Basic Grammar Grade 9

NES
ANH NG T NHIN
GRAMMAR
GRADE 9
2013
[Type the company address]
Page 1
UNIT 1
I.
GRAMMAR NOTES
1. The simple past

Form: Affirmative:
S+ V-ed or irregular V + (O)

S + did not ( didnt) + bare inf + (O)
Negative:
Interrogative: - Yes/ No questions: Did + S + bare inf + (O)?

- Wh-questions: Wh-word + did + S + bare inf + (O)?
Examples:
You called Debbie.
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie.
What did you do last night?
Uses
1.2.1. Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9
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I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.
1.2.2. A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met
the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
1.2.3. Duration in Past
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The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A
duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for
five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the entire time.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
A: How long did you wait for them?

B: We waited for one hour.
1.2.4. Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can
have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a
habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a
child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
I studied French when I was a child.
He played the violin.
He didn't play the piano.
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Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.
1.2.5. Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are
no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the
expression "used to."
Examples:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
He didn't like tomatoes before.
Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
2. The simple past with wish

We use 'wish' + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present (or
future) to be different.
Examples: I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)
I wish I had a big car. (I don't have a big car.)
I wish I were on a beach. (I'm in the office.)
Future: I wish it were the weekend tomorrow. (It's only Thursday tomorrow.)
Notice: To be is always were in a Wish clause.
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Examples: I wish I were on the beach (not I wish I was on the beach.)
I wish it were the weekend tomorrow ( not I wish it was the weekend
tomorrow.)
II. EXERCISES
A. Give the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
A1.
I (1) .. (to be) born in Taiwan, but my father (2) (to be) not
Taiwanese. He comes from Italy. He (3) . (to work) in Taiwan as a
businessman and (4) (to meet) my mother there. In 1998, my family (5)
.. (to move) to Australia. When we (6 .. (to arrive) in
Melbourne, I didn't know anybody. I (7) .. (to feel) lonely. In Taiwan I
(8) . to (to use to) have a lot of friends, but now I don't have anyone
to talk to. So I (9) .. (to decide) to look for friends on the Internet. I
was lucky to know you and to be one of your friends. I wish we (10) .
(to live) in the same neighborhood so that we could meet and talk every day.
A2.
1. Last year I (spend) ..my holiday in Ireland.
2. It (be) great.
3. I (travel) .around by car with two friends and we (visit)
lots of interesting places.
4. In the evenings we usually (go) .to a pub.
5. One night we even (learn) some Irish dances.
6. We (be) .very lucky with the weather.
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7. It (not / rain) a lot.

8. But we (see) .some beautiful rainbows.
9. Where (spend / you) ..your last holiday?
A3.
1. Yesterday I (REMAIN) in the house. I ..
(COOK) dinner and .. (DO) some housework.
2. I (REST), (READ) books,
(WATCH) television and
(GO) to sleep.
3. I (BE) at school most of the day. I

. (STUDY). I .. (GO) to the gym and
. (WORK) out, .. (WORK) in my computer,
(WATCH) a little TV.
4. I (GO) to work in the morning and I . (GO)
to school in the afternoon.
5. I . (teach) yesterday. I teach at school two days a week.
6. This morning I .. (GET) up at eight and
. (WATCH) news.
7. We (walk) around the city.
8. Yesterday I (ATTEND) a speech at Columbia
University.
9. I .. (GO) to my shrink.
10. I . (BE) pretty good at school.
B. Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use the Simple Past. Watch the
punctuation and form sentences or questions.
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Example: ____ she ____ the Internet? (to surf)
Answer: Did she surf the Internet?

She surfed the internet.
1. I .my Maths yesterday. ( to do)
..
2. ..Susan ..to England by plane? (to go)
..
3. They .a farm two weeks ago. (to visit)
..
4. Jenny and Peggy ..their brother. (not/to help)
..
5. The children ..at home last weekend. (not/to be)
..
6. When .you ..this wonderful skirt? (to design)
..
7. My mother into the van. (not/to crash)
..
8. The boys ..the mudguards of their bicycles. (to take off)
..
9. .you ..your aunt last week? (to phone)
..
10. He ..milk at school. (not/to drink)
..
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C. Make 10 sentences using the simple past tense.

1....
2....
3....
4....
5....
6....
7....
8....
9....
10..
D. Read the contexts, then make sentences beginning with I wish

1. My friend can not stay with me longer (I don't want her to go home early).
2. You want to send an e-card to one of your friends on her birthday (you do not
have her email address).
3. You don't have time to take your friend to many beauty spots in your city (and
you feel sorry about that).
4. You want to watch a TV program called "The Wonders of the World" but you
can't because you have to finish your homework.
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5. You don't have a computer at home therefore you can not get access to the
Internet (you need a computer).
6. One of your pen pals has written to you and asked you to send her one of your
most recent photos but you can't send her one because most of your photos were
taken about two years ago.
7. There is a car show at the city show ground, but you can't go there because you
have to go to the countryside with your family.
8. You want to talk with your pen pals on the phone, but it is too expensive for you
to afford it.
E. Multiple choice
1. I dont know many people. I wish I _________ more people.
A. know
B. knew
C. had known
D. should know
C. were
D. are
C. had
D. have
2. I wish I fatter.
A. am
B. will be
3. I wish I _________ for the job.

A. applied
B. should apply
4. I wish you _________ something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.
A. do
B. did
C. will do
D. should do
C. would be
D. will be
5. I wish Sarah _________ here now.

A. is
B. were
6. I wish I _________ to the party tonight.
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A. could go
B. will go
C. am going
D. go
7. - What are you going to do the next year? - I wish I _________ the answer to that
question.
A. knew
B. had known
C. would know
D. have know
8. She wishes she _________ a doctor in the future.

A. is
B. were
C. would be
D. will be
9. I wish I _________ your wedding, but I am in Paris.

A. could attend
B. attend
C. attended
D. would have attended
10. Cathy will have to refuse the job offer. I wish she _________ that.
A. do not do
B. does not to do
C. didnt do
D. hadnt done
E. Make 10 sentences using wish clause.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10..
Unit 2
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
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1. The present perfect.

1.1. Form:
Affirmative: S + have/has + P.P
Negative:
S + have/ has + not + P.P
Interrogative: Have/ Has + S + P.P?

Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.
1.2. Use:
Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time
before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect
with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I
was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN
use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many
times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.

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There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is

best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1. Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have
the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a
certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.
I have been to France three times.
I have never been to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.
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TOPIC 2. Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a
period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since
the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and
humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not
happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action
to happen.
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Examples:
James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have
occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not
complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows
why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some
point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not
important.
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Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can
do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this
month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for
three different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means
the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past.
"In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific
time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
I went to Mexico last year.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
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ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You have only seen that movie one time.
Have you only seen that movie one time?
2. The passive voice

2.1. Form: Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle
Examples: A letter was written.
2.2. Use:
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not
know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone
(e.g. You have made a mistake.).
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Examples of Passive
Tense
Simple
Active:
Subject
Verb
Object
writes
a letter.
is written
by Rita.
wrote
a letter.
A letter
was written
by Rita.
Rita
has written
a letter.
has been written
by Rita.
will write
a letter.
will be written
by Rita.
can write
a letter.
can be written
by Rita.
Rita
Present
Passive:
Simple
Past
Present
Perfect
Future I
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Active:
Passive:
Modals
Active:
Passive:
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
II. EXERCISES
A. Sentence building
Example:
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Jane - be/ journalist/ 3 years.
Jane has been a journalist for 3 years.
1. Tom
- be/ explorer/ 10 years.
- be/ North Pole.
- never see/ polar bears.
....
2. Sandra
- be/ tennis player/ since/ be/ 10.
- win/ a senior competition.
- not play/ at Wimbledon.
3. Jack and Jill

- be/ unemployed/ 2 years.
- apply for/ some jobs/ around the country.
- not get/ any jobs.
4. Lien
- work/ doctor/ since 2001.
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- save/ many sick people.

- herself/ never be/ ill.
5. Nam
- be/ interpreter/ 5 years.
- translate/ some international conferences.
- not be/ English speaking countries.
B. Give the correct form of the verbs.

B1.
1. Nam .(buy) new dictionary yesterday.
2. His hair is very short. He (have) a hair cut.
3. Last night my father .(arrive) home at half past ten. He
.(have) a bath and then .(go) to bed.
4....you ..(visit) One-Pillar Pagoda when you were in Ha
Noi?
5. My bicycle isn't here anymore. Somebody .(take) it.
6. - When .you .(start) school?
- When I .. (be) six.
7. I ..(not/ eat) anything yesterday because I
..(not/feel) hungry.
8. The glasses look very clean. .you (wash) them?
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9. Why Long (not/ want) to play soccer last Sunday?

10. I don't know Hung's sister. I ..(never/ meet) her.
11. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"
B: I don't know. I (see, never) that movie.
12. Sam (arrive) ..in San Diego a week ago.
13. My best friend and I (know) .each other for over fifteen
years. We still get together once a week.
14. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) .ten very creative
short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.
15. I (have, not) this much fun since I (be) .a
kid.
16. Things (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we
first (start) working here three years ago, the company (have,
only) .six employees. Since then, we (expand)
.to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
17. I (tell) ..him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but
he (wander) off into the forest and (be)
..bitten by a snake.
18. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) .the bus this
morning. You (be) .late to work too many times. You are
fired!
19. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see,
never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
20. How sad! George (dream) .of going to California before he
died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never) the ocean.
21. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) .much easier
and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) two or three
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months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)

.very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)
..a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly
from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
22. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) since the
last time I (see) you. You (grow) .at
least a foot!
23. This tree (be) .planted by the settlers who (found)
our city over four hundred years ago.
24. This mountain (be, never) .climbed by anyone. Several
mountaineers (try) ..to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever)
... The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die)
trying to reach the summit.
25. I (visit, never) .Africa, but I (travel) .to
South America several times. The last time I (go) .to South
America, I (visit) Brazil and Peru. I (spend)
.two weeks in the Amazon, (hike) .for a week
near Machu Picchu, and (fly) over the Nazca Lines.
B2.
Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology
(1) (change) .a great deal. The first computers (2)(be)
..simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (3)(have, not)
.much memory and they (4)(be, not) ..very
powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (5)(pay)
thousands of dollars for machines which actually (6)(do)
..very little. Most computers (7)(be) .separate,
individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.
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Times (8)(change) . Computers (9)(become)

..powerful machines with very practical applications. Programmers
(10)(create) .a large selection of useful programs which do
everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing
video games, but today's games (11)(become) ..faster, more
exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users (12)(get, also)
.on the Internet and (13)(begin) ..communicating
with other computer users around the world. We (14)(start) to
create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of
the past (15)(evolve) into an international World Wide Web of
knowledge.
C. Give the correct form of the verbs: arrest, wake, knock, check, speak, make,
clean, cause, translate, find
Example:
English is spoken in many countries in the world.
1. Her new novel will probably ..into English.
2. Early this morning we ..up by a big noise nearby.
3. These T-shirts and jeans ..in the USA in 1900.
4. Finally the robber ..as he was about to break into another
bank.
5. That building is very dangerous. It .down next week.
6. When I went through Customs, my luggage by a customs
officer.
7. Police are looking for the missing boy. He can't anywhere.
8. The room looks nice. It .
9. Many accidents .by dangerous driving.
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C. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

Example: They produce champagne in France
Champagne is produced in France.
1. People don't use this dictionary very often.
-> This dictionary
2. They have found oil in the Antarctic.
-> Oil ..
3. Some one gave Mary this present an hour ago.
-> Mary ...
4. They will probably translate her new book into a number of foreign languages.
-> Her new book
5. Has someone repaired this telephone? Yes, it's working again.
-> Has this telephone .? Yes, it's working again.
6. They told me that our teacher was sick.
I..
D. Finish the passive sentences with the words given.
Example:
That church looks very old. (when/ it/ build?)
-> When was it built?
1. Is it a very popular television program? Yes, (every week/ it/ watch/ by millions
of people)
.
2. What happens to the motorbikes produced in this factory? (most of them/ export?)
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.
3. A: Was there any trouble at the flight?
B: Yes. (five young men/ arrest)
.
4. A: Last night someone broke into my house.
B: Oh dear. (anything/ take?)
.
5. A: There is no longer military service in Britain. B: Really? (when/ it/ abolish?)
....
6. Where is my bicycle? It's gone. (it/ steal!)
7. The next-door neighbors disappeared six months ago. (they/ not/ see/ since then)
8. The room looks different. (it/ paint?)
9. A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?

B: Yes. (but nobody/ injure/ so it/ not/ need)
E. Change the sentences from active voice to passive voice.

1. They grow coffee in Kenya
2. They publish The Times newspaper in London.
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3. They make shoes in Vietnam.
4. They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.
5. They are sending the parcel by sea.
6. They are destroying forest in Indonesia.
7. The shark ate the man.
8. The witch started the fire.
9. The police took him away.
10. They have treated him very well.
11. They havent cleaned the kitchen yet.
12. They didnt punished him for what he did.

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UNIT 3
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Prepositions of time at, on, in and for
1.1. At
We use at with times.
Examples: at 5 oclock, at 11.45, at midnight, at lunchtime
Tom usually gets up at 6 oclock.
- We use at in the expressions: at night, at Christmas, at the moment/ at present, at
the same time, at weekends, at the age of
1.2. On
We use on with dates and days.
Examples: on March 12th, on Friday(s), on Friday morning(s), on Christmas Day
1.3. In
We use in for longer periods of time, like months, years, decades, centuries,
morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)
Examples: I was born in 1985.
I was born in August.
I go to work in the afternoons.
- In + period of time = a time in the future
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Examples: Ill be back in a week.

The train will leave in a few minutes.
- In + how long it takes to do something
Example: I learned to drive a motorbike in four weeks.
1.4. For
For + a period of time
Examples: for 6 years, for 2 hours, for a week
They have watched TV for 2 hours.
I have lived in this apartment for 2 months.
2. Adverb clause of result
1.1. Clause of reason, + so + clause of result.
Examples: I didnt feel very well, so I didnt go to school yesterday.
It was cold, so I wore a jacket.
1.2. S + be + so + adj + that + effect-clause
Cause-clause
Examples: The water is so cold that we cant swim in.
There were so many students that they didnt have enough rooms for them.
Tom was so weak that he couldnt run.
1.3. S + V + so + adv + that + effect-clause
Cause-clause
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Examples: Tom ran so fast that no one could follow him.

She is dancing so nicely that everyone cant stop looking at her.
1.4. Such + (a/an) + noun phrase + that + effect-clause
Examples: It is such a good movie that I have watched it for 4 times.
Its such a boring lesson that I can never concentrate on it.
II. EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blank with appropriate prepositions of time.
1. His course begins .7 January and ends ..10 March.
2. I went to bed .midnight.
3. We arrived ..5 o clock ..the morning.
4. Mozart was born in Salzburg ..1756.
5. Are you doing anything special the weekend?
6. Hurry up! We have to go ..five minutes.
7. I met Ann ..Tuesday.
8. He has lived in India .two years.
9. Ill phone you ..Tuesday morning ..about 10.
10. Toms grandmother died in 1987 .the age of 81.
11. Jacks brother is out of work ..the moment.
12. The price of electricity is going up ..October.
13. I havent seen him .Christmas.
14. ..Sunday afternoons I usually get up late.
15. There are usually a lot of parties .New Years Eve.
B. Multiple choice
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1. Jane is arriving January 26th.

A. on
B. in
C. at
D. for
2. We always go outside and play in the snow .Christmas day.
A. on
B. in
C. at
D. until
3. Michael is leaving on Friday .noon.
A. until
B. at
C. in
D. no preposition
4. Frankie started working for her law firm ..1995.

A. on
A. at
C. in
D. until
5. Franklin began working on the project .yesterday.

A. No preposition B. at
C. in
D. on
6. Normally, (6.1)..New Year's Eve, it's tradition to kiss the one you
love ..midnight.
6.1. A. in
B. at
C. on
D. for
6.2. A. in
B. until
C. at
D. on
7. Don't be ridiculous; there were no telephones the seventeenth
century!
A. on
B. in
C. for
D. at
8. The telephone was invented ..the 1870s.

A. on
B. at
C. for
D. in
9. The plane leaves tomorrow morning at 8:00 AM.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. for
10. The hills here are covered with wildflowers . early spring.
A. at
B. until
C. for
D. in
11. We met at the restaurant at 6:30 and stayed .10:30.
A. at
B. on
C. until
D. for
C. Finish the sentences, using adverb clause of result.

1. Hoa worked hard, ..................
2. It was hot, .
3. Nga is sick today, .
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4. Na woke up late,
5. John left the party early,
6. The door was unlocked,
7. I didnt know how to answer his question,
8. They told me to keep it secret, ..
9. They all passed the exam, .
10. I didnt like what was going on there,
D. Make 10 sentences using adverb clause with so.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
E. Multiple choice
1.There were . In the sky that I couldnt see much.
A. such many clouds
B. so many clouds
C. too many clouds
D. many so clouds
2. It was .. that I couldnt see much.

A. such a cloudy night
B. so much cloudy night
C. so cloudy night
D. such cloudy night
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3. The particles are that they burn up before they reach earth.
A. so small
C. too small
B. such small
D. very]
4. The meteor storm is ..to satellites that they are being moved out of
the way.
A. so big threat
B. such a big threat
C. so much big threat
D. too much big threat
5. The meteor particles move .that they become bullets in space.

A. so fast
B. such fast
C. too fast
D. very fast
6. This meteor shower is .that it only comes every 33 years.

A. so rare occurrence
B. such a rare occurrence
C. very rare occurrence
D. too rare occurrence
7. The comet has that it passes through the earth's upper atmosphere.
A. so large wake
B. such a large wake
C. very large wake
D. a very large wake
8. The shooting stars appear that you can see two or three a minute.
A. so frequently
B. such frequently
C. very frequently
D. too frequently
9. Scientists consider this . that they are flying in aircrafts to study

it.
A. so a unique opportunity
B. such a unique opportunity
C. a unique opportunity
D. very a unique opportunity
10. These observations will reveal that scientists will be studying

results for years.
A. so much important information
B. such much important information
C. so many important informations
D. such many important informations
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UNIT 4
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Direct and reported speech

1.1. Tense change
Direct speech
Reported speech
Simple present
Simple past
Ex: She said, Its cold.
She said that it was cold.
Present progressive
Past progressive
Ex: She said, "I'm teaching English
She said that she was teaching online.
online."
Simple future with will
Future in the past with would
Ex: She said, Ill do it!
She said she would do it.
1.2. Modal verb forms change

Direct speech
Reported speech
Can
Could
Ex: She said, I can teach online.
She said she could teach online.
Must
Had to
Ex: She said, I must go.
She said she had to go.
Shall
Should
Ex: She asked, What shall we learn?
She asked what they should learn.
May
Might
She said, May I borrow your pen?
She asked if she might borrow my pen.
1.3. Other changes

Direct speech
Reported speech
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This
that
today
that day
these
those
now
then
(a week) ago
(a week) before
last weekend
the weekend before/ the previous weekend
here
there
next (week)
the following (week)
tomorrow
the following day/ the next day
2. Reported questions
Form
In reporting questions, the subject comes before the verb.
Examples:
DIRECT SPEECH: "Where are you going?"
REPORTED SPEECH: He asked me where I was going.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Why is he shouting?"

REPORTED SPEECH: He asked me why he was shouting.
DIRECT SPEECH: "What do you want?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me what he wanted.
2.1. Negative questions
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We do not use the auxiliary verb 'do', except in negative questions.

DIRECT SPEECH: "Who doesn't like cheese?"
REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me who didn't like cheese.
2.2. Yes/no questions
We report yes / no questions with 'if' or 'whether'.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Do you want me to come?"
REPORTED SPEECH: I asked him if he wanted me to come.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Have you fed the dog?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me whether I had fed the dog.
2.3. Who, what, which
When we report questions with 'who, what or which' + to be + complement, the
verb 'to be' can come before or after the complement.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Who is the champion?"
REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me who the champion was OR She asked me who
was the champion.
DIRECT SPEECH: "What is your favorite color?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me what my favorite color was OR She asked me
what was my favorite color.
II. EXERCISES
A. Change direct speech to reported speech.
A1.
1. I live in New York
She said ________________________________________________________
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2. He works in a bank
She told me _____________________________________________________
3. Julie doesnt like going out much
She said ________________________________________________________
4. I dont have a computer
She said ________________________________________________________
5. They never arrive on time
She said ________________________________________________________
6. We often meet friends in London at the weekend
He told me _____________________________________________________
7. David doesnt have any children
She said ________________________________________________________
8. I dont go to the gym very often
She said ________________________________________________________
9. Lucy owns three flats in the city
She said ________________________________________________________
10. I never get up early on Sundays
She said ________________________________________________________
11. She meets her boyfriend at the cinema every Friday night
He said ________________________________________________________
12. We dont travel much
She said ________________________________________________________
13. John doesnt live in Japan any more
She said ________________________________________________________
14. They work in Hong Kong
She told me _____________________________________________________
15. I have to work until seven or eight pm every night
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She said ________________________________________________________

16. I dont want to go to the theatre next weekend
She said ________________________________________________________
17. We like working in Paris
She said ________________________________________________________
18. She doesnt have enough time to do everything
She said ________________________________________________________
19. Tony hates mushrooms
She told me _____________________________________________________
20. They often go on holiday in July
She said ________________________________________________________
A2.
1. I'm sleeping
She told me _____________________________________________________
2. Were working
She told me _____________________________________________________
3. She's coming to the party
She told me _____________________________________________________
4. Hes talking on the telephone
She told me _____________________________________________________
5. Lucy is reading a book in front of the fire
She told me _____________________________________________________
6. I'm not going out
She said ________________________________________________________
7. We are not visiting Paris during our trip
She said ________________________________________________________
8. I'm listening to my new CD
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She said ________________________________________________________

9. John is working in a bar for the summer
She told me _____________________________________________________
10. I'm not going to go on holiday
She told me _____________________________________________________
11. He isn't living in Beijing
She told me _____________________________________________________
12. Im taking the train to Berlin
She told me _____________________________________________________
13. He is never coming back
She told me _____________________________________________________
14. Jill is studying a lot
She told me _____________________________________________________
15. I'm not meeting Julie
She told me _____________________________________________________
16. We aren't renting a flat
She said ________________________________________________________
17. They are visiting the museum
She said ________________________________________________________
18. She's eating dinner
She said ________________________________________________________
19. We arent going to the library
She said ________________________________________________________
20. Im coming
She said __________________________________________________________
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A3.
1. He works in a bank
She said ___________________________________________________________
2. We went out last night
She told me ________________________________________________________
3. Im coming!
She said ___________________________________________________________
4. I was waiting for the bus when he arrived
She told me ________________________________________________________
5. Id never been there before
She said ___________________________________________________________
6. I didnt go to the party
She told me ________________________________________________________
7. Lucy will come later
She said ___________________________________________________________
8. He hasnt eaten breakfast
She told me ________________________________________________________
9. I can help you tomorrow
She said ___________________________________________________________
10. You should go to bed early
She told me ________________________________________________________
11. I dont like chocolate
She told me ________________________________________________________
12. I wont see you tomorrow
She said ___________________________________________________________
13. Shes living in Paris for a few months
She said ___________________________________________________________
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14. I visited my parents at the weekend

She told me ________________________________________________________
15. She hasnt eaten sushi before
She said ___________________________________________________________
16. I hadnt traveled by underground before I came to London
She said ___________________________________________________________
17. They would help if they could
She said ___________________________________________________________
18. Ill do the washing-up later
She told me ________________________________________________________
19. He could read when he was three
She said ___________________________________________________________
20. I was sleeping when Julie called
She said ___________________________________________________________
B. Change these following direct questions to reported ones.

B1.
1. Is John at home?
She asked me _______________________________________________________
2. Am I late?
She asked me _______________________________________________________
3. Is it cold outside?
She asked me _______________________________________________________
4. Are they in Paris?
She asked me _______________________________________________________
5. Is the bus stop near the shopping centre?
She asked me _______________________________________________________
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6. Is the milk fresh?

She asked me ______________________________________________________
7. Are you a doctor?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
8. Are James and Lucy from France?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
9. Is my brother in the garden?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
10. Is the weather good in Shanghai in the summer?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
11. Does Julie drink tea?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
12. Do you like chocolate?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
13. Do they own a flat?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
14. Does David go to the cinema often?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
15. Do the children study Chinese?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
16. Do they go on holiday every summer?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
17. Does your sister live in Stockholm?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
18. Do I talk too much?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
19. Does Jennifer want a new job?
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She asked me ______________________________________________________

20. Does it rain a lot in London?
She asked me _______________________________________________________
B2.
1. Where is the post office?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
2. Why is Julie sad?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
3. What's for dinner?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
4. Who is the woman in the red dress?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
5. How is your grandmother?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
6. When is the party?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
7. How much is the rent on your flat?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
8. Where are the glasses?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
9. How is the weather in Chicago?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
10. Who is the Prime Minister of Canada?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
11. Where do you usually go swimming?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
12. What does Luke do at the weekend?
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She asked me ___________________________________________________

13. Where do your parents live?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
14. Who do you go running with?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
15. When does Lucy get up?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
16. How much TV do you watch?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
17. How many books do they own?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
18. Where does John work?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
19. What do the children study on Fridays?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
20. Why do you study English?
She asked me ___________________________________________________
B3.
1. Where is he?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
2. What are you doing?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
3. Why did you go out last night?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
4. Who was that beautiful woman?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
5. How is your mother?
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She asked me ______________________________________________________

6. What are you going to do at the weekend?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
7. Where will you live after graduation?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
8. What were you doing when I saw you?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
9. How was the journey?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
10. How often do you go to the cinema?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
11. Do you live in London?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
12. Did he arrive on time?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
13. Have you been to Paris?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
14. Can you help me?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
15. Are you working tonight?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
16. Will you come later?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
17. Do you like coffee?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
18. Is this the road to the station?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
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19. Did you do your homework?

She asked me ______________________________________________________
20. Have you studied reported speech before?
She asked me ______________________________________________________
C. Change the direct speech into reported speech:
1. Please help me carry this
She asked me ______________________________________________________
2. Please come early
She ______________________________________________________________
3. Please buy some milk
She ______________________________________________________________
4. Could you please open the window?
She ______________________________________________________________
5. Could you bring the book tonight?
She ______________________________________________________________
6. Can you help me with my homework, please?
She ______________________________________________________________
7. Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?
She ______________________________________________________________
8. Would you mind passing the salt?
She ______________________________________________________________
9. Would you mind lending me a pencil?
She ______________________________________________________________
10. I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?
She ______________________________________________________________
11. Do your homework!
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She told me ________________________________________________________

12. Go to bed!
She ______________________________________________________________
13. Dont be late!
She ______________________________________________________________
14. Dont smoke!
She ______________________________________________________________
15. Tidy your room!
She ______________________________________________________________
16. Wait here!
She ______________________________________________________________
17. Dont do that!
She ______________________________________________________________
18. Eat your dinner!
She ______________________________________________________________
19. Dont make a mess!
She ______________________________________________________________
20. Do the washing-up!
She ______________________________________________________________
UNIT 5
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Tag questions
1.1. A tag question is a short question added to the end of a positive or negative
statement.
The whole sentence is a tag question, and the mini-question at the end is called a
question tag.
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Examples: You are late, arent you?

She wont come, will she?
They cant swim, can they?
1.2. How are questions tags formed?
When using tag questions, watch for 4 points:
* What tense is the verb?
* What kind of verb is it? (to be/other verbs)
* Is the sentence affirmative or negative?
* Does the pronoun need to be changed?
FORM: auxiliary verb + subject
1.2.1. If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is positive, the tag is negative.
Example: You are Spanish, aren't you?
1.2.2. If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is negative, the tag is positive.
Example: You're not Spanish, are you?
1.2.3. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use do.
Example: You live in Spain, don't you?
1.3. Functions of tag questions
1.3.1. We use tag questions to confirm information.
Examples: This meal is horrible, isn't it?
That film was fantastic, wasn't it?
1.3.2. We use tag questions when we are already sure of the answer and just want
confirmation (falling intonation with the tag question).
1.3.3. We use tag questions to check information.
Examples: You haven't got a piece of paper, have you?
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You don't know where the boss is, do you?

The meeting's tomorrow at 9AM, isn't it?
1.3.4. If we do not know the answer, these are real questions, and we use a rising
intonation with the tag question.
1.4. Important points
1.4.1. In the present tense, if the subject is 'I', the auxiliary changes to 'are' or
'aren't'.
Example: I'm sitting next to you, aren't I?
1.4.2. With 'let's', the tag question is 'shall we'.
Example: Let's go to the beach, shall we?
1.4.3. With an imperative, the tag question is 'will you'.
Example: Close the window, will you?
1.4.4. We use a positive tag question after a sentence containing a negative word
such as never, hardly, nobody.
Examples: Nobody lives in this house, do they?
You've never liked me, have you?
1.4.5. When the subject is nothing, we use 'it' in the tag question.
Example: Nothing bad happened, did it?
1.4.6. When the subject is nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone, or
everyone, we use 'they' in the tag question.
Example: Nobody asked for me, did they?
1.4.7. If the main verb in the sentence is 'have' (not an auxiliary verb), it is more
common to use 'do' in the question tag.
Example: You have a Ferrari, don't you?
1.4.8. With used to, we use 'didn't' in the tag question.
Example: You used to work here, didn't you?
1.4.9. We can use positive question tags after positive sentences to express a reaction
Page 48
such as surprise or interest.

Example: You're moving to Brazil, are you?
2. Gerund after some verbs
We use the Gerund after the following verbs:
admit
He admitted having driven too fast.
avoid
They avoid going on holiday on Saturdays.
consider
Ralph is considering buying a new house.
delay
I delayed telling Max the news.
deny
She denies reading the book.
dislike
We dislike reading poems.
can't help
He couldn't help falling in love with her.
enjoy
I enjoy playing chess.
finish
They finished working in the garden.
hate
Susan hates swimming.
like
I like swimming.
mind
I don't mind sleeping on the couch.
miss
They miss playing with their friends.
practice
She practiced playing hockey.
regret
Do you regret having mentioned it?
risk
You risk catching a cold.
suggest
She suggested flying to Cairo.
II. EXERCISES
A. Multiple choice
1. Teresa is an accountant,___?
A. isnt she
B. is she
C. she isnt
D. doesnt she
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2. I am a good worker,___?
A. amnt I
B. dont I
C. arent I
D. I am
3. Mr. Pierre is her grandfather,___?

A. is he
B. isnt he
C. doesnt he
D. he isnt
C. they arent
D. arent they
C. isnt he
D. it isnt
4. Jacques and Alicia are students, ___?

A. are they
B. dont they
5. It's windy today, ___?

A. isnt it
B. is it
6. Lets go to the movie theater tonight, ____?

A. will we
B. wont we
C. shall we
D. do we
7. He used to walk to school everyday, _______?

A. did he
B. doesnt he
C. he didnt
D. didnt he
C. did they
D. didnt they
C. arent you
D. wont you
8. No one ever liked him, _____?

A. do they
B. dont they
9. Get me some water, ______?

A. will you
B. do you
10. There is hardly a lot of ice in the fridge, _____?

A. isnt there
B. is there
C. isnt it
D. is it
B. Make 10 sentences using tag questions.

1......
2......
3......
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4......
5......
6......
7......
8......
9......
10....
C. Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the to-infinitive.

Example: They go on ..reading. (read) the book.
1. He agreed _______________(buy) a new car.
2. The question is easy ________________(answer).
3. The man asked me how _________________(get) to the airport.
4. I look forward to ____________(see) you at the weekend
5. We decided _____________(run) through the forest.
6. The teacher expected Sarah ___________(study) hard.
7. She doesn't mind _____________(work) the night shift.
8. I learned ____________(ride) the bike at the age of 5.
9. They promised ______ (sell) the old comics.
10. They've got some work ____________(do).
11. Peter gave up __________(smoke)
12. He'd like ____________(fly) an airplane.
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13. I enjoy ____________(write) picture postcards.

14. Do you know what __________(do) if there's a fire in the shop?
15. Avoid _____________(make) silly mistakes.
16. My parents wanted me ____________(be) home at 11 o'clock.
17. I dream about ______________(build) a big house.
18. I'm hoping _____________(see) Lisa.
19. They suggested ____________ (go) to see Mrs. Hoa last night.
20. We couldnt help _____________ (laugh) at her yesterday.
D. Make 10 sentences using Verb + Gerund

1___________________________________________________________________
2___________________________________________________________________
3___________________________________________________________________
4___________________________________________________________________
5___________________________________________________________________
6___________________________________________________________________
7___________________________________________________________________
8___________________________________________________________________
9___________________________________________________________________
10__________________________________________________________________
Page 52
UNIT 6
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives are used to modify nouns.
Example: The dog is loud. What is the dog like? loud
Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Example: The dog barks loudly. How does the dog bark? loudly
1.1. Adjectives
Adjectives come before the noun. They provide information such as size (big,
small), shape (round, square), color (yellow, green), nationality (Chinese, Polish),
and opinion (good, bad).
Examples: This is a beautiful bird.
Its a red star.
Shes a Vietnamese singer.
Adjectives don't change depending on number.
Examples:
She has a cute puppy.
She has three cute puppies.
Adjectives also come after certain verbs such as be, feel, look, and taste.
Examples:
I'm really happy today.
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She's got a new job so she feels great.

You look wonderful!
This chicken tastes delicious.
1.2. Adverbs
Adverbs are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective.
Examples:
- quick (adjective) - He's quick at learning new things.
- quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.
- bad (adjective) - He didn't get a bad test score.
- badly (adverb) - He didn't do badly in his test.
For adverbs made from adjectives ending in "-y" - change "-y" to "-i" and add "ly".
Examples:
- easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.
- easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.
- happy (adjective) - He's a happy man.
- happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.
For adverbs made from adjectives ending in "-le" - change "-le" to "-ly".
Examples:
- simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.
- simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.
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Some adverbs are the same as adjectives. For example:

- He runs fast (adverb) - He's a fast runner. (adjective)
- He studies hard. (adverb) - It's a hard life. (adjective)
The adverb of "good" is "well". For example:
- She's a good pianist.
- She plays the piano well.
2. Adverb clause of reason
An Adverb Clause of Reason indicates why the particular action of the verb is
taken.
Examples:
Because he likes his master, he helped his master.
I did this work, because this work is part of my educational project.
I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.
As he is rich, he thinks he can buy all of us juices.
I am glad that you like this town.
The Adverb-Clauses of Reason begin with because, since, as, that etc
3. Adjective + THAT-clause
Examples: Im happy that you got good score.
Shes excited that her husband is getting promoted.
4. Conditional sentences: type 1

4.1. Use
It is possible to fulfill a condition which is given in the if-clause.
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4.2. Form
if clause
main clause
Simple Present
will-future
or
infinitive
or
Modal + infinitive
4.3. Examples
If I study,
I will pass the exams.
If you see John tonight,
tell him to e-mail me.
If Ben gets up early,
he can catch the bus.
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I study,
I will pass the exams.
I will pass the exams

I. EXERCISES
if I study.
A. Fill in the blanks with adjectives or adverbs.

1. Tom is (slow) _____________. He works _______________.
2. Sue is a (careful) _____________girl. She climbed up the ladder
______________.
3. The dog is (angry) _____________. It barks __________________.
4. He acted (excellent) ______________. He's an _________________actor.
5. They learn English (easy) ________________. They think English is an
_____________language.
6. Max is a (good) _____________singer. He sings ______________.
7. It's (awful) _______________cold today. The cold wind is ____________.
8. Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good)
___________________. If that is true, why does dog food smell so (terrible)
_________________?
9. He ___________reads a book. (quick)
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10. Mandy is a ____________girl. (pretty)

11. The class is ____________loud today. (terrible)
12. Max is a _____________singer. (good)
13. The class is ___________loud today. (terrible)
14. You can __________open this tin. (easy)
15. It's a _____________day today. (terrible)
16. These children are _________at English. (good)
17. Your brother _________works at all. (hard)
18. Ann ____________had an accident last Sunday. (near)
19. Have you been to the cinema ___________?(late)
20. Mary always dresses ______________. (beautiful)
21. Yes, it was raining ______________for two hours. (heavy)
22. He has painted it ____________. (nice)
23. What a _________________worker he is! (quick)
24. He is always very __________. (polite)
25. He is often _______________. (nervous)
26. Arthur ___________rode back to the inn. (quick)
27. They saw a _____________butterfly on a rose. (beautiful)
28. When the teacher heard about the missing book he said ___________:"You
should be more careful." (angry)
29. When he told him the truth, he was ______________. (quiet)
30. "This wound looks ______________", the doctor said. (bad)
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B. Make 10 sentences, using adverb clauses of reason.

1_________________________________________________________________
2_________________________________________________________________
3_________________________________________________________________
4_________________________________________________________________
5_________________________________________________________________
6_________________________________________________________________
7_________________________________________________________________
8_________________________________________________________________
9_________________________________________________________________
10________________________________________________________________
C. Complete the conditional sentences type I.

1. If Caroline and Sue ___________the salad, Phil _____________the house.
2. If Sue _____________the onions for the salad, Caroline ______________the
mushrooms.
3. Jane _______________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim ___________the
furniture.
4. If Bob ______________up the kitchen, Anita ____________the toilet.
5. Elaine _____________the drinks if somebody _____________her carry the
bottles.
6. If Alan and Rebecca ______________the food, Mary and Connor
___________the sandwiches.
7. If Bob _____________after the barbecue, Sue _____________the guests in.
8. Frank _____________the DJ if the others _____________along their CDs.
9. Alan ______________the drinks if Jane _____________him some of her
cocktail recipes.
10. If they all ____________their best, the party ____________great.
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11. If you (send) _________this letter now, she (receive) ____________it

tomorrow.
12. If I (do) ___________this test, I (improve) ______________my English.
13. If I (find) _________your ring, I (give) _____________it back to you.
14. Peggy (go) _____________shopping if she (have) _______time in the
afternoon.
15. Simon (go) ___________to London next week if he (get) ________a cheap
flight.
16. If her boyfriend (phone / not) _____________today, she (leave)
____________him.
17. If they (study / not) ___________harder, they (pass / not) ______________the
exam.
18. If it (rain) _______________tomorrow, I (have to / not) _____________water
the plants.
19. You (be able/ not) _____________to sleep if you (watch) ____________this
scary film.
20. Susan (can / move / not) ___________into the new house if it (be / not)
_____________ready on time.
D. Multiple choice
1. If we __________ to London, we _________ the Tower.
A. go
A. visit
B. goes
B. visits
C. will go
C. will visit
2. If the shop ___________ open, I __________ a souvenir.
A. is
A. buy
B. are
B. will buy
C. will be
C. bought
3. If she __________ the bus, she ____________ on time.
A. misses
A. wont be
B. missed
B. isnt
C. will miss
C. wasnt
4. He __________ me if he __________ the answer.
A. helps
A. knows
B. will help
B. knew
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C. helped
C. will know
5. Jane ____________ you in if I _______ here.
A. will let
A. am
B. lets
B. was
C. let
C. will be
E. Make 10 sentences, using conditional sentences type II.
1_________________________________________________________________
2_________________________________________________________________
3_________________________________________________________________
4_________________________________________________________________
5_________________________________________________________________
6_________________________________________________________________
7_________________________________________________________________
8_________________________________________________________________
9_________________________________________________________________
10________________________________________________________________
UNIT 7
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Connectives: and, but, because, or, so, therefore, however

Examples: I bought a pen, a pencil and an eraser yesterday.
Hoa, Nam and I went to the movie theater last night.
I want to buy a new pair of shoes, but I dont have enough money.
Nam got wet because he forgot his umbrella.
Do you want milk or coffee?
Hoa failed her test. Therefore, she has to do it again.
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Na is very tired. However, she has to finish her homework before she
goes to bed.
3. Phrasal verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning
different from the original verb.
Examples:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home
4. Make suggestions
Suggest + V-ing
Suggest (that) + S + should
II. EXERCISES
A. Multiple choice
1. Karen is rich; ___, her cousin Kate is poor.
a. therefore
b. however
c. otherwise
2. You'd better take a taxi. ___, you'll arrive late.
a. Consequently
b. Furthermore
c. Otherwise
3. I enjoy reading this new magazine. ___, it has good articles.
a. Moreover
b. Nevertheless
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c. However
4. Jack wasn't tired. ___, he took a nap.
a. Otherwise
b. Hence
c. Nevertheless
5. Phil was not thirsty; ___, he drank five glasses of water.
a. however
b. moreover
c. furthermore
6. The kids didn't study. ___, they failed the course.
a. Therefore
b. Nonetheless
c. Otherwise
7. The weather was terrible. ___, we decided to delay our trip.
a. Furthermore
b. Besides
c. Therefore
8. You must buy the tickets; ___, we won't be able to see that play.
a. otherwise
b. although
c. besides
9. The neighborhood isn't very interesting. I like the house, ___.
a. moreover
b. thus
c. though
10.We live in the same building; ___, we hardly see each other.
a. however
b. therefore
c. furthermore
11.He didn't earn enough money. ___, his wife decided to get a job.
a. Moreover
b. Therefore
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c. Although
12.That house isn't big enough for us, and ___, it's too expensive.
a. furthermore
b. hence
c. although
13.We have plenty of money and workers; ___, we hope to finish the house
remodeling soon.
a. nevertheless
b. unless
c. thus
14.She's extremely rich; ___, she's not snobbish.
a. hence
b. however
c. otherwise
15.It was a windy and rainy night. ___, I decided to go out.
a. nevertheless
b. otherwise
c. hence
B. Use the correct phrasal verb to complete the phrase.

find out, get on with, hold on, get away, take after, cut down, look after,
come up with, add up, put through, look for, get over, turn up, put off
1. Have you __________if you won the competition yet?
2. I need to _______from work and take a holiday.
3. She still hasn't __________the death of her cat.
4. My daughter is a great cook, she really _______her mother.
5. Could you _______a moment while I see if Mark is in his office?
6. Extension 28? I'll ____________.
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7. She promised to ________her cigarette smoking to six a day.

8. He spent the entire night thinking and in the end _______a brilliant idea.
9. I'm afraid your story is not believable. It just doesn't _____.
10. Diana ______my cats while I was away on holiday.
11. We're not ready yet, we are going to have to _____the meeting until next
week.
12. I'm _________Simon's address. Do you know it?
13. Mary ______twenty minutes late for the party.
14. Im tired of waiting for Jack. Can we ________our work?
C. Multiple choice
1. I'm sorry, James isn't ......... at the moment. Can I take a message?
A. in
B. away
C. up
D. off
2. We've run ......... sugar. Could you please buy some more?
A. down on
B. out of
C. away with
D. on with
3. I don't know how you ......... with such noisy brothers. It would drive me crazy.
A. put up
B. put away
C. bring up
D. clear up
4. You've borrowed such a great deal of money from me lately. I need to .........
exactly how much you owe me.
A. make up
B. work out
C. put out
D. clear up
5. Can you ......... the time of the next train to Munich?

A. find out
B. sort out
C. put out
D. try out
D. Rewrite the following sentences.

1. I suggest that we should be there.
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I suggest _________________________________________________________
2. The teacher suggested speaking English in class.
The teacher _______________________________________________________
4. He suggests that I should go to that store for good food.
He ______________________________________________________________
5. My friend suggested taking a Spanish class.
My friend _________________________________________________________
6. Nam suggests giving lessons to poor kids.
Nam _____________________________________________________________
7. I suggested that we should go to the beach this weekend.
I ________________________________________________________________
8. She suggested using that book as the textbook.
She ______________________________________________________________
9. The monitor suggested that they should go to their teachers house.
The monitor _______________________________________________________
10. My English teacher suggested that I should buy an Oxford dictionary.
My ______________________________________________________________
E. Make 10 sentences, using suggest + V-ing or suggest that

1________________________________________________________________
2________________________________________________________________
3________________________________________________________________
4________________________________________________________________
5________________________________________________________________
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6________________________________________________________________
7________________________________________________________________
8________________________________________________________________
9________________________________________________________________
10_______________________________________________________________
UNIT 8-9
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Relative clauses
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a question word (e.g.
who, which, where) or the word that. You can use it to modify a noun or
pronoun (i.e. to identify or give more information about it).
Examples:
Students who can develop independent learning skills often achieve good
academic results.
There is a new book that investigates the controversy over political

reforms in Hong Kong.
A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in

specific academic disciplines.
The lecture theatre in which the inauguration ceremony will be held is now
being cleaned.
Relative pronouns
Words like who, that and when are often referred to as relative pronouns when
they are used to introduce relative clauses. You use:
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who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things.
whom as the object of a relative clause (in more formal English), though it is
increasingly common to replace it with who.
whose to indicate possession, as a determiner before nouns.

Examples:
Whats the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon?
This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year.
All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately
go to the library for a tour.
Two types of relative clauses

a) Defining Relative Clauses
- Defining relative clauses give detailed information defining a general term or
expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.
Example:
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
- Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.
Example: A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
- Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped.
Example: The boy (whom) we met yesterday is very nice.
b) Non-Defining Relative Clauses
- Non-defining relative clauses give additional information on something, but do
not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.
Example: Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to
each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative
clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.
Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?
Page 67
- Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with

that.
- Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.
Example: Jim, whom we met yesterday, is very nice.
2. Adverb clauses of concession

Adverb clauses of concession are introduced by conjunctions like though,
although, even though, even if, while and whereas.
Examples:
Though he is poor he is honest.

The men managed to survive even though they were three days without
water.
Although the elephant was strong it was no match for the agile tiger.
II. EXERCISES
A. Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
1. This is the bank _________was robbed yesterday.
2. A boy _________sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man _________robbed the bank had two pistols.
4. He wore a mask _________made him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend ________waited outside in the car.
6. The woman ________gave him the money was young.
7. The bag ___________contained the money was yellow.
8. The people ___________were in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man _________mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10.A woman _________daughter was crying tried to calm her.
11.The car _________the bank robbers escaped in was orange.
12.The robber __________mask was obviously too big didn't drive.
13.The man ___________drove the car was nervous.
14.He didn't wait at the traffic lights __________were red.
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15.A police officer ________car was parked at the next corner stopped and
arrested them.
B. Change 2 sentences into one.
1. This is the man. He works at the gas station.
_______________________________________________________________
2. Its an apple tree. It grows in the garden.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The man goes jogging everyday. Hes my neighborhood.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Those elephants live in Africa. They have big ears.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Turn left at the yellow house. It is opposite the gas station.
_______________________________________________________________
6. An alarm clock is a clock. It wakes you up every morning.
_______________________________________________________________
7. A lady bug is a red beetle. It has black spots on its back.
_______________________________________________________________
8. We bought the car last week. The car is red.
The car_________________________________________________________
9. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party last night.
_______________________________________________________________
10. We watched a movie last night. It was really scary.
The movie ______________________________________________________
Page 69
11. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult.

The new ________________________________________________________
12. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.
_______________________________________________________________
13. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in Australia.
_______________________________________________________________
14. They are singing a song. I dont know the song.
_______________________________________________________________
15. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
_______________________________________________________________
C. Make 10 sentences, using adverb clauses of concession.

1______________________________________________________________
2______________________________________________________________
3______________________________________________________________
4______________________________________________________________
5______________________________________________________________
6______________________________________________________________
7______________________________________________________________
8______________________________________________________________
9______________________________________________________________
10_____________________________________________________________
Page 70
UNIT 10
I. GRAMMAR NOTES
1. Modals: may and might
1.1. may
We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used
very often in modern spoken English.
Examples:
May I borrow your pen?

May we think about it?
May I go now?
We use 'may' to suggest something is possible

Examples:
It may rain later today.

I may not have time to do it today.
Pete may come with us
1.2. might
We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that
'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and
'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English.
Examples:
She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all.

It might rain this afternoon.
I might not have time to go to the shops for you.
I might not go.
For the past, we use 'might have'.

Examples:
He might have tried to call while I was out.
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I might have dropped it in the street.
2. Conditional sentences type II

2.1. Use
It is theoretically possible to fulfill a condition which is given in the if-clause.
2.2. Form
if clause
main clause
Simple Past
would + infinitive
or
could + infinitive
or
might + infinitive
Examples
If I studied,
I would pass the exams.
If I studied,
I could pass the exams.
If I studied,
I might pass the exams.
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I studied,
I would pass the

exams.
I would pass the exams
if I studied.
II. EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blank with may or might
1. I was just wondering whether you ____ be able to help me.
2. ____ God have mercy on your soul.
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3. You ____ well be right.

4. I told them I ____ go if I felt like it, but wasn't sure.
5. Students ____ only borrow four books at a time.
6. The examiner says we ____ leave when we've finished.
7. It ____ be very expensive, but it's much better than the others.
8. I just ____ accept your offer.
9. You ____ try asking her for help- she knows her stuff.
10. You ____ have told me earlier!
B. Use one of the modal verbs in brackets to fill each gap.

1
They (can/might)________________ be away for the weekend but I'm

not sure.
You (may/might)________________ leave now if you wish.
(Could/May)________________ you open the window a bit, please?
He (can/could)________________ be French, judging by his accent.
(May/Can)________________ you play the piano?
Listen, please. You (may not/might not)________________ speak during

this exam.
They (can't/may not)________________ still be out!
You (couldn't/might not)________________ smoke on the bus.
With luck, tomorrow (can/could)________________ be a sunny day.
10
You (can/might)________________ be right but I'm going back to check

anyway.
11
The exam (can/might)________________ be easy. You never know.
Page 73
12
I (can/might)________________ go to the party but I'm not sure yet.
13
Students (may/might)________________ study in the library from five

to nine in the evening.
14
(May/Could)________________ you lend me 40 Euros til Monday?
C. Give correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. If I ________(to come) home earlier, I ______________(to prepare) dinner.
2. If we ________(to live) in Rome, Francesco ______________(to visit) us.
3. If Tim and Tom ________(to be) older, they ____________(to play) in our
hockey team.
4. If he ______(to be) my friend, I _________(to invite) him to my birthday party.
5. If Susan _______(to study) harder, she _____________(to be) better at school.
6. If they ______(to have) enough money, they _____________(to buy) a new car.
7. If you _________(to do) a paper round, you _____________(to earn) a little
extra money.
8. If Michael ___________(to get) more pocket money, he ___________(to ask)
Doris out for dinner.
9. If we _________(to hurry), we _______________(to catch) the bus.
10. If it __________(to rain), Nina _____________(to take) an umbrella with her.
D. Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I or II.

1. If you do your homework now, we _____________to the cinema in the
evening.
2. If we ________________the book now, we will have it tomorrow.
3. If I had more money, I _______________a bigger car.
4. If I ___________my favorite movie star, I would ask him for an autograph.
5. I _______________you if I need your help.
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6. I would go swimming if the weather ___________better.

7. If he ___________time tomorrow, we will meet the day after.
8. If I were you, I __________________what to do.
9. If we don't order the tickets soon, there _______________any tickets left.
10.She __________________that if she were your friend.
E. Make 10 sentences, using conditional sentences type II.
1_________________________________________________________________
2_________________________________________________________________
3_________________________________________________________________
4_________________________________________________________________
5_________________________________________________________________
6_________________________________________________________________
7_________________________________________________________________
8_________________________________________________________________
9_________________________________________________________________
10________________________________________________________________
Page 75

Basic Grammar Grade 9

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1. The simple past

S+ V-ed or irregular V + (O)

Interrogative: - Yes/ No questions: Did + S + bare inf + (O)?

You called Debbie.

Did you call Debbie?

You did not call Debbie.

What did you do last night?

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

1.2.2. A Series of Completed Actions

1.2.3. Duration in Past

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

A: How long did you wait for them?

1.2.4. Habits in the Past

I studied French when I was a child.

He played the violin.

He didn't play the piano.

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They never went to school, they always skipped class.

1.2.5. Past Facts or Generalizations

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

2. The simple past with wish

7. It (not / rain) a lot.

3. I (BE) at school most of the day. I

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

Example: ____ she ____ the Internet? (to surf)

Answer: Did she surf the Internet?

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

C. Make 10 sentences using the simple past tense.

D. Read the contexts, then make sentences beginning with I wish

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

3. I wish I _________ for the job.

5. I wish Sarah _________ here now.

6. I wish I _________ to the party tonight.

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

8. She wishes she _________ a doctor in the future.

9. I wish I _________ your wedding, but I am in Paris.

D. would have attended

E. Make 10 sentences using wish clause.

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9

1. The present perfect.

S + have/ has + not + P.P

Interrogative: Have/ Has + S + P.P?

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

I have seen that movie twenty times.

Example: she the Internet? (to surf)