Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to:
C. Sue Carter, PhD
Nervous System
Neuroception
Safety
Danger
Life threat
Defensive strategies
death feigning/shutdown (immobilization)
Defensive strategies
fight/flight behaviors (mobilization)
Phylogenetic Organization of
the ANS: The Polyvagal Theory
head
old vagus
limbs
viscera
trunk
Apnea/Bradycardia
Phylogenetic Organization of
the ANS: The Polyvagal Theory
Corticospinal Pathways
Sympathetic Nervous
System
limbs
head
viscera
trunk
Mobilization:
Fight/Flight Behaviors
Phylogenetic Organization of
the ANS: The Polyvagal Theory
Corticobulbar pathways
limbs
head
new vagus
viscera
trunk
Cranial Nerves
V,VII,IX,X,XI
Head Turning
Middle Ear
Muscles
Facial
Muscles
Bronchi
Larynx
Pharynx
Heart
environment
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
Social Engagement
HP (ms)
8
0
0
9
0
0
R
S
A
0
.
1
0
6
0
B
P
M
1
0
0
0
H
P
V
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
3
0
6
0
9
0
1
2
0
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
Social Engagement
Violation of Face-to-Face:
An experimental manipulation
The Face-to Face Still Face Procedure
(Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, & Brazelton, 1978)
3 Phases:
2 minutes Social Play
2 minutes Still Face
2 minutes Reunion Play
Violation Repaired
3-6 months
6-9 months
9-12 months
Pereyra, Zhang, Schmidt & Becker (1992), Journal of Neurological Sciences, 10, 107-113.
Coordinated neurophysiological
processes
Homeostatic functions
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
Hierarchical Model of
Self-Regulation
Level IV: Appropriate Social Interactions
Level III: Motor Behavior Control
Level II: Regulation of the Vagal Brake
Level I: Baseline Vagal Tone (RSA)
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
Level I Assessments
Homeostatic Functions
Homeostasis
30
Preterm (n=116)
Fullterm (n=125)
25
PERCENT
20
15
10
0
0
10
Outcome Measures
Social
Skills
(RSA) Vagal
maturation
Mental
Processing
Motor
Skills
7
6
Negativity (BRP)
1
0
1
0
0
L
o
w
V
a
g
a
l
T
o
n
e
H
i
g
h
V
a
g
a
l
T
o
n
e
G
r
o
u
p
L
o
w
V
a
g
a
l
T
o
n
e
H
i
g
h
V
a
g
a
l
T
o
n
e
G
r
o
u
p
Level II Assessments
4
1
0
2
.
5
4
0
0
3
9
0
2
.
0
3
8
0
3
7
0
1
.
5
3
6
0
1
.
0
3
5
0
B
a
s
e
l
i
n
eF
e
e
d
i
n
g
P
o
s
t
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
Depressive behavior
Social withdrawal
Atypical Vagal
Regulation
Aggressive behavior
Total Behavior
Problems
Research Team:
UIC: S.Porges, K.Heilman
Erikson Institute: Z.Boukydis, L.Gilkerson
Univ of Chicago: L. Gray
http://www.babyreference.com/nutritionconsultations.htm
Frequency of Excessive
Crying
Excessive crying at or before 3m 20%
Excessive crying NOT resolved by 3m 7%
Excessive crying NOT resolved by 6m 3%
Specific Aims
1.
2.
3.
Competing Hypotheses
Excessive Crying
Poor autonomic
& state regulation
Excessive Crying
Clinical Risk
Clinical Risk
Poor autonomic
& state regulation
Clinical Risk
Experimental Model
Excessive Crying
Parent reports
Cry Diary
Clinical history
Poor autonomic
& state regulation
Vagal brake
(neural mechanisms
of self-soothing &
calming)
Clinical Risk
Recruitment Model
Infants screened at 6-10 weeks
No excessive crying
Control
Excessive crying
Resolved by
3m
Resolved by
6m
Not resolved
by 6 m
EC-3M
EC-6M
EC-6M+
Cry Diaries
300
C
r
y
i
n
g
250
EC-6+
200
150
t 100
i
m 50
e
EC-6
EC-3
Control
1
6-10 weeks
age
3 months
6 months
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
3.7
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
Mother-Baby Preplay
Feeding
Mother-Baby Postplay
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
Mother-Baby Preplay
Feeding
Mother-Baby Postplay
Never EC (n=93 )
EC (n=69 )
148
143
138
133
Pre-play
Feeding
Post-play
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
12 month assessments
Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment
(ITSEA) (Carter & Margaret Briggs-Gowan)
Internalizing behaviors:
depression/withdrawal, general anxiety,
separation distress, inhibition to novelty
Externalizing behaviors:
activity/impulsivity, aggression/defiance, peer
aggression
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
Conclusions
The Social Engagement System is an emergent
neurophysiological system that phylogenetically developed
to regulate contact with the external world and to modulate
physiological and behavioral state.
As the infant matures, the Social Engagement System
shifts from a reflexive brainstem system, to a system under
cortical control with an ability to initiate social behavior.
RSA, a measure of vagal regulation measured in infants,
is related to developmental outcome and especially to
behavioral and psychological processes associated with
social behavior, ingestion, and state regulation.
Fussy-difficult infants, who by definition have state
regulation problems and excessive bouts of crying, have
atypical vagal regulation that may deprive them from the
soothing effects of feeding.
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges
Conclusions
During the first 6-months of life the measurement of
vagal regulation during feeding provides an early
marker of the developmental status of the neural
platform for social behavior.
During the first year of life, cortical pathways
develop that regulate the striated muscles of the
face and head and the vagus continue to myelinate
to form an integrated social engagement system the same circuits involved in feeding (ingestion) and
state regulation.
As the infant matures, social context displaces
feeding as the most important regulator of behavioral
state.
Copyright 2010 Stephen W. Porges