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Elevators are used to move loads from one height to another without disturbing the load
itself. The prime mover of an elevator can be given by an electric motor. Suspension systems
driven by electric motors are the ideal choice for applications having minimal space and great
heights because these systems do not require infrastructure to be built beneath the floor of the
elevator and are limited in height only by the ability of the electric drive to overcome static
forces such as gravity and dynamic forces such as friction and air drag.
The physical model of elevator is analyzed and converted the physical model into
mathematical equations to find the transfer function. The purpose to find the transfer function
is that we can see the behavior of system theoretically using software and design the physical
model accordingly. We can compare the theoretical results and practical results to improve
response of elevator for the comfort passengers.
Electronic control systems (we have used) for control of lift are composed of hardware
components. Using Electronic a control system to dictate the position of an elevators electric
drive increases the accuracy and precision with which the elevator system responds to
position commands. DC motor is as simple as changing the magnitude of voltage applied to
the motors armature circuit; to make the motor operate in the opposite direction the polarity
of the supply voltage needs to only be reversed.. In our system, as box moves upward and
reaching its top position it stops automatically by touching limiting switch then polarity
reverses of motor to move lift downward and it stops again following same mechanism.
Description of Components
Toggle Switch:Toggle Switches have a to and fro switching movement. The most familiar form of switch is
a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts,
which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states:
either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or
"open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non-conducting. The mechanism
actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle' (flip
switch for continuous "on" or "off1') or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push- for "off1') type.
Purpose of Toggle Switch in our project is to change the polarity of motor that is when it is
pressed at one side it performs the switching action and give polarity to the motor so that it
rotates clockwise. At center, toggle switch does not any current to the motor and when
pressed at another side the motor rotates anticlockwise.
Limit Switch: A limit switch is an electromechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked
to a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates
the contacts to make or break an electrical connection. As its name suggests, a limit switch
regulates the operations of machines that are equipped with moving parts connected to a
switching action mechanism. A wide range of industrial machinery uses limit switches to
control the movement of devices performing on a production line, but these switches are also
found in non-industrial applications, such as electric motor operation and garage door opener
units. The switch also deactivates the motor as the door closes, preventing it from being
pushed into the ground. A limit switch is typically composed of a series of electrical contacts
coupled to an actuator that controls the mechanical device responsible for on and off
functions.
Diode:In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component . it has low (ideally zero)
resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A
semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor
material with a p-n junction connected to two electrical terminals.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction).. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert
alternating current.
The function of diode on our project is that to allow the current in one direction (close
switch) and block the current in other direction (open switch) for control mechanism of
Lift.
Diode Symbol
Power Supply:
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power. An AC
powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the
wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to produce
DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage, followed by
a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to filter out
(smooth) most of the pulsation. For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a
problem, and the simplest unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a
transformer driving a single diode in series with a resistor.
The power window motor we have used required 12 V input DC voltage. For this purpose we
used Power Window Motor:-
Power window motor is DC motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The power window motor is used in vehicle, usually in car windows to lift the window glass
up and down in vehicles. To operate this motor (to move the window glass), we press an
automated button then the motor shaft rotates in clockwise direction. The glass is attached to
shaft of the motor and as motor rotates clockwise the glass moves upward. When we press
the button again, the motor rotates anticlockwise and glass moves downward. Same
mechanism is used in the upward and downward movement of the cabin of the lift. When
toggle switch is pressed at one side, motor rotates clockwise and when toggle switch is
pressed towards other direction, the polarity of the motor changes and it rotates in
anticlockwise direction.
Bread Board:A breadboard is usually a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Because the solder
less breadboard for electronics does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to
use
for
and
experimenting
with
circuit
design.
Light-Emitting Diode (LED):A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic PNjunction diode, except that an LED also emits light. Light emitting diode emits light when current is
passed through the LED. The maximum voltage it can bear is 5V
Solar Panel:
Solar panels generate free power from the sun by converting sunlight to electricity with no moving
parts, zero emissions, and no maintenance. The solar panel, the first component of a electric solar
energy system, is a collection of individual silicon cells that generate electricity from sunlight. The
photons (light particles) produce an electrical current as they strike the surface of the thin silicon
wafers. A single solar cell produces only about 1/2 (.5) of a volt. However, a typical 12 volt panel
about 25 inches by 54 inches will contain 36 cells wired in series to produce about 17 volts peak
output. If the solar panel can be configured for 24 volt output, there will be 72 cells so the two 12
volt groups of 36 each can be wired in series, usually with a jumper, allowing the solar panel to
output 24 volts. When under load (charging batteries for example), this voltage drops to 12 to 14
volts (for a 12 volt configuration) resulting in 75 to 100 watts for a panel of this size.
Multiple solar panels can be wired in parallel to increase current capacity (more power) and wired in
series to increase voltage for 24, 48, or even higher voltage systems. The advantage of using a higher
voltage output at the solar panels is that smaller wire sizes can be used to transfer the electric power
from the solar panel array to the charge controller & batteries. Since copper has gone up
considerably in the last few years, purchasing large copper wiring and cables is quite expensive.
(that's why pennies are made of mostly zinc today).
Crystalline-silicon module comprises 4 solar cells and has an aluminum frame and glass on the front.
Power Inverter
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Charge Controller:
A solar regulator is a small box consisting of solid state circuitry that is placed between a solar panel
and a battery. Its function is to regulate the amount of charge coming from the panel that flows into
the deep cycle battery bank in order to avoid the batteries being overcharged. A regulator can also
provide a direct connection to appliances, while continuing to recharge the battery; i.e. you can run
appliances directly from it, bypassing the battery bank; but the batteries will continue to be charged.
Charge controller is basically used to charge solar batteries from Solar Panels. Solar panels normal
give 15-17 volt, charge controller converts that to 12-14 volt and charges battery. Battery often need
a higher voltage than it already have to charge the battery If you is using big solar panel system so it
is better to have an advanced charge controller. That gives you complete statistics of how much volt
and ampere it has charged battery.
Advanced charge controllers also show you how much ampere is on batteries
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Batteries:
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained in its active materials directly
into electrical energy by means of an electrochemical reaction. Batteries used in photovoltaic
(PV) lighting systems must be rechargeable.
Lead-acid batteries are the most common type of batteries used in PV systems, due to their
wide availability in many sizes, their low cost, and their well understood performance
characteristics. Lead-acid batteries are also commonly recycled.
lead-antimony batteries,
lead-calcium batteries,
Captive electrolyte lead-acid batteries, which include gelled batteries and absorbed glass mat
(AGM) batteries. Nickel-cadmium cells are used in some applications, but their high initial
cost limits their use.
Results:
Total energy required per day = 950.4watt hour/day solar array = 150watt, 12V
Battery=70Ah, 12
Charge controller = 20 ampere, 12v
Now considering solar peak hours = 6
Lift run on battery = 2 hours
Total working hours = 8hr/day
Total energy required per day = 8*36 = 288Wh/day
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Battery:
No. of days = 2hr = 0.25 days
Total watt hours/day for battery = 36*2 = 72Wh/day + 5.76 Wh/day (losses) = 77.6 Wh/day
Battery = 77.60.71.6/12 = 7.25 V
Depth of discharge = 80% = 1.6
We recommend battery = 10A.hr
Hence battery is of 12V, A.hr
Charge Controller:
P = VI
P = solar plate =60W
Battery voltage = V =12volts
I = P/V = 60/12 = 5Amp
It is recommended that we have to take into account special conditions in which solar panel
producing more power. Also keeping in mind the safety of charge controller, we have taken charge
controller having capacity 10Amp and 12V.
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Conclusion
The PV system is successfully designed for a lift control mechanism. The calculation is done for 24
hours as well as for eight hours. But in prototype we considered eight hours application to make it
cost effective The system require 70Amp.hr and 12V Battery, 150 W solar plate and 20 amp and 12
volt charge controller for 24-hours working. As actually we make it for eight working hours like
office timing application. For this we require battery of 7Amp.hr, solar plate of 60W and charge
controller 10amp and12 volt. The implementation of solar PV system on an elevator driven by a
motor which is charge by solar plate with position control of elevator provide an illustrative example
for those who wish to apply solar systems to drives various mechanical systems. Such renewable
energy technology is important to minimize the energy crisis in Pakistan.
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References
www.wikipedia.com
www.fordthesis.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system.
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/domestic/content/solar-panels
http://www.moneysavingexpert.com/utilities/free-solar-panels.
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