1-- A SPEECH FROM AS YOU LIKE IT. 2.

Reference:
These lines have been taken from a speech "As You Like It." Written by William Shakespeare.
Context:
In this speech Shakespeare has divided human life in seven ages, from birth to the last stage of mans
life. After the birth he is weak and needs the support of his mother. In the second stage, he is a school
going child. In the third stage, he is a young man and false in love. In the fourth stage he becomes a
soldier. In the fifth stage he a justice and becomes serious. In the sixth stage he comes old and weak.
Then the last stage comes and his life ended.
STANZA NO. 1: "All the world --------------------------------------- being seven ages."
In these lines Shakespeare compares the world to a stage and says that men and women are like
actors who play their roles on the stage of the world. They come to the stage of this world when they
are born and leave it at their death. Every man in his lifetime plays many roles. Mans life can be
divided in to seven ages and every one of us has to play his part on the stage of the world.
STANZA NO. 2: "At first the ------------------------------------- unwillingly to school."
In these lines the poet has described the first tow stages of mans life. At the first stage of his life man
is helpless infant. He weeps and needs the help of his mother. He often feels sick and is very weak. In
the second stage he is a school going boy but he is unwilling to go to school. He therefore walks very
slowly to school. His face is shining due to the early morning freshness.
STANZA NO. 3: "And then the lover -------------------------- Cannons mouth."
In these lines Shakespeare is describing the third and fourth stages of mans life. After childhood
man enters the stage of love and romance. He falls in love. He sighs for his beloved when she ignores
him. He becomes a poet and writes poems in praise of her beauty. In the fourth stage of his life he
becomes a soldier. His beard likes a leopard. He is an emotional quarrel some young man who is
starts fighting for the defense of his country. He is always ready to sacrifices his life in order to win
fame and honour. He faces bullets in the battlefield at the risk of his life.
STANZA NO. 4: "And then ------------------------------------- plays his part."
In these lines Shakespeare has described the fifth stage of mans life when he becomes serious.
During this stage he plays the responsible role of a justice. Due to over eating and lack of exercise, he
becomes bulky and has big belly. He grows a beard of formal cut and his eyes shows seriousness. He
remembers the lines of modern authors.
STANZA NO. 5: "The sixth age ----------------------------- whistles in his sound."
In these lines Shakespeare has described the sixth stage of mans life when he is in his sixties. He
becomes weak and thin. And is careless about his dress. His pantaloons become loose on his body. His
eyesight is weak and wears spectacles his socks are now too big for his thin legs. He has also a small
bag hanging by his side. His big manly voice also changes into the shrill voice of a boy and he
produces whistling sound in his speech.
STANZA NO. 6: "Last scene -------------------------------------- sans everything."
In these lines Shakespeare has described the last scene of mans life when his eventful life comes to an
end. Now he is not the strong and healthy youngman. He is now living like a child. He is entirely
dependant upon others because he is without teeth, without eyes, without taste and without energy of
life.

THE MAN OF LIFE UPRIGHT. 2.

REFURANCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem "The man of life upright" by Thomas campaign.
CONTEXT:

In the poem the poet tells us the qualities of an honest and sincere man. Such a man lives an honest
and clean life; he is very humble and passes the days of his life silently. He does not give trouble to
others. He is not ambitious. He has firm faith in God. He has no fears and lead a peaceful life.
STANZA NO. 1: "The man of life ------------------------------------------thought of vanity."
In this stanza the poet says that a man who leads a contented life in this world has a heart which is
free from sins. He is honest and straightforward. He does not fell proud. He believes that only honest
thoughts will keep him safe. His life is simple and does not like evil things. He leads a peaceful life.
STANZA NO. 2: "The man whose -------------------------------------------sorrow discontent."
In these lines the poet says that a man who leads a happy and contented life, spends his days quietly
in this world. He enjoys life without causing any trouble to others. He does not disturb the happiness
of his fellow beings. Useless hopes can not deceive him and worldly sorrows do not disturb the mind.
He is always happy and leads a contented life.
STANZA NO. 3: "That man needs -------------------------------------------thunders violence."
In these lines the poet says that a man leading an honest and pious life in this world lives fearlessly.
He is not afraid of anyone. He does not he does not builds high towers to protect himself from
enemies because he has no enmity with anyone. He does not need weapons to keep himself safe from
his enemies; he does not need underground cellars to hide from the calamities of nature, like
thunderstorms. He lives a peaceful life. He believes that God will protect him from all troubles.
STANZA NO. 4: "He only can -----------------------------------------------of the skies."
In these lines the poet says that an honest man believes that God will protect him from all troubles.
Storms appearing in the sea and thunderstorm appearing in the skies do not frightened him. He is
not afraid of natural calamities; he looks at such things without fear. He faces the dangers of life
boldly.
STANZA NO. 5: "Thus scorning all --------------------------------------- heavenly things."
In these lines the poet says that the man who has a good character leads a pious life. He does not care
about the worries about the world. He does not believe in faith he does not complain when he faces
the trouble of life. He has firm faith in God. He believes that God will protect him from all troubles,
whenever he faces the problems of the world, he seeks guidance and help from God.
STANZA NO. 6: "Good thoughts ------------------------------------------- quiet pilgrimage."
In these lines the poet says that a man of good character leads a calm and quiet life and does not
cause problem for others. He believes that only honest thoughts will protect him from troubles. He
does not care about the worldly comforts because he knows that his stay in this world is temporary.
He therefore lives in this world like a pilgrim. Who has only one aim in life i.e. to worship God?

"LINES FROM SAMSON AGONISTES."

REFERENCE: These lines have been taken from the poem "Samson Agonistic" written by John
Milton.
CONTEXT:
In this long poem Milton has described how Samson fought against his enemies. Samson was a
powerful man, but had been taken prisoner by Philistines, who were the enemies of his race. In this
poem we are told how Samson saved the people of his race by pulling down the roof of a great temple
on the heads of his enemies and killed all the prominent people. Samson also died but in this way he
took revenge from his enemies.
STANZA NO. 1: "He patient but ------------------------------ to appear antagonist."
In these lines we are told how Samson was brought to the temple after he had been captured and
blinded by his enemies. A guide led Samson to the temple; he walked patiently but fearlessly to the
place where the guide took him. Then he was asked to show some feats of strength. He pulled, drew
and broke things with great strength. There was no one to challenge him. Everyone praised his
strength. His strength was unbelievable.

STANZA NO. 2: "At length for intermission --------------------------- gave main support."
In these lines we are told how Samson reached near the big pillars which gave main support to the
roof of the temple. At last when Samson was tire after performing his show of strength, his guide took
him between the tow big pillars. He requested his guide to let him lean against the big pillars because
he wanted to take rest for sometime by keeping both his hands on them.
STANZANO. 3: "He unsuspicious led him - - - - - - - - - - -------------- his mind revolved."
In these lines we are told that the guide did not suspect what Samson was going to do. So he let him
rest against the pillars which gave main support to the roof. Samson felt the pillars in his arms and
stood silent for some time. His head was bowed down wards and his eyes were fixed to the ground. It
appeared as if he was praying or was thinking about some important matter.
STANZA NO. 4: "At last with head ----------------------------------------- all who behold."
In these lines the poet has described the speech of Samson before the lords and nobles who had
gathered to watch his show of strength. He told them in a loud voice that till now he had obeyed
them, and did whatever he was asked to perform. All those who watched him were greatly surprised.
Now he said he wanted to show them some feats of strength of his own accord, which would amaze all
those who watched him.
STANZA NO. 5: "Thus uttered ----------------------------------------------- who sat beneath."
In these lines we are told how Samson pulled down the roof of the temple upon the heads of his
enemies. After addressing the people assembled there Samson applied his force to the pillars. He
shook them with great force till the roof of the great temple fell down with a great noise upon the
heads of the people.
STANZA NO. 6: "Lords, ladies ---------------------------------------------- destruction on himself."
In these lines the poet has described the death of Samson and all the people who had gathered under
the roof of the temple to watch their powerful enemy. The poet says that lords, ladies, captain and
priests of the country were crushed to death. They were the prominent people of the nation who had
assembled from far and near to celebrates the feast. As Samson was among them therefore he was
also crushed to death.

LINES FROM AN ESSAY ON MAN.

REFERANCE:
These lines have been taken from An Essay on Man written by Alexander pope.
CONTEXT:
In this poem the poet tells us that God does not let man know about his fate. The man knows only
about the present. He does not know anything about his future. Poet says that it is a great blessing of
God that we have been kept ignorant of our future, God because God wants that each creature
should complete the circle marks it. If we had known about our future life, it would have become
very difficult for us to live in this world. God has given us the gift of hope. Man lives on hope and
feels that his future will be better then the present. The poet advises us to worship God and hope for
a better future.
STANZA NO. 1: " Heaven from all ------------------------------------- being here belong."
In these lines the poet says that God keeps us ignorant of our fate, Man only knows about his present.
He does not know about his future. The animals do not know what men know and men do not know
what angles know. The poet says this ignorance about our future is a blessing of God, otherwise if
men come to know about their future lives, and they will not like to live in this world, as life would be
unbearable.
STANZA NO. 2: "The lamb thy riot --------------------------------- to shed his blood."

In these lines the poet gives the example of a lamb whose final fate is to be butchered and eaten by
man if the lamb had know that he was going to be killed, he would have never have played and
jumped so happily. As the lamb quite ignorant of the future, it likes the hand of his master lovingly
and eats the grass up to the last moment. So it is a blessing of God that we do not know that what is
going to happen to us in future.
STANZA NO. 3: "Oh blindness to the --------------------------------- and new a world."
In these lines the poet tells us that God has kept us ignorant of our future. Every one has to complete
the circle of his life marked by God. Man is powerless before God. A powerful hero and a small
sparrow are equal in the eye of God. Whether a hero is killed or a sparrow dies, it makes no
difference to Him. The destruction of an atom or the whole system of universe does not matter to
God. The bursting of a bubble or the ruin of a world, both has equal importance to God.
STANZA NO. 4: "Hope humbly the ---------------------------------- thy blessing now."
In these lines the poet says that on the one hand God keeps us ignorant of our knowledge of future,
but on the other hand He has given us the gift of hope. Hopes keep a man alive and keep him happy.
He continues to hope for a better future throughout his life. The poet calls death a great teacher
because it teaches that our life in this world is very short. Therefore we should be thankful to God for
giving us the gift of hope.
STANZA NO. 5: "Hope springs eternal ------------------------------- in a life to come."
In these lines the poet says that man always lives on hopes. It is the hope, which keeps him alive for
the future to come. He is always hoping that his future will be happier than his present. He is never
satisfied with what he has already got. On the other hand he always hopes that he will be happy in
the future. This gives him consolation in the troubles of life. Mans soul is always uneasy in this
world, because the original home of the soul is heaven. When man dies and the soul goes back to its
original home, it finds peace and freedom.

SOLITARY REAPER.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem "The solitary reaper" written by William
Wordsworth.
CONTEXT:
William wordsworth is the poet of nature. In this poem he tells us how happy he was to listen to the
song of a village girl. The poet was passing through a valley in Scotland when he saw the girl. She was
reaping the crop all alone. She was also singing a sweet song. Although the poet could not understand
what she sang, yet he was so impressed by the sad tune that he stood there for sometime, and enjoyed
the music of the song.
STANZA NO. 1: "Behold her, ---------------------------------------------- or gently pass."
In these lines the poet asks the passers to look at the country girl who is working in the fields at the
bottom of the hill. She is singing a song and is also reaping the crop. The girl is working all alone. The
poet tells the people to either stop or to pass silently, without disturbing the lovely reaper.
STANZA NO. 2: "Alone she cuts ------------------------------------------- with the sound."
In these lines the poet says that the lonely girl is working in the field at the bottom of the hill. She is
busy in cutting and binding the grain. She is also singing a sad song. Her song is echoing and the
whole valley is filled with her sweet sad voice.
STANZA NO. 3: "No nightingale did ------------------------------------ Arabian sands."
In this stanza wordsworth has compared the song of the country girl to that of a nightingale who
sings happily to the tired travelers in the deserts of Arabia, where they stay to take rest under some

shady place. The beautiful voice of the nightingale has a consoling effect upon the travelers. They
became happy to hear the song, which gives them comfort in the desert. But the sweet sad voice of the
country girl is better then the song of the nightingale.
STANZA NO. 4: "A voice so trilling -------------------------------------- farthest Hebrides."
In this stanza the poet has compared the song of the country girl to the song of the cuckoo bird who
sings in themonth of spring. The says that the cuckoo bird, singing in the far off Hebrides islands in
the spring does not sing more beautiful than this girl.
STANZA NO. 5 6 : "Will no one tell ----------------------------------------- and may be again?"
In this stanza the poet says that the girl was singing in Celtic language, therefore he could not
understand the meaning of her song. But from the sweet sad song, he guessed that her song might be
about some tragic events of the past. The poet thinks perhaps the girl is singing about some battles,
which were fought along time ago, in which many people had lost their lives. Again guessing at the
theme of her song, the poet thinks that perhaps the girl is singing about some ordinary matters of
daily life. The song may be about some natural sorrow loss or pain, which has happened in the past
or may be happen in the future.
STANZA NO. 7: "Whateer the theme --------------------------------------------- the sickle bending."
In these lines the poet says that he could not understand the meaning of her song. The poet says
whatever the theme of her song might have been, he stood there and listened the sad song of the girl.
The girl continued singing, as if her song would never come to an end. It appeared as if she was not
going to stop. The poet saw her singing while she was bending over the sickle and cutting the grain.
STANZA NO. 8: "I listened till ---------------------------------------------------- heard no more"
In these lines the poet says that he stood there for a long time, listening to the sweet song of the girl.
At last he was overjoyed and had no more desire to listen the song of the girl. Then he climbed up the
hill, but as he went away, he took away the music of the song in his mind.

LINES FROM ANDYMION 2.

Reference:
These lines have been taken from Andymion written by John Keats.
Context :
In these lines Keats says that a beautiful thing is a joy for ever. It never goes waste but always gives
us comfort and pleasure. It makes our lives peaceful. The beautiful things removes away the sadness
from our sad spirits. They always remain with us and make us happy in our sad moods. Beauty gives
us sweet dreams and healthy life.
STANZA NO. 1: "A thing of beauty ------------------------------ and a sleep."
In these lines the poet tells us beautiful thing is a permanent source of joy. The beauty is increasing
with the passage of tome. It does not go waste but always gives us peace of mind. It gives us cool and
comfortable shadow and relieves us of the sorrows of the world. It gives us pleasure and consolation.
It takes us to the world of romance and we enjoy sweet dreams and good health. It makes our lives
free from worries and provides us comfort.
STANZA NO. 2: "Therefore on every morrow ----------------------------------- our dark spirits."
In these lines the poet tells us that it is our love for beauty which makes us attached to the world.
Every morning when we get up, we see beauty around us, which strengthens our relation with the
world. The poet says that the world is full of sorrows and good people are very rare. Beauty is the
only thing that can help us in our troubles. When we praised and enjoy beauty our sad spirits feel
happy and we forget our sorrows.
STANZA NO. 3: Trees old and young ------------------------------------ musk rose blooms."
In these lines the poet tells us that a beautiful object of beauty gives us great joy. It makes us happy.
We can see beauty in the sun, in the moon and in the old as well as in the young trees under which

our sheep take rest in summer. Beauty can also be found in daffodils and the greenery around them.
Similarly clear stream which run under the shady trees during the hot season also look very
beautiful. Bushes growing in forest with sweet smelling musk rose also look very charming. All these
objects of nature fill our hearts with joy.
STANZA NO. 4: "And such too---------------------------------------- the heavens brink."
In these lines the poet tells us that all the stories which describe the final end of great heroes give us
comfort. All beautiful stories of the great men, that we have heard or read are an everlasting source
of joy. They fill our hearts with heavenly joy. While listening to their stories we feel as if nectar is
being poured in to our ears from the edge of heaven. These stories give us pleasure and provide
strength to us to bear the troubles of life cheerfully.

MUSIC WHEN SOFT VOICE DIE. 2

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem "Music when soft voice die" written by Shelley.
CONTEXT:
In this short poem the poet has praised the lasting quality of love. He says that when music comes to
an end, it still remains in our minds. The sweet smelling flowers fade away, but their perfume
remains in our senses. We also know that dead leaves of rose are used for decorating the bed of
beloved. In a similar way, the poet loves and enjoys the memory of his beloved, even in her absence.
STANZA NO. 1: "music when soft -----------------------------------------sense they quicken."
In these lines the poet says that beauty is permanent and beautiful things always remain in our
memories. The soft voices of music remain in our memory. In a similar way, the smell of violets lives
in our senses even when they have faded. The poet means to say that the sweet memories of those who
have passed away, is a great comfort to us.
STANZA NO. 2: "Rose leaves----------------------------------------------------slumber on."
In these lines the poet says that rose leaves do not lose their value. They are collected and scattered on
the beloveds bed for making it fragrant and comfortable. In a similar way, the poet remembers his
beloved when she goes away. The poet enjoys her memories even in her absence. The poet means to
say that all beautiful things are permanent. They are never wasted. Like the soft voices of music, they
always remain fresh in our memory.

1. SAY NOT THE STRUGGLE NAUGIT AVAILETH.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem "say not the struggle naught availeth"swritten by Arthur
Hugh Clough.
CONTEXT:
In this poem the poet says that struggle does not go unrewarded. We should not be disappointed with
failures. We should not think that our efforts are useless and that they have no effect on the enemy.
He gives some examples to prove that our efforts do not go waste. The poet advises us to continue our
efforts and never feel disappointed in difficult times.
STANZA NO. 1: "Say not the -------------------------- have been they remain."
In this stanza the poet advises us that we should never think that struggles do not get unrewarded.
We must not be disappointed with temporary failure. Giving the example of a battle field the poet
says that we should not think that the enemy, will not become weak and our hard work has no effect
on the enemy. The poet encourages us by saying that never go waste. We should never think that
things will not change in our favour and affairs will remain as they are.
STANZA NO. 2: "If hopes are --------------------------posses the field."

In these lines the poet says that some times our hopes deceive us. We are disappointed but we should
not worry. We should always be hopeful of our future success. The poet encourages us by saying that
our fear of failure may be false. The poet gives us the example of the battlefield and says that our own
companions may be running after the enemy who is fleeing and they may win battle for us. The poet
gives us the lesson of hope and encouragement.
STANZA NO. 3: "For while the --------------------------flooding in the main."
In this stanza the poet says that some times immediate results are not in our favour but our hard
work does not go waste. The poet gives the example of a man who is standing on the beach watching
the waves striking against the rocks on the shore. It appears that the waves are striking against the
rock is useless because they do not seem to gain even a single inch of land. But the same waves are
making inlets at some distance through which the water is flowing. This shows that we should never
lost courage but keep on working hard. Our efforts do not go waste, but win definetly bring us
success.
STANZA NO. 4: "And not by-------------------------------the land is bright."
In these lines the poet says that we should always remain hopeful and should never think that our
efforts are useless and are not producing immediate results. He gives the example of a man who is
looking at the rising son through eastern windows. To him it appears that the son is rising very
slowly. But when he looks to wards the west he finds that the son has spread its light in all directions
and has brightened the whole land. Thus the poet tells us that our struggles do not go waste and
bring good results in the long run.

- LINES FROM ULYSSES.

Reference:
These lines have been taken from the poem "ULYSSES" written by Tennyson.
Context:
In this poem Tennyson narrates the story of Ulysses a famous Greek hero who traveled widely and
fought may battles. He had come back from long journey. He does not want to stop traveling. He
wants to go out once again with his sailors to see more of the world. He asks his companions to join
him and sail beyond the sunset. He tells them that although they have grown old, they still have
sufficient courage to achieve their goal before their death.
STANZA NO. 1: "Souls that have ------------------------------- free foreheads."
In these lines Ulysses is addressing his old companions. He reminds his companions that they have
been doing great things in the past. They worked hard and accomplished great works. They
welcomed the storms and the sunshine and faced all the troubles boldly. He says that now they have
become old but even in the old age they can do something great.
STANZA NO. 2: "You and I are old ------------------------------ strove with gods."
In these lines Ulysses is inspiring his companions to get ready to start a new journey. He tells them
that death is the end of everything, but before dying some great deed can be done because we have
fought with gods. Ulysses means to say that as long as they are alive they should not sit idle. They
should not worry if they have become old.
STANZA NO. 3: "The lights begging ------------------------------------ a newer world."
In these lines Ulysses is telling to his old friends to get ready for the final journey of their lives. He
tells them that the ling day is over and moon is also rising slowly. The darkness of the evening is
approaching. The sea is making different sounds and the rushing waves of the sea. He tells his friends
to come forward. They should not worry about the difficulties of the journey.
STANZA NO. 4: "Push off, and ---------------------------------------- until I die."
In these lines Ulysses invites his friends to push off their ship from the shore and start their journey
with courage. He tills them to sit in proper order and strike the water with their oars to sail on the

surface on the sea. He tells them that he wants to sail beyond the boundaries of the sea where the sun
and the stars go after setting. He says that he will continue his journey until the last moment of his
life.
STANZA NO. 5: "It may be ---------------------------------------- whom we know."
In these lines Ulysses is asking his old friends to set out on a new journey. He says that it is possible
that the waves of the sea may wash them down or they may reach the Happy Isles, where they may
meet Achilles, who was their great leader in the war and they all knew him well. No doubt it is a
difficult journey but he encourages them to start it.
STANZA NO. 6: "tho much is ------------------------------------- and not to yield."
In these lines Ulysses tolls his companions that although they have lost a greater part of their strength
and energy, still much remains. Indeed they have lost the strength of the youth and they are not as
strong as they were in old days. In their youth they could move heaven and earth. Nothing seemed
impossible to them on those days. Now time and fate have made them weak. They may not be as
powerful as they were in their youth, when they were able to fight with gods but even now they have
a strong will power. They still possess brave hearts. They will struggle continuously.
MANSOOR ALI SHAH.

BLACK MICHAEL.
Black Michael was the half brother of the king. He was favourite of his father who had made him the
Duke of Strelsau. As his mother was a woman of humble birth, therefore he was not entitled to the
crown. He did not in inherit the red hair. His hair was black, therefore he was called Black Michael.
He wanted to become the king and tried his best to defeat his brother.
Michael is the villain of the novel who creates the whole problems for Ressendyll. He makes various
schemes and plays an evil role in the novel. He keeps himself in the background and uses his six
string men. He exploits the weakness of hid half brother and makes him senseless by sending him a
bottle of drugged wine. He invites Ressendull to the Summer House because he wants to kill him. He
is very cruel and treats the king in a cruel manner when he is in his hands.
Michael was a wicked schemer. When his first plan failed, he tried to invent another. He kidnapped
the king from the shooting lodge and imprisoned him in the castle of Zenda. Michael had no
principles. He was deceitful and untrustworthy. He was a coward and could not face Ressendyll
bravely. He always used his six men. Michael s cruel and wicked nature caused his ruin. He intended
to marry Princess Flavia after getting the throne. He was deceitful and selfish even in love. In the
beginning he loved Lady Mauban, and promised to marry her, but later on he diverted his attention
to Princess Flavia, realizing that Lady Mauban was an ordinary woman, while Flavia was a Princess.
Because of his selfishness, Lady Mauban turned against him and took active part in the schemes of
Ressendyll made for the release of the king.

LADY MAUBAN.
Lady Mauban is a rich and attractive widow. She was come to Ruritania to marry
Michael. Rupert also falls in love with her, but she is very careful and does not give
lift to anybody else. She loves Michael. She does not like Princess Flavia because
Michael wants to marry her. She knows that if Michael succeeds in getting the
throne of Ruritania, she will lose him. As she wants to win the Duke therefore she
helps Rassendyll. She does not want that Michael should become the king and
marry Princess Flavia. Therefore she informs Ressendyll about the prison of Zenda
and also about Michaels company. In her letter to Ressendyll, she clearly admits

that it is only out of her jealousy that she wants to tell him about some secrets of the
Summer House. She also writes letters to Princess Flavia because she does not like
Dukes attachment to her.
She wants to marry a person of no less importance than Duke and ready to do
anything to win him. She follows him to Ruritania and stays with him after the
imprisonment of the real king only to watch Michaels activities. When she comes to
know that she can not get marry with Michael, therefore she joins hands with
Ressendyll. It is through her co-operation that a successful attack is made on Zenda
and the king is released.
Madam De Mauban loves Michael from the depth of her heart. When she finds that
he is unfaithful and wants to marry Princess Flavia, she becomes sad. Meanwhile
Rupert tries to make love to her but she remains loyal to the Duke. She even tries to
kill Rupert with a pistol after he murdered her lover. It shows that she does not have
revengeful feeling for Michael, although he proves faithless to her.
Lady Mauban is a kind hearted and sympathetic woman. In the last scene of the
novel, when the wounded king is brought to Michaels room, she washes his wounds.

COLONEL SAPT.
Colonel Sapt is a middle-aged man. He is strong. He is an experienced soldier and is a loyal servant of
the king. He is very wise and intelligent. He is very cautious about everything. He loves the king
inspite of all his weaknesses. He has a natural hatred for Michael and can not compromise with the
idea of his becoming the king of Ruritania. He keeps close watch over Rassendyll and does not allow
him to reveal his identity when is alone with Princess Flavia. He is very wise remains hopeful even in
the most difficult situations. He remains calm and cool when he faces some trouble. He knows how to
handle a problem and quickly thinks a solution for it. He always gives proper advises to Rassendyll.
He instructs Rassendyll most minutely about the past life of the king, his weaknesses and also about
his friends. He always remains near him all the time. It is through his efforts that Michael fails to get
the crown and the throne is finally restored to the king.
Sapt is an experienced administrator. He knows about human nature very well. He keeps a close
watch over the activities of Michael. His advises are always fruitful. He uses Rassendyll and Princess
Flavia as pawns and finally succeeds in his aim of restoring the throne to the king. Sapt is a jolly
person. Even in dangerous situations, he laughs and cuts jokes with his companions.
Sapt possesses a great political insight. He knows about the political development of his country. He
understands the wishes of the people. On the whole, Colonel Sapt plays an important role in the
novel. He performs his duties excellently. He blocks the way of Michael. It is due to his selfless efforts
that the king is released and the throne is finally restored to him.

CAPTAIN FRITZ.
Captain Fritz is a loyal servant of the king. He is a close associate of Col. Sapt and accompanies him
every where. He plays middle height. He belongs to a very noble family. Countess Helga, the lady-inwaiting room to the Princess is in love with him.

Cap. Fritz is a courageous soldier. He is as very anxious to get the king released as Sapt and
Rassendyll and is ready to take any risk. He arranges for the stay for rassendyll near the castle of
Zinda when he goes there for hunting, which is in fact an attempt to defeat Black Michael. He is a
good fighter but he knows when to avoid risks. When Rassendyll wants to follow Rupert in the jungle
in Zinda, he stops him from taking that unwise step. He does not take part in actual fighting with
Black Michael, but he is fully associated with all the activities of his friends.
Fritz loves the king and is ready to do anything to help the king. He is very anxious about the safety
of the king when he is lying unconscious in the wine cellar. He is very obedient and carries out the
orders of Col. Sapt. He does not like Michael and can not compromise on the idea of his becoming the
king.
Captain Fritz is more polite and kind hearted than Sapt. During the three months stay of Rassendyll
in Ruritania he becomes more attached to him than Col. Sapt. At the time of the departure of
Rassendyll from Ruritania, he takes him to the room of Princess Flavia and then accompanies him to
the railway station. He does not forget Rassendyll after his departure, but comes to meet him at
Dresden every year. He also brings gifts from Princess Flavia. He is the only person with whom
Rassendyll continues his friendship afterward.
He thus a simple and sincere person. He is very tenderhearted and polished in his behaviour. He is
loyal to the king.

RUDOLF ELPHERG.
Rudolf Elpherg is the crown prince of Ruritania. In physical appearance, he has a striking
resemblance with Rassendyll, but mentally he is quite different from him. He does not have the
qualities, which Rassendyll have. The king does not have the courage, self-confidence and the sense of
responsibility. The king is pleasure loving and a carefree type of a young man. As soon as he has seen
Rassendyll and known the reason for his resemblance, he invites him to dinner and becomes frank
with him.
Rudolf Elpherg loves wine. During his stay at Zenda, he drinks so much that he forgets his
coronation and falls in to the trap laid by his half brother Black Michael, who sent drugged wine to
make him senseless. This shows that king has no sense of responsibility. Because of his care free
habits, a large number of people are against him, and they want Black Michael to be their king. The
landlady of the inn at Zenda is also of the opinion that the Duke is a better candidate for the throne.
It is because of his bad habits that the throne is almost lost to him. If Rassendyll did not help him,
Michael would have ruled over Ruritania.
Rudolf Elpherg is a friend. He is a pleasant tempered man and is a sincere lover. All his friends
remain loyal to him till last. Sapt and Fritz are devoted to him. They manage to restore the throne to
him with the help of Rassendyll. During the last attack on the prison of Zenda, when the life of
Raddendyll is in danger, he throws a chair at him and saves the life of Rassendyll. The king was not
an ungrateful person. He was thankful to his friends, particularly he thanks to Rassendyll for his
selfless services. His love for Princess Flavia is pure, and unselfish. If was because of his some good
qualities and sincere efforts that the throne was finally restored to him.

RUPERT.
Rupert is one of the six rogues of Black Michael. He is a hired soldier. Who works for Duke Michael.
He is a handsome young man and plays a very important role in the novel. He is the chief of
Michaels strong men. Michael always depends upon him in the fulfilment of his mission.

Rupert is greedy and immoral. He has no principles. He is a good rider and can throw a dagger very
skilfully. He is afraid of nothing on earth. He jumps into the dangers and feels delighted. He makes a
daring attack on Rassendyll in daylight and escapes unhurt. He is a very good swordsman and no one
can beat him in fighting. On one occasion, dozen men attack on him, his tow partners are killed in
the fight, but he manages to escape unhurt after killing his opponents. In the last scene he manages to
run away before the arrival of the soldier. He jumps in to the moat with blood stained clothes. He
passes satirical remarks on everyone. His tongue is a sharp as his sword. When Duke asks him why
he had come to Maubans room, he replies that he come to apologize to the lady for his long absence.
Rupert worships beauty. His loose character makes him an unlikable character in the novel. He can
hot deceive anyone for his benefits. He is not even loyal to his master and tries to seduce his beloved.
He is a traitor and is ready to give the crown and Princess Flavia to Rassendyll if he allows him to
marry lady Mauban, and grant him a pardon for the rest of his life. He abuses his master on his face
and fights with him many times.
In short Rupert is the dislikable character and plays the role of a villain in the novel.

RUDOLF RASSENDYLL.
Rudolf Rassendyll is the hero of the novel. He is a young man of 29 years of age. He is a tall,
impressive and handsome youngman. He is educated and is very intelligent. Rassendyll is a born
soldier. He is a skillful swordsman, a very good shooter and an expert rider. He fights bravely against
the six hirelings of the Black Michael. He goes to Zenda alone for get information and spends the
night in the moat. All these qualities make him the most dominant character of the novel.
He loves to play with dangers. So he went to Ruritania. Because of his physical resemblance with the
king, Sapt and Fritz request him to play the role of the king. He is well aware of the risk, but he
accepts the challenge and plays his role in order to save the king. His love for adventure takes him to
the Summer House where he successfully fights with the three men of Michael who had come to kill
him. He saves himself with the help of tea table and escapes unhurt.
He plays a leading role in the complicated drama and defeats Michael. He has to play the part of the
king and has also to fight against Black Michael but he always comes out successful because of his
qualities.
His behaviour is praise worthy as a king. Everyone admits that after the coronation the king has
become more clever. Princess Flavia says that she started love with the king after the coronation.
He is a brave and fearless man. His fight with the men of Michael in the last scene is praiseworthy.
He is a good schemer. His plans are well prepared. The plan that he makes for release of the king
proves that he is an intelligent man. Ressendyll has a strong sense of duty. He never forgets for a
moment that he is to restore the throne to its rightful owner, Rudolf Elpherg. He is a man of honour
and continues his efforts for the release of the king. He does not reveal his identity to Princess Flavia
although he sincerely falls in love with her. He sacrifices his love for the sake of duty. Princess Flavia
loves him and is ready to go with him but he makes no attempt to get her. He knows that like the
crown of Ruritania, she is also the trust of the king.
He is a kind hearted and helpful man and helps Lady Mauban when she wants to be rescued from
Michael and his men. Due to these extraordinary qualities, he impresses Sapt, Fritz and Flavia. They
all love him because he is sincere.

PRINCESS FLAVIA.

Princess Flavia is the heroin of the novel. She is a very important female character. She is a loving
heart. She behaved kindly to other whole attending royal function. Therefore she was very popular in
Ruritania. When the engagement is announced officially, the people of Ruritania became very happy.
Princess Flavia is the cousin of Rudolf Elpherg and is the next heiress to the throne. The major
characters of the novel love her. Rudolf Elpherg is to marry her as a royal cousin and Black Michael
wants to marry her to become the king of Ruritania. Ressendyll falls in love with her when he meets
her in the guise of the king. She however loves Rudolf Ressendyll.
Princess Flavia is a very intelligent woman and has unusual common sense. She knows that Michael
is a dangerous person, so she advises Ressendyll to be careful about him. Although she is not directly
involved in politics. She knows what is happening in the country. She is very courageous and moves
about from one place to another actively. She visits Zenda when she comes to knows that the king is
lying wounded. She immediately goes there in spite of dangers.
Although she falls in love with Ressendyll, yet she is not a slave of her passions. She sacrifices her
love fore the sake of duty. She knows that her marriage with Ressendyll will destroy the peace of the
country, therefore she decided to marry king Elpherg to bring peace and joy to her country.