WB VM

Verification Manual for Workbench
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Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
I. DesignModeler Descriptions ................................................................................................................... 3
WBVMDM001 ......................................................................................................................................... 5
WBVMDM002 ......................................................................................................................................... 7
WBVMDM003 ......................................................................................................................................... 9
II. Mechanical Application Descriptions ................................................................................................... 11
WBVMMECH001 ................................................................................................................................... 13
WBVMMECH002 ................................................................................................................................... 15
WBVMMECH003 ................................................................................................................................... 17
WBVMMECH004 ................................................................................................................................... 19
WBVMMECH005 ................................................................................................................................... 21
WBVMMECH006 ................................................................................................................................... 23
WBVMMECH007 ................................................................................................................................... 25
WBVMMECH008 ................................................................................................................................... 27
WBVMMECH009 ................................................................................................................................... 29
WBVMMECH010 ................................................................................................................................... 31
WBVMMECH011 ................................................................................................................................... 33
WBVMMECH012 ................................................................................................................................... 35
WBVMMECH013 ................................................................................................................................... 37
WBVMMECH014 ................................................................................................................................... 39
WBVMMECH015 ................................................................................................................................... 41
WBVMMECH016 ................................................................................................................................... 43
WBVMMECH017 ................................................................................................................................... 45
WBVMMECH018 ................................................................................................................................... 47
WBVMMECH019 ................................................................................................................................... 49
WBVMMECH020 ................................................................................................................................... 51
WBVMMECH021 ................................................................................................................................... 53
WBVMMECH022 ................................................................................................................................... 55
WBVMMECH023 ................................................................................................................................... 57
WBVMMECH024 ................................................................................................................................... 59
WBVMMECH025 ................................................................................................................................... 61
WBVMMECH026 ................................................................................................................................... 63
WBVMMECH027 ................................................................................................................................... 65
WBVMMECH028 ................................................................................................................................... 67
WBVMMECH029 ................................................................................................................................... 69
WBVMMECH030 ................................................................................................................................... 71
WBVMMECH031 ................................................................................................................................... 73
WBVMMECH032 ................................................................................................................................... 75
WBVMMECH033 ................................................................................................................................... 77
WBVMMECH034 ................................................................................................................................... 81
WBVMMECH035 ................................................................................................................................... 83
WBVMMECH036 ................................................................................................................................... 85
WBVMMECH037 ................................................................................................................................... 87
WBVMMECH038 ................................................................................................................................... 89
WBVMMECH039 ................................................................................................................................... 91
WBVMMECH040 ................................................................................................................................... 93
WBVMMECH041 ................................................................................................................................... 95
WBVMMECH042 ................................................................................................................................... 99
WBVMMECH043 ................................................................................................................................. 101
WBVMMECH044 ................................................................................................................................. 103
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
iii
Verification Manual for Workbench

WBVMMECH045 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH046 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH047 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH048 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH049 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH050 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH051 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH052 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH053 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH054 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH055 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH056 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH057 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH058 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH059 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH060 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH061 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH062 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH063 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH064 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH065 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH066 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH067 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH068 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH069 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH070 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH071 .................................................................................................................................
WBVMMECH072 .................................................................................................................................
III. Design Exploration Descriptions .......................................................................................................
WBVMDX001 ......................................................................................................................................
WBVMDX002 ......................................................................................................................................
WBVMDX003 ......................................................................................................................................
WBVMDX004 ......................................................................................................................................
WBVMDX005 ......................................................................................................................................
Index ........................................................................................................................................................
iv
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
157
159
161
163
165
167
169
173
175
179
Introduction
This manual presents a collection of test cases that demonstrate a number of the capabilities of the Workbench
analysis environment. The available tests are engineering problems that provide independent verification,
usually a closed form equation. Many of them are classical engineering problems.
The solutions for the test cases have been verified, however, certain differences may exist with regard to
the references. These differences have been examined and are considered acceptable. The workbench analyses
employ a balance between accuracy and solution time. Improved results can be obtained in some cases by
employing a more refined finite element mesh but requires longer solution times. For the tests, an error
rate of 3% or less has been the goal.
These tests were run on an Intel Xeon processor using Microsoft Windows XP Professional. These results are
reported in the test documentation. Slightly different results may be obtained when different processor
types or operating systems are used.
The tests contained in this manual are a partial subset of the full set of tests that are run by ANSYS developers
to ensure a high degree of quality for the Workbench product. The verification of the Workbench product
is conducted in accordance with the written procedures that form a part of an overall Quality Assurance
program at ANSYS, Inc.
You are encouraged to use these tests as starting points when exploring new Workbench features. Geometries,
material properties, loads, and output results can easily be changed and the solution repeated. As a result,
the tests offer a quick introduction to new features with which you may be unfamiliar.
Some test cases will require different licenses, such as DesignModeler, Emag, or Design Exploration. If you
do not have the available licenses, you may not be able to reproduce the results. The Educational version
of Workbench should be able to solve most of these tests. License limitations are not applicable to Workbench
Education version but problem size may restrict the solution of some of the tests.
The working directories for each of the Verification Manual tests are available at the Customer Portal.
Download the ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual Database Files. These databases provide all of the
necessary elements for running a test, including geometry parts, material files and workbench databases.
To open a test case in workbench, locate the working directory and double-click the Workbench database
(.wbdb).
You can use these tests to verify that your hardware is executing the ANSYS Workbench tests correctly. The
results in the databases can be cleared and the tests solved multiple times. The test results should be checked
against the verified results in the documentation for each test.
ANSYS Inc. offers the Workbench Verification and Validation package for users that must perform system
validation.
This package automates the process of test execution and report generation. If you are interested in contracting for such services contact the ANSYS, Inc. Quality Assurance Group.
Part I, DesignModeler Descriptions
WBVMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features
Overview
Feature:
Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend
Drawing Units:
Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend features.
A polygonal area is extruded 60 mm. A rectangular area of 30 mm x 40 mm [having a circular area of radius
6 mm subtracted] is extruded to 20 mm. Both resultant solids form one solid geometry. A rectangular area
(24 mm x 5 mm) is subtracted from the solid. Two rectangular areas (40 mm x 10 mm) are extruded 10 mm
and subtracted from solid. Two rectangular areas (25 mm x 40 mm) are extruded 40 mm and subtracted
from solid. A Chamfer (10 mm x 10 mm) is given to 4 edges on the resultant solid. Four Oval areas are extruded
and subtracted from Solid. Fillet (Radius 5 mm) is given to 4 edges using Blend Feature.
Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.
Figure: Final Model after creating Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend
Calculations
1.
Volume of Solid after extruding Polygonal Area: v1 = 264000 mm3.
2.
Volume of rectangular area having circular hole: v2 = 21738.05 mm3.

Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 285738.05 mm3.
3.
Volume of rectangular (24mm x 5mm) solid extruded 30mm using Cut Material = 3600 565.5 = 3034.5
mm3.
Net volume V = 285738.05 3034.5 = 282703.5 mm3.
4.
Volume of two rectangular areas each 40mm x 10mm extruded 10mm = 8000 mm3.
Net volume V = 282703.5 8000 = 274703.5 mm3.
5.
Volume of two rectangular areas 25mm x 40mm extruded 40mm = 80000 mm3.
WBVMDM001
Net volume V = 274703.5 80000 = 194703.5 mm3.
6.
Volume of four solids added due to Chamfer = 4 x 500 = 2000 mm3

Net volume V = 194703.5 + 2000 = 196703.5 mm3.
7.
Volume of four oval areas extruded 10 mm = 7141.6 mm3.

Net volume V = 196703.5 - 7141.6 = 189561.9 mm3.
8.
Volume of 4 solids subtracted due to Blend of radius 5 mm = 429.2 mm3.

Hence Net volume of final Solid body = V = 189561.9 429.2 = 189132.7 mm3.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignModeler
Error (%)
189132.7
189132.7
44261.29
44261.6
0.001
Number of Faces
52
52
Number of Bodies
Volume (mm3)
2
Surface Area (mm )
WBVMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Overview
Feature:
Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Drawing Units:
Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft features.
A Rectangular area (100 mm x 30 mm) is revolved about Z-Axis in 3600 to form a Cylinder. A circular area
of radius 30 mm is swept 100 mm using Sweep feature. A circular area of radius 30 mm is extruded 100
mm. A solid cylinder is created using Skin-Loft feature between two coaxial circular areas each of radius 30
mm and 100 mm apart.
Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.
Figure: Final Model after creating Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Calculations
1.
Volume of Cylinder created after Revolving Rectangular area (100 mm x 30 mm) = v1 = 282743.3 mm3.
2.
Volume of Cylinder created when a circular area (Radius 30mm) is swept 100 mm = v2 = 282743.3
mm3.
Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 282743.3 + 282743.3 = 565486.6 mm3.
3.
Volume of Cylinder after extruding a circular area (Radius 30 mm) 100 mm = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume = V = 565486.6 + 282743.3 = 848229.9 mm3.
4.
Volume of Cylinder created after using Skin-Loft feature between two circular areas of Radius 30 mm
and 100 mm apart. = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume of the final Cylinder = 848229.9 + 282743.3 = 1130973.2 mm3.
WBVMDM002
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignModeler
Error (%)
1130973.3
1130973.3
81053.1
81053.1
Number of Faces
Number of Bodies
Volume (mm3)
2
Surface Area (mm )
WBVMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Overview
Feature:
Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Drawing Units:
Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep.
A rectangular area (103 mm x 88 mm) is extruded 100 mm to form a solid box. A circular area of radius 25
mm is revolved 900 using Revolve feature and keeping Thin/Surface option to Yes and 3 mm Inward and
Outward Thickness. A solid is subtracted using Skin-Loft feature between two square areas (each of side 25
mm) and 100 mm apart. The two solid bodies are frozen using Freeze feature. A circular area of radius 25
mm is swept using Sweep feature and keeping Thin/Surface option to Yes and 3 mm Inward and Outward
Thickness. Thus a total of 4 geometries are created.
Verify the volume of the resulting geometry.
Figure: Final Model after creating Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft and Sweep
Calculations
1.
Volume of rectangular (103 mm x 88 mm) solid extruded 100mm = 906400 mm3.
2.
Volume of solid after revolving circular area of Radius 25 mm through 900 = 29639.6 mm3.
Net Volume of solid box, Va = 906400 - 29639.6 = 876760.3 mm3.
3.
Volume of additional body created due to Revolve feature = Vb= 11134.15 mm3.
4.
Volume of the rectangular box cut after Skin-Loft between two square areas each of side 25 mm =
62500 mm3.
Net Volume of solid box becomes Va = 876760.3 62500 = 814260.3 mm3.
5.
Volume of additional two bodies created due to Sweep feature:
Vc = 47123.9 mm3 and Vd = 28352.8 mm3.
And total volume that gets subtracted from box due to Sweep Feature = 75476.7 mm3.
WBVMDM003
Hence Net volume of box, Va = 814260.3 - 75476.7 = 738783.6 mm3.
Sum of volumes of all four bodies = Va+Vb+Vc+Vd = 738783.6 + 11134.15 + 47123.9 +28352.8 =
825394.4 mm3.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignModeler
Error (%)
825394.4
825394.5
101719.47
101719.95
Number of Faces
22
22
Number of Bodies
Volume (mm3)
2
Surface Area (mm )
10
Part II, Mechanical Application Descriptions
WBVMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis
Overview
Reference:
S.Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 1, Elementary Theory

and Problems, 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors, pg.
22 and 26
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly of three prismatic bars is supported at both end faces and is axially loaded with forces F1 and
F2. Force F1 is applied on the face between Parts 2 and 3 and F2 is applied on the face between Parts 1 and
2. Apply advanced mesh control with element size of 0.5.
Find reaction forces in the Y direction at the fixed supports.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Geometric Properties
Loading
E = 2.9008e7 psi
= 0.3
= 0.28383 lbm/in3
Cross section of all parts

= 1 x 1
Length of Part 1 = 4"
Length of Part 2 = 3"
Length of Part 3 = 3
Force F1 = -1000 (Y direction)

Force F2 = -500 (Y direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Y Reaction Force at Top Fixed

Support (lbf )
900
901.14
0.127
Y Reaction Force at Bottom

Fixed Support (lbf )
600
598.86
-0.190
13
14
WBVMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading
Overview
Reference:
J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, 1st Edition, 1986, Table A-23, Figure A-23-1, pg. 673
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rectangular plate with a circular hole is fixed along one of the end faces and a tensile pressure load is
applied on the opposite face. A convergence with an allowable change of 10% is applied to account for the
stress concentration near the hole. The Maximum Refinement Loops is set to 2 and the Refinement mesh
control is added on the cylindrical surfaces of the hole with Refinement = 1.
Find the Maximum Normal Stress in the x direction on the cylindrical surfaces of the hole.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 1000 Pa
=0
Length = 15 m
Width = 5 m
Thickness = 1 m
Hole radius = 0.5 m
Pressure = -100 Pa
Results Comparison
Results
Maximum Normal X Stress
(Pa)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
312.5
314.75
0.720
15
16
WBVMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate
Overview
Reference:
R. J. Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van

Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-2, Case 4, pg.
247
Analysis
Type(s):
Free Vibration Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly of three annular plates has cylindrical support (fixed in the radial, tangential, and axial directions)
applied on the cylindrical surface of the hole. Sizing control with element size of 0.5 is applied to the cylindrical surface of the hole.
Find the first six modes of natural frequencies.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2.9008e7 psi
= 0.3
= 0.28383 lbm/in3
Inner diameter of inner

plate = 20"
Inner diameter of
middle plate = 28"
Inner diameter of outer
plate = 34"
Outer diameter of outer
plate = 40"
Thickness of all plates =
1"
Loading
17
WBVMMECH003
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1st Frequency Mode (Hz)
310.911
315.15
1.363
2nd Frequency Mode (Hz)
318.086
320.56
0.778
3rd Frequency Mode (Hz)
318.086
320.86
0.872
4th Frequency Mode (Hz)
351.569
351.95
0.108
351.569
352.32
0.214
442.451
441.48
-0.219
18
WBVMMECH004: Shape Optimization of a Quarter of a Plate With Hole
Overview
Reference:
Mlejnek and Schirrmacher, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech Engg.,Vol. 106,

1993
Analysis
Type(s):
Shape Optimization
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rectangular plate (1300 x 1300 mm) with a hole is modeled with one-quarter symmetry. It has frictionless
support applied on the two flat faces along the thickness near the hole. Pressure loads are applied on the
remaining two flat faces along the thickness as shown below. Apply advanced mesh control with element
size of 29 mm to get accurate results.
Find the Optimized Mass for target reduction of 20%.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2.1e5 MPa
= 0.3
= 8e-6 kg/mm3
Quadrant Length = 650

mm
Quadrant Width = 650
mm
Thickness = 10 mm
Radius = 250 mm
Pressure = -0.15385 MPa

Pressure 2 = -0.076925
MPa
19
WBVMMECH004
Results Comparison
Results
Optimized Mass (kg)
20
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
23.8984
24.3
1.680
WBVMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall
Overview
Reference:
F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row Publisher, 3rd

Edition, 1976, Example 2-5, pg. 39
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A furnace wall consists of two layers: fire brick and insulating brick. The temperature inside the furnace is
3000F (Tf) and the inner surface convection coefficient is 3.333e-3 BTU/s ft2F (hf). The ambient temperature
is 80F (Ta) and the outer surface convection coefficient is 5.556e-4 BTU/s ft2F (ha).
Find the Temperature Distribution.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Fire brick wall: k = 2.222e-4

BTU/s ft F
Insulating wall: k = 2.778e-5
BTU/s ft F
Cross-section = 1" x 1"

Fire brick wall thickness
= 9"
Insulating wall thickness
= 5"
Loading
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Minimum Temperature (F)
336
336.69
0.205
Maximum Temperature (F)
2957
2957.2
0.007
21
22
WBVMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity
Overview
Reference:
Vedat S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley Book

Series, 1966, pg. 130
Analysis Type(s):
Nonlinear Static Thermal Analysis
Element Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A liquid is boiled using the front face of a flat electric heater plate. The boiling temperature of the liquid is
212F. The rear face of the heater is insulated. The internal energy generated electrically may be assumed
to be uniform and is applied as internal heat generation.
Find the maximum temperature and maximum total heat flux.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
k = [0.01375 * (1 + 0.001 T)]

BTU/s inF
Radius = 3.937
Thickness = 1
Front face temperature

= 212F
Temperature (F)
Conductivity (BTU/s
inF)
32
1.419e-002
1000
2.75e-002
Internal heat generation

= 10 BTU/s in3
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Temperature (F)
476
480.57
0.960
Maximum Total Heat Flux

(BTU/s in2)
10
9.9997
-0.003
23
24
WBVMMECH007: Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent

Conductivity
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Heat Transfer book
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A long bar has thermal conductivity that varies with temperature. The bar is constrained at both ends by
frictionless surfaces. A temperature of TC is applied at one end of the bar (End A). The reference temperature
is 5C. At the other end, a constant convection of h W/m2C is applied. The ambient temperature is 5C.
Advanced mesh control with element size of 2 m is applied.
Find the following:
Minimum temperature
Maximum thermal strain in z direction (on the two end faces)
Maximum deformation in z direction
Maximum heat flux in z direction at z = 20 m
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 1.5e-05 / C
k = 0.038*(1 + 0.00582*T)
W/m C
Length = 20 m
Width = 2 m
Breadth = 2 m
Rear face temperature T

= 100C
Film Coefficient h =
0.005 W/m2C
Ambient temperature =
5C
Reference temperature
= 5C
Temperature (C)
Conductivity (W/m C)
3.91e-002
800
0.215
25
WBVMMECH007
Analysis
Temperature at a distance "z" from rear face is given by:
Tz = 171.82 + 73886.82 1492.13 x( z )
Thermal strain in the z direction in the bar is given by:
zT = 1.5 105 ( Tz 5)
Deformation in the z direction is given by:
z
uz = (1.425 105 ( Tz 5)) dz

0
Heat flux in the z direction is given by:

q = 0.005 ( Tz 5)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Minimum Temperature (C)
38.02
38.014
-0.016
Maximum Thermal strain (z

= 20) (m/m)
0.000495
0.00049521
0.042
Maximum Thermal strain (z

= 0) (m/m)
0.001425
0.001425
0.000
Maximum Z Deformation (m)
0.00232
0.002341
0.905
Maximum Z Heat Flux (z = 20)

(W/m2)
0.165
0.16507
0.042
26
WBVMMECH008: Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine
Overview
Reference:
Kreith, F., Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row, 3rd Edition,
1976, Equation 2-44a, pg. 59, Equation 245, pg. 60
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A steel cooling spine of cross-sectional area A and length L extend from a wall that is maintained at temperature Tw. The surface convection coefficient between the spine and the surrounding air is h, the air temper
is Ta, and the tip of the spine is insulated. Apply advanced mesh control with element size of 0.025'.
Find the heat conducted by the spine and the temperature of the tip.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
Material Properties
E = 4.177e9 psf
= 0.3
Thermal conductivity k =
9.71e-3 BTU/s ft F
Cross section = 1.2 x
1.2
L = 8
Loading
Tw = 100F
Ta = 0F
h = 2.778e-4 BTU/s ft2 F
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Temperature of the Tip (F)
79.0344
79.078
0.055
Heat Conducted by the Spine

(Heat Reaction) (BTU/s)
6.364e-3
6.3614e-3
-0.041
27
28
WBVMMECH009: Stress Tool for Long Bar with Compressive Load
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A multibody of four bars connected end to end has one of the end faces fixed and a pressure is applied to
the opposite face as given below. The multibody is used to nullify the numerical noise near the contact regions.
Find the maximum equivalent stress for the whole multibody and the safety factor for each part using the
maximum equivalent stress theory with tensile yield limit.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
Tensile Yield (Pa)
Part 1
1.93e11
2.07e8
Part 2
7.1e10
2.8e8
Part 3
2e11
2.5e8
Part 4
1.1e11
2.8e8
Loading
Part
Part
m
Part
Part
Pressure = 2.5e8 Pa
1: 2 m x 2 m x 3 m
2: 2 m x 2 m x 10
3: 2 m x 2 m x 5 m
4: 2 m x 2 m x 2 m
29
WBVMMECH009
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Equivalent Stress

(Pa)
2.5e8
2.5e8
0.000
Safety Factor for Part 1
0.828
0.828
0.000
1.12
1.12
0.000
0.000
1.12
1.12
0.000
30
WBVMMECH010: Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Plate
Overview
Reference:
Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-4, Case 11, pg. 256
Analysis
Type(s):
Free Vibration Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A rectangular plate is simply supported on both the smaller edges and fixed on one of the longer edges as
shown below. Sizing mesh control with element size of 6.5 mm is applied on all the edges to get accurate
results.
Find the first five modes of natural frequency.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
= 7850 kg/m3
Length = 0.25 m
Width = 0.1 m
Thickness = 0.005 m
Loading
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1st Frequency Mode (Hz)
595.7
590.03
-0.952
2nd Frequency Mode (Hz)
1129.55
1118.4
-0.987
3rd Frequency Mode (Hz)
2051.79
2038.1
-0.667
2906.73
2879.3
-0.994
3366.48
3350
-0.489
31
32
WBVMMECH011: Large Deflection of a Circular Plate with Uniform Pressure
Overview
Reference:
Timoshenko S.P.,Woinowsky-Krieger S.,Theory of Plates and Shells,

McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, Article 97, equation 232, pg. 401
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Large Deformation On)
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A circular plate is subjected to a uniform pressure on its flat surface. The circular edge of the plate is fixed.
To get accurate results, apply sizing control with element size of 5 mm on the circular edge.
Find the total deformation at the center of the plate.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Radius = 0.25 m
Thickness = 0.0025 m
Pressure = 6585.18 Pa
Results Comparison
Results
Total deformation (m)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.00125
0.001238
-0.96
33
34
WBVMMECH012: Buckling of a Stepped Rod
Overview
Reference:
Warren C.Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress & Strains, McGraw

Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 2a, pg. 672
Analysis
Type(s):
Buckling Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A stepped rod is fixed at one end face. It is axially loaded by two forces: a tensile load at the free end and
a compressive load on the flat step face at the junction of the two cross sections. To get accurate results,
apply sizing control with element size of 6.5 mm.
Find the Load Multiplier for the First Buckling Mode.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Larger diameter =
0.011982 m
Smaller diameter =
0.010 m
Length of larger diameter = 0.2 m
Length of smaller diameter = 0.1 m
Force at free end = 1000

N
Force at the flat step
face = -2000 N
Both forces are in the z
direction
Results Comparison
Results
Load Multiplier
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
22.5
22.871
1.649
35
36
WBVMMECH013: Buckling of a Circular Arch
Overview
Reference:
Warren C.Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress Strains, McGraw Hill,

6th Edition, Table 34, Case 10, pg. 679
Analysis
Type(s):
Buckling Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A circular arch of a rectangular cross section (details given below) is subjected to a pressure load as shown
below. Both the straight edges of the arch are fixed.
Find the Load Multiplier for the first buckling mode.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e5 MPa
=0
Arch cross-section = 5
mm x 50 mm
Mean radius of arch =
50 mm
Included angle = 90
Pressure = 1 MPa
Results Comparison
Results
Load Multiplier
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
544
545.94
0.357
37
38
WBVMMECH014: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Vibration Analysis book
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly where four cylinders represent massless springs in series and a point mass simulates a spring
mass system. The flat end face of the cylinder (Shaft 1) is fixed. Harmonic force is applied on the end face
of another cylinder (Shaft 4) as shown below.
Find the z directional Deformation Frequency Response of the system on the face to which force is applied
for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz for the following scenarios using Mode Superposition. Solution intervals
= 20.
Scenario 1: Damping ratio = 0
Scenario 2: Damping ratio = 0.05
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Shaft 1
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Shaft 2
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Shaft 3
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Shaft 4
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Loading
Each cylinder:
Diameter = 20 mm
Length = 50 mm
Force = 1e7 N (Z-direction)

Point Mass = 3.1044 Kg
39
WBVMMECH014
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Amplitude without

damping (m)
0.1404
0.14123
0.591
Phase angle without damping (degrees)
180
180
0.000
Maximum Amplitude with

damping (m)
0.14
0.1408
0.577
Phase angle with damping

(degrees)
175.6
175.58
0.000
40
WBVMMECH015: Harmonic Response of Two Storied Building under Transverse

Loading
Overview
Reference:
W.T.Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Applications, 3rd Edition,

1999, Example 6.4-1, pg. 166
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A two-story building has two columns (2K and K) constituting stiffness elements and two slabs (2M and M)
constituting mass elements. The material of the columns is assigned negligible density so as to make them
as massless springs. The slabs are allowed to move only in the y direction by applying frictionless supports
on all the faces of the slabs in the y direction. The end face of the column (2K) is fixed and a harmonic force
is applied on the face of the slab (M) as shown in the figure below.
Find the y directional Deformation Frequency Response of the system at 70 Hz on each of the vertices as
shown below for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz using Mode Superposition. Use Solution intervals = 50.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Block 2
2e18
0.3
7850
Shaft 2
4.5e10
0.35
1e-8
Block 1
2e18
0.3
15700
Shaft 1
9e10
0.35
1e-8
Block 1 and 2:
Loading
Force = -1e5 N (y direction)
41
WBVMMECH015
40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm
Shaft 1 and 2:
20 mm x 20 mm x 200 mm
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Amplitude for vertex A (m)
0.20853
0.21033
0.863
Maximum Amplitude for vertex B (m)
0.074902
0.07547
0.761
42
WBVMMECH016: Fatigue Tool with Non-Proportional Loading for Normal Stress
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Machine Design book
Analysis
Type(s):
Fatigue Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A bar of rectangular cross section has the following loading scenarios.
Scenario 1: One of the end faces is fixed and a force is applied on the opposite face as shown below
in Figure : Scenario 1 (p. 43).
Scenario 2: Frictionless support is applied to all the faces of the three standard planes (faces not seen
in Figure : Scenario 2 (p. 43)) and a pressure load is applied on the opposite faces in positive y- and zdirections.
Find the life, damage, and safety factor for the normal stresses in the x, y, and z directions for non-proportional fatigue using the Soderberg theory. Use a design life of 1e6 cycles, a fatigue strength factor or 1, a
scale factor of 1, and 1 for coefficients of both the environments under Solution Combination.
Figure: Scenario 1
Figure: Scenario 2
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
43
WBVMMECH016
Material Properties
Ultimate Tensile Strength = 4.6e8 Pa
Yield Tensile Strength = 3.5e8 Pa
Endurance Strength = 2.2998e6 Pa
Number of Cycles
Alternating Stress (Pa)
1000
4.6e8
1e6
2.2998e6
Bar: 20 m x 1 m x 1m
Loading
Scenario 1: Force = 2e6 N
(y-direction)
Scenario 2: Pressure = -1e8
Pa
Analysis
Non-proportional fatigue uses the corresponding results from the two scenarios as the maximum and minimum stresses for fatigue calculations. The fatigue calculations use standard formulae for the Soderberg
theory.
Results Comparison
Results
Stress Component - Component X
Stress Component - Component Y
Stress Component - Component Z
44
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Life
3335.1049
3329.9
-0.156
Damage
299.8406
300.31
0.157
Safety Factor
0.019
0.019025
0.132
Life
14765.7874
14653
-0.764
Damage
67.724
68.247
0.772
Safety Factor
0.04569
0.045378
-0.683
Life
14765.7874
14766
0.001
Damage
67.724
67.725
0.001
Safety Factor
0.04569
0.045696
0.013
WBVMMECH017:Thermal Stress Analysis with Remote Force and Thermal Loading
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A cylindrical rod assembly of four cylinders connected end to end has frictionless support applied on all the
cylindrical surfaces and both the flat end faces are fixed. Other thermal and structural loads are as shown
below.
Find the Deformation in the x direction of the contact surface on which the remote force is applied. To get
accurate results apply a global element size of 1.5 m.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 1.2e-5/C
Diameter = 2 m
Lengths of cylinders in
order from End A: 2 m,
5 m, 10 m, and 3 m.
Given temperature (End A)

= 1000C
Given temperature (End B)
= 0C
Remote force = 1e10 N applied on the contact surface
at a distance 7 m from end
A.
Location of remote force =
(7,0,0) m
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum X Deformation (m)
0.101815
0.10016
-1.625
45
46
WBVMMECH018: A Bar Subjected to Tensile Load with Inertia Relief
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Static Structural Analysis (Inertia Relief On)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A long bar assembly is fixed at one end and subjected to a tensile force at the other end as shown below.
Turn on Inertia Relief.
Find the deformation in the z direction
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
= 7850 kg/m3
Cross-Section = 2 m x 2
m
Lengths of bars in order
from End A: 2 m, 5 m,
10 m, and 3 m.
Force P = 2e5 N (positive z

direction)
Analysis
z =
PL PL2
AE 2mE
where:
L = total length of bar
A = cross-section
m = mass
47
WBVMMECH018
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Z Deformation (m)
2.5e-6
2.5038e-6
0.152
48
WBVMMECH019: Mixed Model Subjected to Bending Loads with Solution

Combination
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam and Shell
Test Case
A mixed model (shell and beam) has one shell edge fixed as shown below. Bending loads are applied on
the free vertex of the beam as given below. Apply a global element size of 80 mm to get accurate results.
Scenario 1: Only a force load.
Scenario 2: Only a moment load.
Find the deformation in the y direction under Solution Combination with the coefficients for both the environments set to 1.
Figure: Scenario 1
Figure: Scenario 2
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e5 Pa
=0
Shell = 160 mm x 500

mm x 10 mm
Force F = -10 N (y direction)

Moment M = -4035 Nmm
@ z-axis
49
WBVMMECH019
Beam rectangular cross
section = 10 mm x 10
mm
Beam length = 500 mm
Analysis
y =
23 Fl 3 19 Ml 2
+
384 EI 128 EI
where:
I = total bending length of the mixed model
I = moment of inertia of the beam cross-section
Results Comparison
Results
Maximum Y-Deformation
(mm)
50
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-7.18742
-7.2542
0.929
WBVMMECH020: Modal Analysis for Beams
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Modal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Two collinear beams form a spring mass system. The density of the longer beam is kept very low so that it
acts as a massless spring and the smaller beam acts as a mass. The end vertex of the longer beam (acting
as a spring) is fixed. The cross section details are as shown below.
Find the natural frequency of the axial mode.
Figure: Cross Section Details for Both Beams
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Spring
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Mass
2e11
7.85e5
51
WBVMMECH020
Loading
Spring beam length = 500 mm

Mass beam length = 5 mm
Results Comparison
Results
Natural Frequency of Axial
Mode (Hz)
52
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1188.6
1190.5
0.160
WBVMMECH021: Buckling Analysis of Beams
Overview
Reference:
Warren C.Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strains, McGraw

Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 3a, pg. 675
Analysis
Type(s):
Buckling Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A beam fixed at one end and is subjected to two compressive forces. One of the forces is applied on a
portion of the beam of length 50 mm (L1) from the fixed end and the other is applied on the free vertex,
as shown below.
Find the load multiplier for the first buckling mode.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
L1 = 50 mm
Total length = 200 mm
Rectangular cross section = 10 mm x 10 mm
Force on L1 = -1000 N (x
direction)
Force on free vertex = 1000 N (x direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Load Multiplier
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
10.2397
10.198
-0.407
53
54
WBVMMECH022: Structural Analysis with Advanced Contact Options
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Strength of Material book
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Static Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
An assembly of two parts with a gap has a Frictionless Contact defined between the two parts. The end
faces of both the parts are fixed and a given displacement is applied on the contact surface of Part 1 as
shown below.
Find the Normal stress and Directional deformation - both in the z direction for each part for the following
scenarios:
Scenario 1: Interface treatment - adjust to touch.
Scenario 2: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = 0 m.
Scenario 3: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = 0.001 m.
Scenario 4: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = -0.001 m.
Validate all of the above scenarios for Augmented Lagrange and Pure Penalty formulations.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
Gap = 0.0005 m
Dimensions for each
part: 0.1 m x 0.1 m x
0.5m
Given displacement = (0, 0,

0.0006) m
Results Comparison
The same results are obtained for both Augmented Lagrange and Pure Penalty formulations.
55
WBVMMECH022
Results
Adjust To Touch
Add Offset. Offset = 0 m
Add Offset. Offset = 0.001

m
Add Offset. Offset = 0.001 m
56
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Maximum directional z deformation Part 1 (m)
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
6e-4
5.9786e4
-0.357
Maximum normal z stress

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
-2.4e8
-2.3915e8
-0.354
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
1e-4
0.99644e4
-0.356

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
-4e7
-3.9858e7
-0.355
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
1.1e3
1.0961e3
-0.355

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
-4.4e8
-4.3843e8
-0.357
6e-4
6e-4
0.000
0.000

Part 1 (Pa)
2.4e8
2.4e8
0.000

Part 2 (Pa)
WBVMMECH023: Curved Beam Assembly with Multiple Loads
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
An assembly of two curved beams, each having an included angle of 45, has a square cross-section. It is
fixed at one end and at the free end a Force F and a Moment M are applied. Also, a UDL of "w " N / mm is
applied on both the beams. Use a global element size of 30 mm to get accurate results. See the figure below
for details.
Find the deformation of the free end in the y direction.
Figure: Schematic
Equivalent Loading:
Material Properties
Beam 1:
E1 = 1.1e5 MPa
1 = 0
1 = 8.3e-6 kg/mm3
Loading
For each beam:

Cross-section = 10 mm
x 10 mm
Radius r = 105 mm
Force F = -1000 N (y direction)

Moment M = -10000 Nmm
(about z-axis)
57
WBVMMECH023
Material Properties
Beam 2:
E2 = 2e5 MPa
2 = 0
2 = 7.85e-6 kg/mm3
Included angle = 45
Loading
UDL w = -5 N/mm (y direction) on both beams
This UDL is applied as an
edge force on each beam
with magnitude = -5 (2 x
3.14 x 105) / 8 = -412.334
N
Analysis
The deflection in the y direction is in the direction of the applied force F and is given by:
1
3
2
4
E I [Fr (0.142699) + Mr (0.29289) + r (0.039232)]
= 1
+ 1 [Fr 3 (0.642699) + Mr 2 (0.707 + r 4 (0.293564247)]

E2I
where:
= deflection at free end in the y direction
I = moment of inertia of the cross-section of both beams
Results Comparison
Results
Minimum Y Deformation
(mm)
58
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-8.416664
-8.4688
0.619
WBVMMECH024: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System for

Beams
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Harmonic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Two collinear beams form a spring-mass system. The density of the longer beam is kept very low so that it
acts as a massless spring and the smaller beam acts as a mass. The end vertex of the longer beam (acting
as a spring) is fixed. A Harmonic force F is applied on the free vertex of the shorter beam in z direction. Both
beams have hollow circular cross-sections, as indicated below.
Scenario 1: Damping ratio = 0
Scenario 2: Damping ratio = 0.05
Find the z directional deformation of the vertex where force is applied at frequency F = 500 Hz for the above
scenarios with solution intervals = 25 and a frequency range of 0 to 2000 Hz. Use both Mode Superposition
and Full Method.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
(kg/m3)
Spring
1.1e11
0.34
1e-8
Mass
2e11
7.85e5
Loading
Cross-section of each
beam:
Outer radius = 10 mm
Inner radius = 5 mm
Length of longer beam
= 100 mm
Harmonic force F = 1 e6 N
(z-direction)
59
WBVMMECH024
Length of shorter beam
= 5 mm
Results Comparison
Results
Mode Superposition
Full Method
60
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Maximum z directional deformation without damping (m)
4.11332e3
4.078e-3
-0.859
Maximum z directional deformation with damping (m)
4.11252e3
4.0765e3
-0.876
Maximum z directional deformation without damping (m)
4.11332e3
4.1132e3
-0.003
Maximum z directional deformation with damping (m)
4.11252e3
4.0695e3
-1.046
WBVMMECH025: Stresses Due to Shrink Fit Between Two Cylinders
Overview
Reference:
Stephen P.Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 2 - Advanced

Theory and Problems, 3rd Edition, pg. 208-214
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
One hollow cylinder is shrink fitted inside another. Both cylinders have length L and both the flat faces of
each cylinder are constrained in the axial direction. They are free to move in radial and tangential directions.
An internal pressure of P is applied on the inner surface of the inner cylinder. To get accurate results, apply
a global element size of 0.8 inches.
Find the maximum tangential stresses in both cylinders.
Note
Tangential stresses can be obtained in the Mechanical application using a cylindrical coordinate
system.
To simulate interference, set Contact Type to Rough with interface treatment set to add offset
with Offset = 0.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
Both cylinders are made

of the same material
E = 3e7psi
=0
= 0.28383 lbm/in3
Inner Cylinder:
ri = 4
ro = 6.005
Ri = 6
Ro = 8
P = 30000 psi
61
WBVMMECH025
Length of both cylinders
= 5
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum normal y stress, inner cylinder (psi)
35396.67
35736
0.959
Maximum normal y stress, outer cylinder (psi)
42281.09
42282
0.002
Note
Here y corresponds to direction of a cylindrical coordinate system.
62
WBVMMECH026: Fatigue Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Edge

Moment
Overview
Reference:
Any standard Machine Design and Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Fatigue Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A plate of length L, width W, and thickness T is fixed along the width on one edge and a moment M is applied
on the opposite edge about the z-axis.
Find the maximum Bending Stress (Normal X Stress) and maximum Total Deformation of the plate. Also find
the part life and the factor of safety using Goodman, Soderberg, & Gerber criteria. Use the x-stress component.
Consider load type as fully reversed and a Design Life of 1e6 cycles, Fatigue Strength factor of 1, and Scale
factor of 1.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.0
Ultimate tensile strength = 1.29e9 Pa
Endurance strength = 1.38e8 Pa
Yield Strenth = 2.5e8 Pa
No. of Cycles
Alternating Stresses (Pa)
1000
1.08e9
1e6
1.38e8
Loading
Length L = 12e-3 m
Width W = 1e-3 m
Thickness T = 1 e-3 m
Moment M = 0.15 Nm
(counterclockwise @ z-axis)
63
WBVMMECH026
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
9e8
9e8
0.000
Maximum total deformation (m)
6.48e-4
6.5002e4
0.311
SN-Goodman
Safety factor
0.1533
0.15333
0.020
Life
1844.3
1844.4
0.005
Safety factor
0.1533
0.15333
0.020
Life
1844.3
1844.4
0.005
Safety Factor
0.1533
0.15333
0.020
Life
1844.3
1844.4
0.005
Maximum normal x-stress (Pa)
SN-Soderberg
SN-Gerber
64
WBVMMECH027: Thermal Analysis for Shells with Heat Flow and Given
Temperature
Overview
Reference:
Any standard Thermal Analysis book
Analysis
Type(s):
Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A plate of length (L), width (W), and thickness (T) is fixed along the width on one edge and heat flow (Q) is
applied on the same edge. The opposite edge is subjected to a temperature of 20 C. Ambient temperature
is 20 C. To get accurate results, apply a sizing control with element size = 2.5e-2 m.
Find the maximum temperature, maximum total heat flux, maximum total deformation, and heat reaction
at the given temperature.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.0
Coefficient of thermal
expansion = 1.2e-5/C
Thermal conductivity k
= 60.5 W/mC
Length L = 0.2 m
Width W = 0.05 m
Thickness T = 0.005 m
Loading
Heat flow Q = 5 W
Given Temperature = 20C
Analysis
Heat Reaction = -(Total heat generated)
Heat flow due to conduction is given by:
Q = kA
( Th Tl )
l
where:
65
WBVMMECH027
Th = maximum temperature
T1 = given temperature
Total heat flux is:
q=
Q
A
Temperature at a variable distance z from the fixed support is given by:

( T T1) z
Tz = Th h
Thermal deformation in the z-direction is given by:

l
z = (Tz T1) dz
0
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
86.1157
86.116
0.000
Maximum Total Heat Flux (W/m )
2e4
2e4
0.000
Maximum Total Deformation (m)
7.93386e5
7.9958e5
0.781
-5
-5
0.000
Maximum Temperature (C)

2
Heat Reaction (W)
66
WBVMMECH028: Bolt Pretension Load Applied on a Semi-Cylindrical Face
Overview
Reference:
Any standard Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A semi-cylinder is fixed at both the end faces. The longitudinal faces have frictionless support. A bolt pretension load is applied on the semi-cylindrical face. To get accurate results, apply sizing control with element
size of 0.01 m.
Find the Z directional deformation and the adjustment reaction due to the bolt pretension load.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.0
Length L = 1 m
Diameter D = 0.05 m
Pretension as preload =
19.635 N (equal to adjustment of 1e-7 m)
Analysis
The bolt pretension load applied as a preload is distributed equally to both halves of the bar. Therefore the
z-directional deformation due to pretension is given by:
Pretension =
Pretension Load L / 2
AE
Adjustment = Pretension 2
67
WBVMMECH028
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Minimum z-directional deformation

(m)
-0.5e-7
-0.50002e7
0.004
1e-7
1e-7
0.000
Adjustment Reaction (m)
68
WBVMMECH029: Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a Rectangular Beam
Overview
Reference:
Timoshenko S., Strength of Materials, Part II, Advanced Theory and

Problems, Third Edition, Article 64, pp. 349
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Plastic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rectangular beam is loaded in pure bending. For an elastic-perfectly-plastic stress-strain behavior, show
that the beam remains elastic at M = Myp = ypbh2 / 6 and becomes completely plastic at M = Mult = 1.5
Myp. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.5 inches.
Figure: Stress-Strain Curve
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.0
yp = 36000 psi
Length L = 10
Width b = 1
Height h = 2
M = 1.0 Myp to 1.5 Myp

(Myp = 24000 lbf - in)
69
WBVMMECH029
Analysis
The load is applied in three increments: M1 = 24000 lbf-in, M2 = 30000 lbf-in, and M3 = 36000 lbf-in.
Results Comparison
M/Myp
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
State
Equivalent Stress
(psi)
State
Equivalent Stress
(psi)
fully
elastic
36000
fully
elastic
36059
0.164
1.25
elasticplastic
36000
elasticplastic
36288
0.800
1.5
plastic
solution not converged
plastic
solution not converged
70
WBVMMECH030: Bending of Long Plate Subjected to Moment - Plane Strain Model
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Plane Strain Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long, rectangular plate is fixed along the longitudinal face and the opposite face is subjected to a moment
of 5000 lbf-in about the z-axis. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.5
inches.
Find X normal stress at a distance of 0.5 inches from the fixed support. Also find total deformation and reaction
moment.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2.9e7 psi
= 0.0
Length L = 1000
Width W = 40
Thickness T = 1
Moment M = 5000 lbf-in
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane (the x-y plane), the above problem can be analyzed as a plane
strain problem. Therefore, the moment applied will be per unit length (5000/1000 = 5 lbf-in). Analysis takes
into account the unit length in the z-direction.
71
WBVMMECH030
Figure: Plane Strain Model (analyzing any cross section (40 x 1) along the length)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Normal Stress in

the X-Direction (psi)
30
30
0.000
Maximum Total Deformation

(in)
0.1655e-2
0.16553e-2
0.018
Reaction Moment (lbf-in)
-5
-5
0.000
72
WBVMMECH031: Long Bar with Uniform Force and Stress Tool - Plane Stress Model
Overview
Reference:
Analysis Type(s):
Plane Stress Analysis
Element Type(s):
2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long, rectangular bar assembly is fixed at one of the faces and the opposite face is subjected to a compressive force. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 1 m.
Find the maximum equivalent stress for the whole assembly and safety factor, safety margin, and safety ratio
for the first and last part using the maximum equivalent stress theory with Tensile Yield Limit.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Material
E (Pa)
Tensile Yield (Pa)
Part 1
1.93e11
2.07e8
Part 2
7.1e10
2.8e8
Part 3
2e11
2.5e8
Part 4
1.1e11
2.8e8
Part
Part
Part
Part
1: 2
2: 2
3: 2
4: 2
m
m
m
m
x
x
x
x
2
2
2
2
m
m
m
m
x
x
x
x
3m
10 m
5m
2m
Loading
Force = 1e9 N in the negative x-direction
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane, the above problem can be analyzed as a plane stress problem.
Analysis is done considering thickness of 2 m along z-direction
73
WBVMMECH031
Figure: Plane Stress Model (Analyzing any cross section along Z)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Equivalent Stress (Pa)
2.5e8
2.5e8
0.000
Safety Factor
0.828
0.828
0.000
Safety Margin
-0.172
-0.172
0.000
Safety Ratio
1.207
1.2077
0.058
Safety Factor
1.12
1.12
0.000
Safety Margin
0.12
0.12
0.000
Safety Ratio
0.892
0.89286
0.096
Part 1
Part 4
74
WBVMMECH032: Radial Flow due to Internal Heat Generation in a Copper Disk Axisymmetric Model
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Heat Transfer book
Analysis
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A copper disk with thickness t and radii Ri and Ro is insulated on the flat faces. It has a heat-generating
copper coaxial cable (of radius Ri) passing through its center. The cable delivers a total heat flow of Q to
the disk. The surrounding air is at a temperature of To with convective film coefficient h. To get accurate
results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.002 m.
Find the disk temperature and heat flux at inner and outer radii.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 1.1e11 Pa
= 0.34
Thermal conductivity k =
401.0 W/m-C
Ri = 10 mm
Ro = 60 mm
t = 8 mm
Q = 100 W (Internal Heat

Generation = 39788735.77
W/m3)
Film coefficient h = 1105
W/m2-C
Surrounding temperature To
= 0C
Analysis
Because the geometry and loading are symmetric about the y-axis, the above problem can be analyzed as
an axisymmetric problem.
75
WBVMMECH032
Figure: Axisymmetric Model
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Temperature (C)
38.9
38.896
-0.010
Minimum Temperature (C)
30
30.007
0.023
1.98943e5
197840
-0.554
33157
33151
-0.018
Maximum Heat Flux (W/m )

Minimum Heat Flux (W/m )
76
WBVMMECH033: Electromagnetic Analysis of a C-Shaped Magnet
Overview
Reference:
J. A. Edminster, Theory and Problems of Electromagnetics, Tata

McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, Example 11.9, pg. 181
Analysis
Type(s):
Electromagnetic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A C-shaped magnet has a coil with 400 turns and a cross section of the core with area 4 cm2. A current of
0.1 A flows through the coil. The air gap is 0.2 cm and the coil details are given in Figure : Coil Details in
cm (p. 77). Flux parallel is applied on the nine outer faces as shown in Figure : Flux Parallel Applied on 9
Outer Faces (p. 78). To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.003 m.
Find the total flux density and total field intensity.
Figure: Schematic
Figure: Coil Details in cm
77
WBVMMECH033
Figure: Current and Voltage
Figure: Flux Parallel Applied on 9 Outer Faces
Material Properties
Young's Modulus (Pa)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
(kg/m3)
Relative Permeability
Electric Resistivity (ohmm)
Air Body
1e7
Coil
1.1e11
0.34
8300
2e-7
Core
2e11
0.3
7850
500
Loading
Given in Figure : Coil Details in

cm (p. 77)
Depth = 2cm
Voltage = 0 V
Current = 0.1 A
Analysis
Using the analogy of Ohm's law of Magnetism, we have the following equation:
Magnetic flux is: =
NI
Lc
L
+ a
c A c a A a
where:
78
WBVMMECH033
N = number of turns
I = current
Lc = mean core length
La = air gap
Ac = cross-sectional area of core
Aa = apparent area of air gap
c = permeability of core
a = permeability of air
The air-gap average flux density is given by:
Ba =
Aa
The air-gap average filed intensity is given by:

B
Ha = a
a
Results Comparison
Results
Total Flux Density (T)
Total Field Intensity (A/m)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
4.061e-2
0.040726
0.286
32320.0585
32409
0.275
79
80
WBVMMECH034: Rubber cylinder pressed between two plates
Overview
Reference:
T.Tussman, K.J. Bathe, "A Finite Element Formulation for Nonlinear

Incompressible Elastic and Inelastic Analysis", Computers and
Structures, Vol. 26 Nos 1/2, 1987, pp. 357-409
Analysis
Type(s):
Nonlinear Static Structural Analysis (Large Deformation ON)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A rubber cylinder is pressed between two rigid plates using a maximum imposed displacement of max.
Determine the total deformation.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
Solid1:
Solid1:
Displacement in Y direction
= -0.1m
E = 2e11Pa
= 0.3
= 7850 kg/m3
0.05 m x 0.01m x 0.4 m
Solid2: Mooney-Rivlin Constants

C10 = 2.93e5 Pa
C01 = 1.77e5 Pa
Incompressibility Parameter
D1 1/Pa =0
Solid2: Quarter Circular Cylinder

Radius = 0.2 m
Length = 0.05m
Analysis
Due to geometric and loading symmetry, the analysis can be performed using one quarter of the cross
section.
Frictionless supports are applied on 3 faces (X = 0, Z = 0 and Z = 0.05 m).
81
WBVMMECH034
Given displacement of 0.1m is applied on the top surface.
The bottom surface of Solid1 is completely fixed.
Frictionless Contact with Contact stiffness factor of 100 is used to simulate the rigid target.
Augmented Lagrange is used for Contact formulation.
Results Comparison
Results
Total Deformation (m)
82
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.165285
0.16527
-0.009
WBVMMECH035: Thermal Stress in a Bar with Radiation
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Heat transfer and Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Coupled Analysis (Static Thermal and Static Stress)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Heat of magnitude 2500 W and Heat Flux of magnitude 625 W/m2 is flowing through a long bar (2 x 2 x 20)
m in an axial direction, and radiating out from the other face having emissivity 0.3; Ambient Temperature
is maintained at 20C. Find the following:
Temperatures on End Faces.
Thermal strain and Directional deformation and Normal Stress in Z direction if both the end faces have
frictionless supports and Reference temperature of 22C.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2.0e11 Pa
v=0
= 1.2 x 10-5 1/C
k = 60.5 W/mC
Part
Part
Part
Part
Heat Flow = 2500W on Part 4

Heat Flux = 625 W/m2 on Part 4
Radiation = 20C, 0.3
1: 2
2: 2
3: 2
4: 2
m
m
m
m
x
x
x
x
2
2
2
2
m
m
m
m
x
x
x
x
2m
5m
10 m
3m
Analysis
(Heat flowing through body) Q = (Heat Flow) + (Heat Flux * Area) = 5000 W
(Heat flowing through body) = (Heat Conducted through body) = (Heat Radiated out of the Surface) i.e. Q
= Qr =QC = 5000 W.
Heat Radiated out of the body
Qr = A ( T24 T4 ) W ;
gives T2 = 260.16C.
83
WBVMMECH035
Heat Conducted through the body
Qc =
K A ( T1 T2 )
b
W;
gives T1 = 673.38C.
Thermal strain is given by,

T _ max = T = 1.2 10 5 ( 673.38 22) = 7.81656 10 3 m / m
T _ min = T = 1.2 10 5 ( 260.16 22) = 2.85792 10 3 m / m
The compressive stress introduced is given by,
z = -avg_thermal_strain E = -1.067448 109 Pa
Temperature at a distance z from the face with higher temperature is given by,
673.38 260.16
z = 673.38 20.661z
20
Tz = 673.38
Only half-length is considered for calculating deformation, since deformation is symmetric

L/2
= ( thermal + structural ).dz

0
L/2
L/2
1.067448 109
= [1.2 10 5 ( 673.38 20.661z 22).] dz +
dz
2 1011
0
0
= 1.23966 10 2 m
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Temperature on Part 4(C)
673.38
673.49
0.016
Temperature on Part 1 (C)
260.16
260.15
-0.004
Maximum Thermal Strain

(m/m)
7.81656e-3
7.8179e-3
0.017
Minimum Thermal Strain

(m/m)
2.85792e-3
0.0028577
-0.008
Normal Stress in Z direction

(Pa)
-1.067448e9
-1.0183e9
4.604
Directional Deformation in Z
direction (m)
-0.0123966
-0.012572
1.415
84
WBVMMECH036: Thermal Stress Analysis of a Rotating Bar using Temperature

Dependant Density
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Strength of Materials book
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Stress Analysis (Sequence Loading)
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A Bar (2 m x 2m x 20m) with one end fixed and with a rotational velocity about X axis at location (1, 1, 0)
is subjected to a Uniform Temperature (Thermal Condition Load) in three steps. For all the steps, Reference
Temperature is 0C. Frictionless Support is applied on all the longitudinal faces.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Geometric
Properties
Loading
E = 1 x 106 Pa
= 1 x 10-5 1/C
=0
Part 1: 2 m x 2
m x 20 m
Rotational Velocity (rad/s) in steps:
Temperature C
50
100
150
Density kg/m3
30
60
90
1.
(1, 0, 0)
2.
(0.5, 0, 0)
3.
(0.25, 0, 0)
Thermal Condition C
1.
50C
2.
100C
3.
150C
85
WBVMMECH036
Analysis
l
Rotational Stress = 2rdr =

0
1 22
l
2
Thermal Stress = E T
Rotational Deformation =
1 2l3
3 E
Thermal Deformation = l T
Total Equivalent Stress = total = Rotational Stress + Thermal Stress
Total Deformation = total = Rotational Deformation + Thermal Deformation
Results Comparison
Results
Equivalent Stress (Pa)
Total Deformation (m)
86
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Step 1
6500
6502.6
0.040
Step 2
4000
4001.3
0.032
Step 3
2625
2625.5
0.019
Step 1
0.09
0.09
Step 2
0.06
0.06
Step 3
0.045
0.045
WBVMMECH037: Cooling of a Spherical Body
Overview
Reference:
F. Kreith, "Principles of Heat Transfer", 2nd Printing, International

Textbook Co., Scranton, PA, 1959, pg. 143, ex. 4-5.
Analysis
Type(s):
Transient Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
Determine the temperature at the center of a spherical body, initially at a temperature T0, when exposed
to an environment having a temperature Te for a period of 6 hours (21600 s). The surface convection coefficient
is h.
Initial temperature, T0 = 65 F
Surface temperature, Te = 25F
Convection coefficient h = 5.5556e-4 BTU/s-ft2-F
Time, t = 21600 seconds
Radius of the sphere ro = 2 in = 1/6 ft
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
K = (1/3) BTU/hr-ft-F
= 62 lb/ft3
c = 1.075 Btu/lb-F
Quarter Circular lamina Radius

= 0.16667 ft
Convection applied on Edge

= 5.5556e-4 BTU/s-ft2-F
Ambient Temperature for
Convection = 25F
Analysis
Since the problem is axisymmetric, only a 2-D quarter model is used.
87
WBVMMECH037
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Temperature at the Centre of

body after 21600s (F)
28
28.688
2.457
88
WBVMMECH038: Crashing Blocks Simulation with Flexible Dynamics Analysis
Overview
Reference:
Any basic Kinematics book.
Analysis
Type(s):
Flexible Dynamic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Left Block of mass 2.355e-4 kg is given a constant initial velocity of 100 mm/sec to collide with the middle
block1of mass 1.1775e-4 kg. All three blocks are resting on Base. Frictionless supports are applied as shown
in the figure and also on the bottom faces of left and middle blocks. Right block is fixed using Fixed Support
and the base is fixed by applying Fixed Joint.
Find the velocity of both the moving blocks after impact.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e5 MPa
= 0.3
= 7.85e-6kg/mm3
Left Block = 3mm x 2mm x 5mm Left Block Initial Velocity =

Middle Block = 2.5mm x 2mm x 100 mm/s (X direction)
3mm
Right Block =3mm x 6mm x
4mm
Base = 3mm x 8.607mm x
75.15mm
89
WBVMMECH038
Analysis
For Perfectly Elastic Collision between the blocks,
mL (Li - Lf) = mM (Mf - Mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I
Li + Lf = Mf + Mi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
mL, mM = Mass of Left and Middle Block in kg
Li, Lf = Initial and Final Velocity of the Left Block in mm/sec
Mi = Initial velocity of Middle Block in mm/sec = 0 as it is at rest
Mf = Velocity of Middle Block after impact in mm/sec
Solving I and II,
Lf = 33.3 mm/sec
Mf = 133.34 mm/sec
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Velocity of Left Block after

impact (mm/sec)
33.3
33.846
1.640
Velocity of Middle Block after

impact (mm/sec)
133.4
132.31
-0.817
90
WBVMMECH039: Transient Response of a Spring-mass System
Overview
Reference:
R. K.Vierck, Vibration Analysis, 2nd Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY, 1979, sec. 5-8.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid and Spring
Test Case
A system containing two masses, m1 and m2, and two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 is subjected to a pulse
load F(t) on mass 1. Determine the displacement response of the system for the load history shown.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
= 0.25 kg/m3
k1 = 6 N/m
k2 = 16 N/m
m1 = 2 kg
m2 = 2kg
2 Blocks = 2m x 2m x 2m
Length of L1 spring = 6m
Length of L2 spring = 7m
F0 = 50 N
td = 1.8 sec
91
WBVMMECH039
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Y1, m (@ t = 1.3s)
14.48
14.334
-1.008
Y2, m (@ t = 1.3s)
3.99
3.9143
-1.897
Y1, m (@ t = 2.4s)
18.32
18.483
0.900
Y2, m (@ t = 2.4s)
6.14
6.1892
0.801
92
WBVMMECH040: Deflection of Beam using Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Strength of Materials Book
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A long bar 1m X 1m X 24m with simply supported ends is subjected to lateral load of 1000 N at a distance
of 8m from one end. Find Deformation at the 8m from simply Supported end.
Scenario 1: Considering Symmetry
Scenario 2: Considering Anti-Symmetry
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 0.001 kg/mm3
Bar = 1m x 1m x 24m
Force = -1000 N (Y-direction)

at 8m from Simply Supported end
Analysis
Scenario 1: Considering Symmetry
=
15 P L3
486 EI
Scenario 2: Considering Anti-Symmetry
93
WBVMMECH040
4 2P L3 15 P L3
243 EI
486 EI
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Scenario 1: Directional Deformation in Y-direction (m)
-2.569e-5
-2.5695e-5
0.019
Scenario 2: Directional Deformation in Y-direction (m)
-1.70662e-6
-1.7383e-6
1.856
94
WBVMMECH041: Brooks Coil with Winding for Periodic Symmetry
Overview
Reference:
W. Boast, Principles of Electric and Magnetic Fields, 1948 Harpers

Brothers, Page 242, Equation 12.05.
Analysis
Type(s):
Electromagnetic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
The winding body is enclosed in an Air Body. The radius of Coil is 30 mm and cross section is 20 mm X 20
mm. The number of turns is 200 and current is 0.5 A. "Flux Parallel" is applied on all the 7 outer surfaces.
Periodic Symmetry is applied on two faces. The dimensions of the air body are such that it encloses the coil.
Find the Total Flux Density.
Figure: Dimensions of Body
95
WBVMMECH041
Figure: Schematic Diagram
Material Properties
Young's
Modulus (Pa)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
(kg/m3)
Relative Permeability
Electric Resistivity (ohmm)
DSVM41_MAT1
(Emag Part)
1e7
DSVM41_MAT2
(Winding Body)
1.1e11
0.34
8300
2e-7
Analysis
Flux Density = BY =
mu N I
S2 + 4 R 2
where:
N = number of turns (1)
I = current per turn (100)
mu = (4 x x 10-7)
S = width of coil (20e-3m)
R = radius to midspan of coil (3*S/2)
BY =
mu N I
S2 + 4 R 2
( 4 107 ) 1 100
( 20 103 )2 + 4 (3 20 103 / 2)2
BY = 1.99 10-3 Tesla
96
WBVMMECH041
Results Comparison
Results
Total Flux Density (T)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1.99e-3
0.0019841
-0.296
97
98
WBVMMECH042: Hydrostatic Pressure Applied on a Square Bar with Fully, Partially

Submerged in a Fluid
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Strength of Materials Book
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
Long bar 20m x 2m x 2m is immersed in a fluid and is fixed at one end. Fluid density is 1000 kg/m3 and
Hydrostatic acceleration is 10 m/s2 in negative Z direction. Hydrostatic pressure is applied on a longitudinal
face normal to X-axis at different locations as given in the scenarios below. Find normal stress in Z direction
of square bar.
Scenario 1: Square bar is partially immersed in the fluid up to 15 m in Z direction from the fixed support.
Scenario 2: Square bar is fully immersed in the fluid up to 25 m in Z direction from the fixed support
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 7850 kg/m3
Long bar = 20m x 2m x 2m
Hydrostatic Pressure Acceleration = -10 m/s2 (Z

direction)
Surface Location:
Scenario 1: (2,1,5) m
Scenario 2: (2,1,-5) m
99
WBVMMECH042
Analysis
Scenario 1: Partialy Submerged (Pressure distribution in triangular form)
Pressure distribution on square bar in triangular form, one end is maximum and other end is zero
Pressure on square bar = P = x g x h
Load per meter is w = P x L
Maximum bending moment =
M=
w (1 a)2
6
Normal stress = Bending stress = Maximum bending moment / Sectional Modulus

Scenario 2: Fully Submerged (Pressure distribution in trapezoidal form)
W1l2 W2l2
+
2
6
Maximum bending moment =

where:
W1 = Maximum Load per meter (@ 25m)
W2 = Minimum Load per meter (@ 5m)
Normal stress = Bending stress = Maximum bending moment / Sectional Modulus
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Normal Stress (Partially Submerged) (Pa)
8.4375e6
8529300
-1.088
3.50e7
3.5241e7
0.689
Normal Stress (Fully Submerged) (Pa)
100
WBVMMECH043: Fundamental Frequency of a Simply-Supported Beam
Overview
Reference:
W.T.Thompson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg. 18, ex. 1.5-1
Analysis
Type(s):
Modal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Determine the fundamental frequency f of a simply-supported beam of length = 80 in and uniform crosssection A = 4 in2 as shown below.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 3e7 psi
=0.2836 lb/in3
= 80 in
A = 4 in2
h = 2 in
I = 1.3333 in4
Loading
Results Comparison
Results
Frequency (Hz)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
28.766
28.613
0.532
101
102
WBVMMECH044: Thermally Loaded Support Structure
Overview
Reference:
S.Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory and

Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY,
1955, pg. 30, problem 9.
Analysis
Type(s):
Linear Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
An assembly of three vertical wires has a rigid horizontal beam on which a vertically downward force Q is
acting. Length of the wires is 20 in, the spacing between the wires is 10 in and the reference temperature
is 70F. The entire assembly is subjected to a temperature rise of T. Find the stresses in the copper and
steel wire of the structure shown below. The wires have a cross-sectional area of A. The rigid beam is connected to the wires by spot welds.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
VMSIM044_material_rigid:
A = 0.1 in
Loading
Q = 4000 lb (Y direction)
T = 10F
Er = 3e16 psi
r = 0
VMSIM044_material_copper:
Ec = 1.6e7 psi
c = 0
c = 9.2e-6 / F
VMSIM044_material_steel:
103
WBVMMECH044
Material Properties
Loading
Es = 3e7 psi
s = 0
s = 7e-6 / F
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stress in steel (psi)
19695
19639
-0.284
Stress in copper (psi)
10152
10178
0.256
104
WBVMMECH045: Laterally Loaded Tapered Support Structure
Overview
Reference:
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 342, problem
7.18.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A cantilever beam of thickness t and length has a depth which tapers uniformly from d at the tip to 3d
at the wall. It is loaded by a force F at the tip, as shown. Find the maximum bending stress at the mid-length
(X = ).
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
Es = 3e7 psi
s = 0
= 50 in
d = 3 in
t = 2 in
F = 4000 lb (Y direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Bending stress at mid length (psi)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
8333
8364
-0.372
105
106
WBVMMECH046: Pinched Cylinder
Overview
Reference:
R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,

2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981, pp.
284-287
H. Takemoto, R. D. Cook, "Some Modifications of an Isoparametric Shell Element", International Journal for Numerical Methods
in Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 3, 1973.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A thin-walled cylinder is pinched by a force F at the middle of the cylinder length. Determine the radial
displacement at the point where F is applied. The ends of the cylinder are free edges. A one-eighth symmetry
model is used. One-fourth of the load is applied due to symmetry.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
Es = 10.5e6 psi
s = 0.3125
= 10.35 in
r = 4.953 in
t = 0.094 in
F = 100 lbf (Y direction)
107
WBVMMECH046
Analysis
Due to symmetrical boundary and loading conditions, one-eighth model is used and one-fourth of the load
is applied.
Results Comparison
Results
Deflection (in)
108
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-0.1139
0.11379
-0.096
WBVMMECH047: Plastic Compression of a Pipe Assembly
Overview
Reference:
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of

Solids, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 180,
ex. 5.1.
Analysis
Type(s):
Plastic Structural Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric
Test Case
Two coaxial tubes, the inner one of 1020 CR steel and cross-sectional area As, and the outer one of 2024-T4
aluminum alloy and of area Aa, are compressed between heavy, flat end plates, as shown below. Determine
the load-deflection curve of the assembly as it is compressed into the plastic region by an axial displacement.
Assume that the end plates are so stiff that both tubes are shortened by exactly the same amount.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
VMSIM047_CR_steel:
= 10 in
Steel:
1st Load step: = -0.032 in

2nd Load step: = -0.05 in
3rd Load step: = -0.10 in
Es = 26,875,000 psi
(yp)s = 86,000 psi
VMSIM047_T4_aluminum alloy:
Ea = 11,000,000 psi
Inside radius = 1.9781692

in
Wall thickness = 0.5 in
Aluminum:
109
WBVMMECH047
Material Properties
(yp)a = 55,000 psi

= 0.3
Loading
Inside radius = 3.5697185

in
Wall thickness = 0.5 in
Analysis
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Load, lb for Deflection @ 0.032 in
1.0244e6
1034500
0.986
1.262e6
1262900
0.071
1.262e6
1267200
0.412
110
WBVMMECH048: Bending of a Tee-Shaped Beam
Overview
Reference:
S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids,

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 294, ex. 7.2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
Find the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in an unsymmetrical T beam subjected to
uniform bending Mz, with dimensions and geometric properties as shown below.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 3e7 psi
b = 1.5 in
h = 8 in
y = 6 in
Area = 60 in2
Iz = 2000 in4
Mz = 100,000 lbf-in (Z direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
StressBEND, Bottom (psi)
300
300
StressBEND, Top (psi)
-700
-700
111
112
WBVMMECH049: Combined Bending and Torsion of Beam
Overview
Reference:

1955, pg. 299, problem 2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A vertical bar of length and radius r is subjected to the action of a horizontal force F acting at a distance
d from the axis of the bar. Determine the maximum principal stress max.
Figure: Problem Sketch
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.3
= 25 ft
r = 2.33508 in
d = 3 ft
M = 9000 lbf-in (Z direction)
113
WBVMMECH049
Results Comparison
Results
Principal stressmax (psi)
114
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
7527
7515.5
-0.153
WBVMMECH050: Cylindrical Shell under Pressure
Overview
Reference:
S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory

and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
NY, 1955, pg. 45, article 11.
A. C. Ugural, S. K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied
Elasticity, Elsevier, 1981.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Shell element
Test Case
A long cylindrical pressure vessel of mean diameter d and wall thickness t has closed ends and is subjected
to an internal pressure P. Determine the axial stress y and the hoop stress z in the vessel at the midthickness of the wall.
Figure: Schematic
115
WBVMMECH050
Material Properties
Loading
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.3
t = 1 in
d = 120 in
P = 500 psi (radial direction)
Analysis
An axial force of 5654866.8 lb ((Pd2)/4) is applied to simulate the closed-end effect.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stressy (psi)
15000
15000
Stressz (psi)
30000
30002
0.007
116
WBVMMECH051: Bending of a Circular Plate Using Axisymmetric Elements
Overview
Reference:
S.Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory and

1956, pp. 96, 97, and 103.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Shell element
Test Case
A flat circular plate of radius r and thickness t is subject to various edge constraints and surface loadings.
Determine the deflection at the middle and the maximum stress max for each case.
Case 1: Uniform loading P, clamped edge
Case 2: Concentrated center loading F, clamped edge
Figure: Schematic
Case 1:
Case 2:
117
WBVMMECH051
Material Properties
Loading
E = 3e7 psi
= 0.3
r = 40 in
t = 1 in
Case 1:
P = 6 psi
Case 2:
F = -7539.82 lb (y direction)
Analysis
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Case 1:
Deflection (in)
Stressmax (psi)
-0.08736
7200
-0.087114
7212.8
-0.282
0.178
Case 2:
Deflection (in)
Stressmax (psi)
-0.08736
3600
-0.088025
3607.9
0.761
0.219
118
WBVMMECH052: Velocity of Pistons for Trunnion Mechanism
Overview
Reference:
Any Basic Kinematics book
Analysis
Type(s):
Rigid Dynamic Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Multipoint Constraint Element
Test Case
The Trunnion mechanism has the following data (all distances are center-to-center distances):
Crank radius OA = 100 mm and is oriented at 30 deg to Global Y Axis
AB = 400 mm
AC = 150 mm
CE = 350 mm
EF = 300 mm
Constant Angular Velocity at Crank = 12.57 rad/s
Center of Trunnion is at distance of 200 mm from line of stroke of Piston B horizontally and 300 mm
vertical from Center of Crank
Find the Velocity of Piston (F) at the 180 deg from Initial Position
Find the Velocity of Piston (B) at the 180 deg from Initial Position
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
AB = 400 mm
AC = 150 mm
CE = 350 mm
Constant angular velocity at

crank = 12.57 rad/s
119
WBVMMECH052
Material Properties
Loading
EF = 300 mm
Analysis
Analysis done using graphical solution.
Consider the Space Diagram, Velocity Diagram at the 180 from Initial Position.
Figure: Schematic
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Velocity of Piston (F) m/s
0.5018
0.49705
-0.947
Velocity of Piston (B) m/s
0.955
0.95972
0.494
120
WBVMMECH053: Simple Pendulum with SHM motion
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A simple pendulum as shown in Figure : Schematic (p. 121) has a SHM motion about its hinged point given
by the following equation:
= 1.571*sin (0.5235*t) rad
The hinge point coordinates are:
1.
Hinge point = (0, 0, -35.56) mm
Find the relative angular acceleration of pendulum after t = 3s.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2000000 MPa
= 0.3
Hinge point = (0, 0, -35.56) mm
Rotation = 1.571*sin
(0.5235*t) rad
Analysis
The pendulum is having SHM motion in X-Z plane about the hinge.
Angular acceleration of pendulum:
121
WBVMMECH053
=
d
dt
= 0.429 * sin(0.523 * t )rad / s2
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Relative angular acceleration

of pendulum after t = 3s
(rad/s2)
-0.433
-0.43054
-0.568
122
WBVMMECH054: Spinning Double Pendulum
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
Two uniform bars, A and B each of mass m and length L, are connected by a pin, and A is pinned to a vertical shaft that is made to rotate with constant angular velocity as indicated in the figure below.
Verify that system can move in such a way that q1 and q2 remain constant.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Length L = 100 mm
Constant angular velocity at

Shaft = 17.1522 rad/s
Analysis
1.
q1 and q2 are determined by:

(L * 2 )
cos q1(8 * sin q1 + 3 * sin q2 ) 9 * sin q1 = 0
g
(L * 2 )
cos q2 (3 * sin q1 + 2 * sin q2 ) 3 * sin q1 = 0
g
123
WBVMMECH054
2.
(L * 2 )
=3
g
q1 = 74.25 and q2 = 78.34, when
Results Comparison
Results
Angle q1 (radian)
124
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
1.4055
1.409
0.249
WBVMMECH055: Projector mechanism- finding the acceleration of a point
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
The mechanism shown in figure is used to pull a movie through a projector. The mechanism is driven by
the drive wheel rotating at a constant -58.643 rad/s. The link lengths of all the links are constant as given
below.
Link AB length r1 = 18mm
Link BC length r2 = 48mm
Length BX = x = 45 mm and CX = y = 28 mm
The horizontal distance between A and C is length=34 mm. Determine the acceleration of point C with a
change of angle of link AB (1) from 0 to 60 in counter clockwise direction.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
r1 = 18 mm
r2 = 48 mm
Constant rotational velocity

= -58.643 rad/s
125
WBVMMECH055
Material Properties
Loading
x = 45 mm
y = 28 mm
Analysis
Linear acceleration of point C is given by

x sin( 1 2 )
c = 2
sin(90 + 2 )
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Relative acceleration (1 = 10)

mm/s2
-12060
-12043
-0.141

mm/s2
1317
1316.8
-0.015

mm/s2
6739
6738.6
-0.006
126
WBVMMECH056: Coriolis component of acceleration-Rotary engine problem
Overview
Reference:
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
Kinematics diagram of one of the cylinders of a rotary engine is shown below. OA is 50mm long and fixed
at point o. The length of the connecting rod AB is 125mm. The line of stroke OB is inclined at 50 to the
vertical. The cylinders are rotating at a uniform speed of 300 rpm in a clockwise direction, about the fixed
center O.
Find Angular acceleration of the connecting rod.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Connecting rod AB is 125mm

Crank OA is 50mm long
OB is inclined at 50 to the vertical.
Constant rotational velocity

= 300 rpm
127
WBVMMECH056
Analysis
Angular acceleration of the connecting rod is given by:

AB =
tBA
r3
Results Comparison
Results
Angular acceleration (radian/s2)
128
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
294.5259
294.53
0.003
WBVMMECH057: Calculation of velocity of slider and force by collar
Overview
Reference:
Beer-Johnston Vector Mechanics for Engineers Statics & Dynamics

(In SI Units), 7th Edition,TATA McGRAW HILL Edition 2004, Problem
13.73, Page No: 793
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A 1.2 Kg collar is attached to a spring and slides without friction along a circular rod in a vertical plane. The
spring has an undeformed length of 105 mm and a constant K = 300 N/m. Knowing that the collar is at rest
at "C" and is given a slight push to get it moving.
Length OP = 75 mm.
Length OB = 180 mm.
Determine the force exerted by the rod on the collar as it passes through point "A" and "B".
Figure: Schematic
129
WBVMMECH057
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Spring:
Gravitational acceleration =
-9.8066 m/s2 (Y Direction)
Undeformed length = 105 mm

Stiffness K = 300 N/m
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
At point A (N)
14.88
14.992
0.753
At point B (N)
23.6
23.667
0.284
130
WBVMMECH058: Reverse four bar linkage mechanism
Overview
Reference:
Results are simulated using MATLAB
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
The figure (below) shows a reverse four bar linkage consisting of uniform rigid links PQ, QR, and RS and
ground PS.
Link PQ is connected with revolute joints to links QR and PS at points Q and P, respectively. Link RS is connected with revolute joints to links QR and PS at points R and S, respectively.
The link lengths of all the links are constant as given below.
Fixed Link PS length r1 = 0.5m
Crank Link PQ length r2 = 0.15m
Link QR length r3 = 0.4m
Link RS length r4 = 0.45m
Gravity g = 9.81m/sec2
Determine the angular accelerations, angular velocity and rotation of link RS at joint R.
Figure: Schematic
131
WBVMMECH058
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e11 Pa
= 0.3
Link
Link
Link
Link
Gravitational acceleration =
-9.8066 m/s2 (Y Direction)
PS length r1 = 0.5m
PQ length r2 = 0.15m
QR length r3 = 0.4m
RS length r4 = 0.45m
Analysis
Results are obtained using MATLAB.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Angular Acceleration (rad/s )
39.6
39.336
-0.671
Angular Velocity (rad/sec)
-5.16
-5.1214
-0.748
Rotation (rad)
-0.36
-0.36306
0.85
132
WBVMMECH059: Bending of a solid beam (Plane elements)
Overview
Reference:
R. J. Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1965, pp. 104, 106.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
2-D Plane Stress Shell element
Test Case
A beam of length and height h is built-in at one end and loaded at the free end with:
a moment M
a shear force F
For each case, determine the deflection at the free end and the bending stress Bend at a distance d from
the wall at the outside fiber.
Figure: Schematic
Case 1:
Case 2:
133
WBVMMECH059
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.3
Loading
= 10 in
h = 2 in
d = 1 in
Case 1:
M = 2000 ibf-in (Z direction)
Case 2:
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane, the above problem can be analyzed as a plane stress problem.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Case 1:
Deflection (in)
StressBend (psi)
0.00500
-3000
-0.00500
-3000
0
0
Case 2:
Deflection (in)
StressBend (psi)
0.00500
-4050
0.00510
-4050
2
0
134
WBVMMECH060: Crank Slot joint simulation with flexible dynamic analysis
Overview
Reference:
Mechanical APDL Multibody Analysis
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid and Multipoint Constraint Element
Test Case
The figure shows crank slot model consists of a base and two rods. The two rods are attached to each other
and the base with three bolts. The base of the model is fixed to the ground via a fixed joint and Bolt3 connected with slot joint to base. Define Rod1 and Rod2 as a flexible body and run the crank slot analysis using
a Flexible Dynamic Analysis.
Determine the Equivalent (von Mises) Stress for both flexible rods.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
Loading
E = 2e5 MPa
= 0.3
Rod1 length = 75mm

Rod2 length = 115mm
Constant angular acceleration at base to Bolt1 = 25

rad/s2
135
WBVMMECH060
Analysis
Figure: Contour Plot
Figure: Equivalent (von Mises) Stress
Figure: Total Force at Base to Bolt1
136
WBVMMECH060
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Equivalent (von Mises) Stress

(MPa)
0.398
0.40403
1.515
Angular Velocity (rad/sec)
7.67
7.6808
0.141
137
138
WBVMMECH061: Out-of-plane bending of a curved bar
Overview
Reference:

1955, pg. 412, eq. 241.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Beam
Test Case
A portion of a horizontal circular ring, built-in at A, is loaded by a vertical (Z) load F applied at the end B.
The ring has a solid circular cross-section of diameter d. Determine the deflection at end B and the maximum
bending stress Bend.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.3
Loading
r = 100 in
d = 2 in
= 90
F = -50 lb (Z direction)
139
WBVMMECH061
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Deflection (in)
-2.648
-2.655
0.264
StressBend (psi)
6366.0
6399.2
0.522
140
WBVMMECH062: Stresses in a long cylinder
Overview
Reference:

1956, pg. 213, problem 1 and pg. 213, article 42.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Axisymmetric Shell
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is initially subjected to an internal pressure p. Determine the radial displacement
r at the inner surface, the radial stress r, and tangential stress t, at the inner and outer surfaces and at
the middle wall thickness. Internal pressure is then removed and the cylinder is subjected to a rotation
about its center line. Determine the radial r and tangential t stresses at the inner wall and at an interior
point located at r = Xi.
Figure: Schematic
Case 1:
Case 2:
141
WBVMMECH062
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.3
= 0.281826 lbm/in3
Loading
a = 4 in
b = 8 in
Xi = 5.43 in
Case 1:
Pressure = 3000 psi (radial direction)
Case 2:
Rotational velocity =
1000 rad/s (Y direction)
Analysis
Results Comparison
Results
Case 1:
Displacementr, in (r = 4 in)
Stressr, psi (r = 4 in)
Stressr, psi (r = 6 in)
Stresst, psi (r = 4 in)
Case 2:
Stressr, psi (r = 5.43 in)

Stresst, psi (r = 5.43 in)
142
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
0.0078666
-30000.
-7778.
50000.
27778.
20000.
40588.
0.0076267
-29988
-7775.3
49988
27775
19999
41672
-3.05
-0.04
-0.035
-0.024
-0.011
-0.005
2.671
4753.
29436.
4933.7
29719
3.802
0.961
WBVMMECH063: Large deflection of a cantilever
Overview
Reference:
K. J. Bathe, E. N. Dvorkin, "A Formulation of General Shell Elements

- The Use of Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial Components, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 22 No.
3, 1986, pg. 720.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A cantilever plate of length , width b and thickness t is fixed at one end and subjected to a pure bending
moment M at the free end. Determine the true (large deflection) free-end displacements and the top surface
stress at the fixed end using shell elements.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 1800 N/mm
= 0.0
Loading
= 12 mm
b = 1 mm
t = 1 mm
M = 15.708 N-mm (Y direction)
Analysis
Large deformation is used to simulate the problem.
143
WBVMMECH063
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Directional Deformation Xdirection (mm)
-2.9
-2.9319
1.100
Directional Deformation Zdirection (mm)
-6.5
-6.6048
1.612
Normal Stress X-direction

(N/mm2)
94.25
94.204
-0.049
144
WBVMMECH064: Small deflection of a Belleville Spring
Overview
Reference:
S.Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory

and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
NY, 1956, pg. 143, problem 2.
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
The conical ring shown below represents an element of a Belleville spring. Determine the deflection y produced by a load F per unit length on the inner edge of the ring.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.0
Loading
a = 1 in
b = 1.5 in
t = 0.1 in
= 7 = 0.12217 rad
Line pressure = -100 lb/in (Y

direction)
Results Comparison
Results
Directional Deformation Ydirection (in)
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-0.0028205
-0.0029267
3.765
145
146
WBVMMECH065: Thermal Expansion to Close a Gap at a Rigid Surface
Overview
Reference:
C. O. Harris, Introduction to Stress Analysis,The Macmillan Co., New

York, NY, 1959, pg. 58, problem 8.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Solid and Shell
Test Case
An aluminum-alloy bar is initially at a temperature of 70F. Calculate the stresses and the thermal strain in
the bar after it has been heated to 170F. The supports are assumed to be rigid. Use a global mesh size of
0.25 in.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
6
E = 10.5 x 10 psi
= 1.25 x 10-5/F
Loading
= 3 in.
t = 170F - 70F
147
WBVMMECH065
Material Properties
= 0.0
= 0.002 in.
Loading
Results Comparison
Results
Normal Stress Y (psi)
Thermal Strain Y (in/in)
148
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
-6125
-6124.7
-0.005
1.25e-003
1.25e-003
WBVMMECH066: Bending of a Tapered Plate
Overview
Reference:

Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A tapered cantilever plate of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a load F at its tip. Find the maximum
deflection and the maximum principal stress 1 in the plate. Use a global mesh size of 0.75 in.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
= 0.0
Loading
L = 20 in
d = 3 in
t = 0.5 in
F = 10 lbf
149
WBVMMECH066
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Maximum Principal Stress

(psi)
1600
1618.3
-1.144
Directional Deformation Z
(in)
-0.042667
-0.042752
-0.199
150
WBVMMECH067: Elongation of a Solid Tapered Bar
Overview
Reference:

Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Solid
Test Case
A tapered aluminum alloy bar of square cross-section and length L is suspended from a ceiling. An axial
load F is applied to the free end of the bar. Determine the maximum axial deflection in the bar and the
axial stress y at mid-length (Y = L/2). Use a global mesh size of 0.5 in.
Figure: Schematic
151
WBVMMECH067
Material Properties
6
E = 10.4 x 10 psi
= 0.3
Loading
L = 10 in
d = 2 in
F = 10000 lbf
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Directional Deformation Y
(in)
0.0048077
0.0048215
- 0.287
Normal Stress Y at L/2 (psi)
4444
4463
- 0.428
152
WBVMMECH068: Plastic Loading of a Thick Walled Cylinder
Overview
Reference:
S.Timoshenko,Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory and

1956, pg. 388, article 70.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static, Plastic Analysis (Plane Strain)
Element
Type(s):
2-D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure p (with no end cap load). Determine the
radial stress, r, and the tangential (hoop) stress, t, at locations near the inner and outer surfaces of the
cylinder for a pressure, pel, just below the yield strength of the material, a fully elastic material condition.
Determine the effective (von Mises) stress, eff, at the same locations for a pressure, pult, which brings the
entire cylinder wall into a state of plastic flow. Use a global mesh size of 0.4 in along with a Mapped Face
Meshing.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
Loading
a = 4 in
pel = 12,990 psi
153
WBVMMECH068
Material Properties
Loading
yp = 30,000 psi
= 0.3
b = 8 in
pult = 24,011 psi
Analysis
This problem is modeled as a plane strain problem with only a quarter of the cross-section as shown in the
above figures. Symmetry conditions are used on the edges perpendicular to X and Y axes. Load is applied
in two steps as shown in the above table. The stresses are calculated at a distance of r = 4.4 in and 7.6 in,
w.r.t a cylindrical coordinate system whose origin is same as that of the global coordinate system.
Results Comparison
Results
Fully Elastic
Fully Plastic
154
Target
Mechanical
Error
(%)
Stressr, psi (X = 4.4 in)
-9,984
-9948.2
-0.359
Stresst, psi (X = 4.4 in)
18,645
18608
-0.198
Stressr, psi (X = 7.6 in)
-468
-469.23
0.263
Stresst, psi (X = 7.6 in)
9,128
9129.2
0.013
Stresseff, psi (X = 4.4 in)
30,000
30,000
0.00
Stresseff, psi (X = 7.6 in)
30,000
30,000
0.00
WBVMMECH069: Barrel Vault Roof Under Self Weight
Overview
Reference:
R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,

2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981, pp.
284-287.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static Analysis
Element
Type(s):
Shell
Test Case
A cylindrical shell roof of density is subjected to a loading of its own weight. The roof is supported by
walls at each end and is free along the sides. Find the x and y displacements at point A and the top and
bottom stresses at points A and B. Express stresses in the cylindrical coordinate system. Use a global mesh
size of 4 m.
Figure: Schematic
155
WBVMMECH069
Material Properties
8
E = 4.32 x 10 N/m
= 0.3
= 36.7347 kg/m3
Loading
t = 0.25 m
r = 25 m
= 50 m
= 40
g = 9.8 m/s2
Analysis
A one-fourth symmetry model is used. Displacements, UX and UY, and the longitudinal rotation, ROTZ, are
constrained at the roof end to model the support wall.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Directional Deformation Y @
A, m
-0.3019
-0.31161
3.216
Directional Deformation X @
A, m
-0.1593
-0.16387
2.869
Stressz, Top @ A, Pa
215570
217160
0.737
Stressz, Bottom @ A, Pa
340700
344800
1.203
Stressangle, Top @ B, Pa
191230
184220
-3.666
Stressangle, Bottom @ B, Pa
-218740
-210770
-3.643
156
WBVMMECH070: Hyperelastic Thick Cylinder Under Internal Pressure
Overview
Reference:
J.T. Oden,Finite Elements of Nonlinear Continua, McGraw-Hill Book

Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1972, pp. 325-331.
Analysis
Type(s):
Static, Large Deflection Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2-D Structural Solid Elements
Test Case
An infinitely long cylinder is made of Mooney-Rivlin type material. An internal pressure of Pi is applied. Find
the radial displacement at the inner radius and the radial stress at radius R = 8.16 in. Use a global mesh size
of 1 in along with a Mapped Face Meshing.
Figure: Schematic
157
WBVMMECH070
Material Properties
Loading
Mooney-Rivlin material coefficients:
ri = 7.0 in
ro = 18.625 in
Pi = 150 psi
C10 = 80 psi
C01 = 20 psi
D1 = 0 /psi
Analysis
Because of the loading conditions and the infinite length, this problem is solved as a plane strain problem.
A one-fourth symmetry model is used. The total pressure is applied in two load increments 90 and 150 psi.
Stress and Deformation are expressed in cylindrical coordinate system.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Deformation at inner radius

in radial direction, in
7.18
7.1819
0.026
Radial Stress at r = 8.16 in, psi
-122
-120.58
1.164
158
WBVMMECH071: Centerline Temperature of a Heat Generating Wire
Overview
Reference:
W. M. Rohsenow, H.Y. Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer,

2nd Printing, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963, pg.
106, ex. 6.5.
Analysis
Type(s):
Thermal Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2-D Thermal Solid Elements
Test Case
Determine the centerline temperature TcL and the surface temperature Ts of a bare steel wire generating
heat at the rate Q. The surface convection coefficient between the wire and the air (at temperature Ta) is h.
Also, determine the heat dissipation rate q. Use a global mesh size of 0.02 ft along with a Mapped Face
Meshing.
Figure: Schematic
159
WBVMMECH071
Material Properties
-3
k = 3.6111 x 10 Btu/s-ft-F
Loading
ro = 0.03125 ft
h = 1.3889 x 10-3 Btu/s-ft2-F

Ta = 70F
Q = 30.92 Btu/s-ft3
Analysis
Because of the symmetry in loading conditions and in the geometry, this problem is solved as an axisymmetric
problem. The solution is based on a wire 1 foot long.
Results Comparison
Results
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Centerline Temperature, F
419.9
419.94
0.01
Surface Temperature, F
417.9
417.85
0.012
-0.094861
-0.094861
0.00
Heat dissipation rate, BTU/s
160
WBVMMECH072: Thermal Stresses in a Long Cylinder
Overview
Reference:

Problems, 3rd Edition, D.Van Nostrand Co, Inc., New York, NY, 1956,
pg. 234, problem 1.
Analysis
Type(s):
Thermal Stress Analysis
Element
Type(s):
2-D Thermal Solid Elements
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is maintained at a temperature Ti on the inner surface and To on the outer
surface. Determine the temperature distribution through the wall thickness. Also determine the axial stress
a and the tangential (hoop) stress t at the inner and outer surfaces Edge sizing is used for all edges and
edge behavior is defined as hard.
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
6
E = 30 x 10 psi
Loading
a = 0.1875 in
Ti = -1F
161
WBVMMECH072
Material Properties
-5
= 1.435 x 10 /F
= 0.3
k = 8.333e-4 Btu/s-in-F
Loading
b = 0.625 in
To = 0F
Analysis
Because of the symmetry in loading conditions and in the geometry, this problem is solved as an axisymmetric
problem. The axial length is arbitrary and it is taken has 0.1 in. Nodal coupling is used in the static stress
analysis. Model is used for the thermal and stress solutions.
Results Comparison
Thermal Analysis
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
T,F (at X = 0.1875 in)
-1.0000
-1.0000
T,F (at X = 0.2788 in)
-0.67037
-0.67054
0.025
T,F (at X = 0.625 in)
Static Analysis
Target
Mechanical
Error (%)
Stressa, psi (at X = 0.1875 in)
420.42
416.89
-0.840
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.1875 in)
420.42
406.82
-3.235
Stressa, psi (at X = 0.625 in)
-194.58
-195.06
0.247
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.625 in)
-194.58
-195.02
0.226
162
Part III, Design Exploration Descriptions
WBVMDX001: Optimization of L-shaped cantilever beam for deflection, volume,

and stress under axial load
Overview
Reference:
From the Basic Principle
Analysis
Type(s):
Goal Driven Optimization
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
An L-shaped beam with dimensions 30 x 25 mm with 4 mm as the rib thickness and 300 mm in length has
the surface fixed at one end. A force of 10,000 N is then applied to the opposite end of the beam.
Input Parameters:
Width, Height, and Length (CAD Geometry)
Response Parameters:
Volume, Stress, and Deflection
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 7850 kg/m3
Width = 25 mm
Height = 30 mm
Rib Thickness = 4 mm
Length = 300 mm
Loading
Fixed Support
Force F = 10000 N (Z
direction)
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Width
Input
20 mm W 30
mm
No Preference
High
Height
Input
25 mm H 35
mm
No Preference
High
Length
Input
250 mm L 350
mm
No Preference
High
165
WBVMDX001
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Volume
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
Low
Stress
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Deflection
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Analysis
Beam volume:
V = L( 4 W + 4H + 16)
Maximum axial deformation under load F:
D=
FL
5.0 102 L
=
AE ( 4 W + 4H + 16)
Normal stress along Z-direction:

=
F
10, 000
=
A ( 4 W + 4H + 16)
Combined objective function becomes:

= 2.8008 10 5 L( W + H + 4) +
0.2842L
169.0503
+
3.8227
( W + H + 4) ( W + H + 4)
Minimizing we get dimensions as:

L = Length = 0.250 m
W = Width = 0.030 m
H = Height = 0.035 m
Results Comparison
Results
Volume (V)
Deformation (D)
Stress ()
166
Target
DesignXplorer
Error (%)
6.9e-5 m
6.9643e-5
m3
0.932
4.5290e-5 m
4.6028e-5 m
1.629
3.62319e7
Pa
3.6341e7 Pa
0.301
WBVMDX002: Optimization of bar with temperature-dependent conductivity for

temperature and thermal strain
Overview
Reference:
From the Basic Principle
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
A long bar 2 X 2 X 20 m is made up of material having thermal conductivity linearly varying with the temperature K = k0*(1 + a*T) W/m-C, k0 = 0.038, a = 0.00582. The bar is constrained on all faces by frictionless
support. A temperature of 100C is applied at one end of the bar. The reference temperature is 5C. At the
other end, a constant convection coefficient of 0.005 W/m2C is applied. The ambient temperature is 5C.
Input Parameters:
Convection coefficient, coefficient of thermal expansion and length
Temperature (scoped on end face), thermal strain
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
=0
= 1.5E-05/C
K = k0*(1 + a*T) W/m-C
k0 = 0.038
a = 0.00582
Breadth B = 2 m
Width W = 2 m
Length L = 20 m
Loading
Frictionless Support (on all
faces)
Reference temperature = 5C
Temperature on end face T =
100C
Convection on other end face
Convection coefficient h = 5e-3
W/m2C
Ambient temperature Ta = 5C
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Length (l)
Input
15 m l 25 m
No Preference
Low
167
WBVMDX002
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Convection
coefficient
(h)
Input
0.004 W/m2C h
0.006 W/m2C
No Preference
Low
Coefficient
of temperature expansion ()
Input
1.4e-5/C
1.6e-5/C
No Preference
Low
Temperature
(T)
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Thermal
strain ()
Output
n/a
Minimum Possible
High
Analysis
Temperature:
Ts = 4521.613 hal 171.8213 + 2.0445 107 ha2l2 + 1.6 106 hal + 73887.8
8
Thermal strain:
= ( Ts Ta ) = (Ts 5)
Combined objective function becomes,
4521.613hal 171.8213 +
13153.74 2.34215
= (0.048365 + 2630.75 )
7 22
6
2
.
0445
10
h
l
+
1
.
6
10
h
l
+
73887
.
8
a
a
Minimizing we get input parameters as:

l = beam length = 25 m
h = convection coefficient = 0.006 W/m2C
= coefficient of thermal expansion = 1.4e-5/C
Results Comparison
Results
Target
DesignXplorer
Error (%)
25 m
24.795 m
-0.818
Convection coefficient (h)
0.006
W/m2C
0.0059598
W/m2C
-0.669
Coefficient of thermal expansion ()
1.4e-5/C
1.4173e-5/C
1.233
Temperature (T)
29.6528C
29.841C
0.645
Thermal strain ()
3.4514e-4
m/m
3.5206e-4
m/m
2.006
Length (l)
168
WBVMDX003: Optimization of water tank column for mass and natural frequency
when subjected to direct compressive and buckling stress
Overview
Reference:
S. S. Rao, Optimization Theory and Application Second edition, example 1.10, page 28-30
Analysis
Type(s):
Goal Driven Optimization with APDL
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
A uniform column of rectangular cross section b and d m is to be constructed for supporting a water tank
of mass M. It is required to:
1.
minimize the mass of the column for economy
2.
maximize the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the system for avoiding possible resonance
due to wind.
Design the column to avoid failure due to direct compression (should be less than maximum permissible
compressive stress) and buckling (should be greater than direct compressive stress). Assume the maximum
permissible compressive stress as max. The design vector is defined as:
{ X} = { X1, X2}T = [b, d}T
where:
b = width of cross-section of column
d = depth of cross-section of column
Input Parameters:
Width and Height
Mass, Natural Frequency, Direct Stress, Buckling Stress
Material Properties
Geometric Perperties
Loading
E = 3e10 Pa
Width, b = 0.4 m
Mass of water tank M = 1000000 Kg
= 2300 Kg/m3
Depth, d =1.2 m
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
= 4.1e7 Pa
Length, I = 20 m
max
Sample Size:
10000
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Tradeoff
Target
Width b
Input
0.36m b 0.44m
No preference
Default
169
WBVMDX003
Parameter
Type
Limits
Desired Value
Importance
Tradeoff
Target
Depth d
Input
1.08m d 1.32m
No preference
Default
Mass of
column M
Output
N/a
Maximum possible
High
On
Natural frequency w
Output
N/a
Maximum possible
High
On
Direct stress
Output
N/a
Greater than
target
High
Off
Buckling
stress
Output
N/a
Greater than
target
High
Off
Analysis
Minimize:
Mass of the column = M = b d l
Maximize:
1/ 2
Ebd
nk w =
Natural frequency of transverse vibrations of the water tan
33
3
4 l M + 140 l b d
Subject to constraints:
M g
0
bd
Direct_Stress = max
2 E d2 M g
0
48 l2 b d
and Buckling_Stress =
Required objective is obtained by having:

b = 0.36102 m
d = 1.3181 m
M = (minimum) = 21890 kg
W = (maximum) = 0.87834 rad/sec
Direct stress = 2.0386e7 Pa
Buckling stress = 6.1526e6 Pa
Results Comparison
Results
Width b
170
Target
DesignXplorer
Error (%)
0.36102 m
0.36102 m
0.000
WBVMDX003
Results
Target
DesignXplorer
Error (%)
Depth d
1.3181 m
1.3181 m
0.000
Mass of column M
21890 kg
21890 kg
0.000
Natural frequency w
0.87834
rad/sec
0.87816
rad/sec
-0.020
Direct stress
2.0386e7 Pa
2.0383e7 Pa
-0.015
Buckling stress
6.1526e6 Pa
6.15170e6
Pa
-0.015
171
172
WBVMDX004: Optimize frequency of plate with simply supported at all it's vertices
Overview
Reference:
Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, pg. 269-271
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
3-D Shell
Test Case
A square plate of side 250 mm and thickness 5 mm is simply supported on all its vertices.
Input Parameters:
Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and density
First natural frequency
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 2e5 MPa
= 0.3
= 7.850 e-6 kg/mm3
Length a = 250 mm
Width b = 250 mm
Thickness h = 5 mm
Loading
All vertices are simply
supported
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Young's Modulus E
Input
1.8e11 Pa E
2.2e11Pa
No Preference
Low
Poisson's Ratio
Input
0.27 0.30
No Preference
Low
Density
Input
7065 kg/m3
8635 kg/m3
No Preference
Low
First Natural Frequency w
Output
N/a
Minimum Possible
High
173
WBVMDX004
Analysis
First Natural Frequency:
1/ 2
7.122
Eh3
w=
2a2 12h(1 2 )
Objective function becomes:

1/ 2
2.083 xE
= (1.29e 4) *
(1 2 )

Young's Modulus E = 1.8e11 Pa
Poisson's Ratio = 0.27
Density = 8635 kg/m3
First Natural Frequency w = 124.0913 rad/s
Results Comparison
Results
Young's Modulus E
Poisson's Ratio
DesignXplorer
Error (%)
1.8e11 Pa
1.8032e11
Pa
0.179
0.27235
0.869
8615.7
kg/m3
-0.223
123.69 rad/s
-0.321
0.27
Density
8635 kg/m
First Natural Frequency w
174
Target
124.0913
rad/s
WBVMDX005: Optimization of buckling load multiplier with CAD parameters and

Young's modulus
Overview
Reference:
Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 2 (Advanced theory and

problems), pg. 167168
Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
3-D Solid
Test Case
The cantilever bar of length 25 feet is loaded by uniformly distributed axial force p = 11 lbf on one of the
vertical face of the bar in negative Z-direction. The bar has a cross-sectional area A is 0.0625 ft2.
Input Parameters:
Side of Square C/S , Length of Cantilever Bar and Young's Modulus
Load Multiplier of the First Buckling Mode
Optimization Method:
Genetic Algroithm
Sample Size:
200
Figure: Schematic
Material Properties
E = 4.1771e 9 psf
= 0.3
= 490.45 lbm/ft3
Cross-section of square
= 0.25 ft. x 0.25 ft.
Length of bar = 25 ft.
Loading
Fixed support on one
face, Force = 11 lbf
(Negative Z-direction)
on top face
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Cross-section side
Input
0.225 ft. a 0.275

ft.
No Preference
N/A
Length
Input
22.5 ft. l 27.5 ft.
No Preference
N/A
175
WBVMDX005
Parameter
Type
Constraints
Desired Value
Importance
Young's Modulus
Input
3.7594e9 psf E
4.5948e9 psf
No Preference
N/A
First buckling mode

load multiplier
Output
N/A
Maximum Possible
N/A
Analysis
Assuming that under the action of uniform axial load a slight lateral bucking occurs.
The expression for deflection is:
y = (1 cos
x
)
2.l
The critical load is given by,

Pcr = (ql)cr =
7.89(EI)
l2
2 .E.I
(1.122l)2
where:
q = force per unit length
The first critical buckling load is:
(a)4
2 .E.
12
4
2 .E.I
= 0.6533 E.a
Pcr =
=
(1.122l)2 (1.122)2 .(l)2
l2
Pcr
The load multiplier is given by the ratio of critical load to applied load p .
The first buckling multiplier is:
0.6533
E.a4
l2
1
E.a4
= 0.0594
11
l2
Combined objective function becomes:

= 1.3253 2.5531 105
E.a4
l2

Cross-section side a = 0.275 ft.
176
WBVMDX005
Length l = 22.5 ft.
Young's Modulus E = 4.5948e9 psf
Buckling load multiplier = 3083.32
Results Comparison
Results
First buckling mode load
multiplier
Target
DesignXplorer
Error (%)
3083.32
3062.1
-0.688
177
178
Index
179
180

WB VM

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Verification Manual for Workbench

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U.S. Government Rights

Verification Manual for Workbench

Part I, DesignModeler Descriptions

WBVMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features

Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend

Figure: Final Model after creating Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend

Volume of Solid after extruding Polygonal Area: v1 = 264000 mm3.

Volume of rectangular area having circular hole: v2 = 21738.05 mm3.

Volume of four solids added due to Chamfer = 4 x 500 = 2000 mm3

Volume of four oval areas extruded 10 mm = 7141.6 mm3.

Volume of 4 solids subtracted due to Blend of radius 5 mm = 429.2 mm3.

Surface Area (mm )

WBVMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft

Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft

Surface Area (mm )

WBVMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep

Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep

Volume of rectangular (103 mm x 88 mm) solid extruded 100mm = 906400 mm3.

Volume of additional two bodies created due to Sweep feature:

Vc = 47123.9 mm3 and Vd = 28352.8 mm3.

Hence Net volume of box, Va = 814260.3 - 75476.7 = 738783.6 mm3.

Surface Area (mm )

Part II, Mechanical Application Descriptions

WBVMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis

S.Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 1, Elementary Theory

Linear Static Structural Analysis

Cross section of all parts

Force F1 = -1000 (Y direction)

Y Reaction Force at Top Fixed

Y Reaction Force at Bottom

WBVMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading

Linear Static Structural Analysis

WBVMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate

R. J. Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van

Free Vibration Analysis

Inner diameter of inner

1st Frequency Mode (Hz)

2nd Frequency Mode (Hz)

3rd Frequency Mode (Hz)

4th Frequency Mode (Hz)

5th Frequency Mode (Hz)

6th Frequency Mode (Hz)

WBVMMECH004: Shape Optimization of a Quarter of a Plate With Hole

Mlejnek and Schirrmacher, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech Engg.,Vol. 106,

Quadrant Length = 650

Pressure = -0.15385 MPa

WBVMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall

F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row Publisher, 3rd

Linear Static Thermal Analysis

Fire brick wall: k = 2.222e-4

Cross-section = 1" x 1"

Minimum Temperature (F)

Maximum Temperature (F)

WBVMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity

Vedat S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley Book

Nonlinear Static Thermal Analysis

k = [0.01375 * (1 + 0.001 T)]

Front face temperature

Internal heat generation

Maximum Temperature (F)

Maximum Total Heat Flux