
xii. To establish strategic and integrated collaborations among interested parties in the sewerage services in
overcoming the overlapping scope of authority and duties
xiii. To implement a system of penalties and incentives on the employees with regard to OSH compliance issues
xiv. To implement an incentive program for contractors with the lowest records in a specified timeframe
xv. To implement a review, amendment and/or enhancement program to the existing SOP, done periodically
with the Sewerage service provider
xvi. To increase the campaigns on awareness about OSH to the employees of the sewerage services.
6. Conclusion
This study is undertaken to identify the issues encountered by contractor in order to comply with OSH regulations
in this sewerage services. This study also will be able to give benefit for more than 98.5% of SMEs in term of
OSH management system, reduce the accidents and improve productivity to the country in the future.This study
has proved that the factors of communication, attitude and cost are the main issues in order to have an effective
and better implementation of OSH management system in the sewerage services. This study also will help to
restructure the country's sewerage industry and will be strengthen the OSH compliance and enforcement in this
sewerage services through the proposed improvements plan.The impact of this study will change certain parts in
employment contracts between the main contractor and the contractors in the future. All employment contracts
will be specified the allocation of OSH requirements. The changes also apply to the legislation. OSH legislation
will be established with regard to the need to provide the OSH finances in the employment contract.

Acknowledgment
This research is funded by Institute of Labor Market and Analysis (ILMIA) and National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH Malaysia), agencies under Ministry of Human Resource Malaysia (MoHR).

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