MM Wave Technology Part3 PDF

Millimeter-wave Tcehnology
Mrinal Kanti Mandal

mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
Department of E & ECE

I.I.T. Kharagpur.
1
Dielectric Resonators
Materials: usually ceramic with high r (10-100).
Pros: compact size, lower loss. Cons: sensitive to

temperature and mechanical vibration/stress etc.
Support hybrid modes - HEMnml , and TE/TM.
d
a
Isolated dielectric
resonator
Hybrid modes are HEnml when EZ dominates over

Hz and EHnml, when HZ dominates over Ez.
n circumferential (), m radial (r) and l axial
(z) variations.
For n = 0, axisymmetric modes TM0ml and
TE0ml.
l is replaced by (0<1< ) for d <g/2.
Most commonly used mode is TE01
TE01 mode:
Ez = 0, have azimuthally symmetric (/ = 0) and less than a half cycle variation
along z.
Magnetic wall at r = a.
Nonzero field components E, Hr, and Hz.
Millimeter wave and optical dielectric integrated guides and circuits, S.K. Koul, Wiley.
Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.
@M.K. Mandal
Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

z
So, the simplified wave equation for Hz is
y
d
E, and Hr are calculated as

where
z = d/2
Where A is a constant, J0 and K0 are the Bessel

and the modified Hankel functions of order zero. u
and are the radial and z-directed wavenumbers,
respectively, in region 1. is the z-directed decay
coefficient in regions 2 and 3, and is the radial
decay coefficient in region 4. u, , , and are all
real numbers.
z = -d/2
2a
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They are related as follows:
where
The other two field components are
z = d/2
z = -d/2
2a
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z
y
d
TE01 mode in a circular

waveguide
E-field lines in z = 0 plane.
|E|
|Hz|
The dielectric resonator.
a
Radius r
H-field lines in meridian plane.
Electric field intensity variation with r.

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Closed form expressions (height d calculation):
Calculate d using the characteristic equation as
where
Calculate from
Calculate u from
where
p01 is the first root of the equation J0(x) = 0.
Calculate effective dielectric constant e = (u/k0)2
where
This relationship hold good for
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Closed form expressions (resonance frequency f0 calculation):
Calculate f0 from
Calculate k0 from
for
for
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Q-factor:
0 is the resonant frequency, W is the maximum stored energy,
PL is the total power loss.
Qc conductor quality factor, Qd dielectric quality factor, Qr radiation quality

factor.
In general, Qi = 0W/Pi
Qc
Qd = 1/tan, quite high.
Qr = 20We/Pr, lowest among three.
Closed form expression for Qr:
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4.5
r k0a
4.0
3.5
r =
3.0
80
40
20
2.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
d/2a
Normalized resonant wavenumber as a function of aspect ratio d/2a.
K0 and 0 vary inversely with r.

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160
d/ 2a
0.8
Approximately
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.5
120
1.0
Qr
0.3
0.6
k0a
80
0.4
0.2
40
20
40
60
80
0
100
r
Normalized resonant wavenumber and radiation Q-factor versus r.
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Dielectric Resonators
HEM11 is the lowest order hybrid mode.
Higher order mode next to TE01 is HE11
Single mode operation bandwidth is maximum for
d/2a 0.4. It can be further increased by using a
ring resonator.
For d/2a 0.4, according to the resonance
frequencies: TE01 HE11 EH11 TM01
The field pattern of TM01 mode is similar to TE01
mode with E and H lines interchanged.
TM01 mode has been used to design dual-mode
filter and dielectric cavity antenna design.
E-field distribution for the

HEM11 mode.
Applications:
Filtering applications (most common are bandpass and bandstop filters),
Oscillators
Frequency-selective limiters,
Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA).
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Dielectric Resonators: Examples
Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA)
Filter.
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Manifold Coupled Multiplexers
A manifold surface
Photograph of a C-band 10-channel

manifold multiplexer with DR filters.
Layout of a manifold coupled multiplexer.
Measured channel characteristics.

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Passive Components: Image Guide

Symmetric parallel-coupled guides:
Ey
y
b
Ey
2a
Image guide
Even mode excitation
Odd mode excitation

Z=0
Even Odd
For a lossless coupled lines

matched at four ports, the voltages
on the lines are
V0/2
-V0/2
V0/2
V0/2
P4
Z=l
VB (z)
P3
B
e, o
P1
P2
VA (z)
Coupled IG
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Coupled Image Guide

Then, voltage transmission coefficients are
Let complete power transfer takes place from guide A to B for a length L, then
putting S12 = 0 for l = L:
Therefore,
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Coupled Image Guide

For unmatched condition:
where
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Image Guide Coupler

P4
P3
2s
z1
l0
P1
2s
2s
z1
z2
z2
P2
IG coupler with straight bends.
At Z2 coupling reduces to a negligibly small value.

P4
2a
P3
2s
z1
l0
P1
2s
z2
R
P2
IG coupler with curved bends.

2s
R+a
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Image Guide Coupler

Overall S-parameters in terms of effective length lf,
where
where
l0 is the length of straight coupled section, (2L/) is the correction factor due
to connecting arms.
The separation between the incremental coupling lengths in the nonuniformy
coupled region is 2s, where for the straight bends,
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Image Guide Coupler

And for the curved bends,
Therefore,
The bandwidth of the coupler, usually, is very small ~ 3%.

Wideband coupler can be designed if (e - o) is independent of frequency
(using an inset).
Effective coupling length decreases for a broadside coupled structure.
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Effective coupling length (cm)
Image Guide Coupler
30
= 450, b/(2a) = 3/5,

r = 2.56
0 dB
3 dB
20
S = 1 mm
10
S = 0.5 mm
0
20
40
60
Freq. (GHz)
Effective coupling length vs frequency of an edge
coupled coupler.
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Beam-Splitter Type Coupler

Direct coupled
Isolated
P4
900
e1, 1
P3
1 1
z=0
e2, 2
e2> e1
s
z = -s
e1, 1
P1
i/p
P2
Reflected o/p
Beam-splitter coupler.
Equivalent model showing multiple reflections
Basic principle is based on beam-splitting, the incident beam splits into a

reflected beam and a transmitted beam.
If the incident wave is at 450, the reflected wave is at 900.
Inherently broadband. Bandwidth further increases if the gap is filled by a
material with high dielectric constant.
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Assuming a plane wave and Ei is perpendicular
to ground plane (yz),
e1, 1
z=0
1 1
e2, 2
z = -s
e1, 1
1
where
E0i
Applying continuity condition at z = 0,

Tangential component
1
n E n E
H0r
H0i
1
E0r
e1, 1
e2, 2
2
H0t
E0t
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So the Fresnel reflection coefficient,
and the Fresnel transmission coefficient,
At z = 0, a fraction 0 is reflected back and a fraction 1+ 0 is refracted into the

second slab.
Inside the second slab, the refracted ray experiences a phase delay of 2s sec2.
At z = -s, a fraction -0 is reflected back into the second slab and a fraction 1- 0 is
transmitted into the third slab.
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So overall reflection coefficient is
where
Now, according to Snells law

Therefore Q reduces to
Therefore
But,
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Therefore
Similarly,
The power reflection coefficient has zeros at

And maxima at
The maximum value of |R|2 is
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Beam-Splitter Type Coupler: Design Formula

For broadband performance, Q = /2.
Coupling coefficient,
Substituting for 0 in the Fresnel equation,
For 1 = 450,
or
Using the relationship
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Image Guide Coupler
z
d
x
h
b
y
2a
Image guide-microstrip coupler.
Wideband and compact design.

The diameter of the ground plane aperture is much smaller than a
wavelength.
Quasi-TEM mode of microstrip line is coupled to TMy mode of the image
guide.
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Image Guide: Branching Coupler

y
Lt
P3
P4
L0
s
x
h
Coupling
section
P1
P2
Image guide branching directional coupler.
For a given value of L0 and L, the coupling coefficient depends on the

transition length Lt.
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Image Guide: Branching Coupler

P4
1.0
P1
0.04
P2, P4, Pa
P2
0.6
0.4
0.03
Pa
P1, P3
0.8
0.05
0.02
P3
0.2
0.01
0
0
1
Lt /
Dependence of scattered power on transition length.
t = 0.2, s = 0.2, h = 0.3, L = 3, L0 = , r = 2.56.
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Dielectric Waveguide: Power Divider

Ey
P1
Ey1
Ey3
x
P2
P3
Dielectric waveguide power divider.
Mode distribution inside the coupled

section.
The electric field inside the coupled section is
The coupling factor is
Dielectric waveguide
Required coupling length for 3-dB power division is

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NRD Guide Power Divider

LSM11
LSM11
LSE11
LSM11
LSM11
LSM11
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Millimeter Wave Antennas

d0
d1
d1
d0
d0
d1
Tapered dielectric rod antennas.
Tapering: reduces internal reflection from the open end, leaky-wave radiation
along the whole length.
Antenna dimension so chosen that it supports only dominant mode.
Matching transition to avoid surface wave radiation at the feed end.
Design guidelines:
Circular cross section:
Square cross section:

d1 = d1 = 0.2, d0 = d0 = 0.1 - 0.2
L ~ 5-7
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Wave impedance ()
30
30
400
20
300
10
200
10
20
30
40
Distance along transition (mm)
An integrated dielectric rod antenna

excited by NRD guide (x-band).
Plot of wave impedance.
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Gap between dielectric and taper (mm)
500
Leaky Wave Grating Antennas
w
z
b
c
a
Rectangular periodic groove in dielectric.
Rectangular periodic groove in metal.
Popular at millimetre wave frequencies.

The periodic modulation creates a guided wave that consists of an infinite
number of space harmonics (Floquet modes).
m = 0 space harmonic is a slow wave.
At least one of the space harmonics (usually the m = -1) is a fast wave that
radiates along the length.
kz is complex.
Different harmonics may have different but the same .
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Determination of :
z
w
av
t
b
r
a
3
2
1
t
r
x
x=0
x=L
Side view of the leaky wave antenna.
Calculate the average dielectric constant av.

Or calculate by using a full-wave simulator.
Determination of :
Assuming lateral width is infinite, magnetic field in the three regions
j = 1, 2, 3 and Imj - magnetic field amplitude of the mth space harmonic, kxm x-directed wavenumber.
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where kx0, and corresponds to dominant mode (m = 0).

Leaky-wave beam:
d is chosen such that
For small c, leakage is small, kx0 is almost real.
mth leaky-wave beam w.r.t. boreside direction,
For single beam operation, only m = -1 harmonic should radiates. In that case,
L required for a given ,
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P
y
r
x
x=L
Antenna aperture
plane at z = t.
y= -W/2
z
w
3
2
1
t
r
x
x=0
x=L
Side view of the leaky wave antenna.

F.K. Schwering and S.T. Peng, Design of dielectric grating antennas for millimeter-wave applications,
IEEE trans on MTT, Feb., 1983.
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TM mode
102
80
d = 0.25
c = 0.125
t = 0.05
60
-1
-1 (deg)
40
20
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
b /
Variation of radiation rate and scan angle with b.
Antenna parameters: d = 0.25, c = 0.5d, t = 0.05, b = 0.21 (peak), r = 12.

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Leaky wave antennas with periodic conducting strips.
Radiation from each element is small.

Large strip width increases mismatch increases side lobe levels.
Length is so selected that all incident power is radiated.
Metal flare can be used to increase the gain and decrease the side lobes levels.
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Radiated
wave
Reflected
transmitted
wave
wave
Incident
wave
Zd
Rr
Cd
g, Zg
g
Ground plane groove.
Equivalent circuit.
E-plane pattern
Grating antenna with varying groove thicknesses.

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Rr
Cd
g, Zg
g
Ground plane groove.
Single groove is modeled by a slot backed by a s/c.

Rr radiation resistance (f(g, r)), Cd stored energy near the discontinuity,
g propagation const., Zg wave impedance.
Circular hole can be used (dimension is so chosen that f0 is below the
waveguide cutoff)
2d array should be used to obtain a narrow beamwidth in H-plane.
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Resonant Antennas
d2
Main beam
z
d1
b
a
Array of resonant slots.
Circularly polarized array.
The slots are approximately half-wavelength.

The image guide excited in Ey11 mode.
Axial ratio depends on (slot orientation angle with the axis) and d1.
Condition for circular polarization: tan cos 0 cot
k d / 2 sin
0 1
0 /
The main beam direction: 0 sin 1 0 / 1 / d2

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SINRD Leaky Wave Antenna
Top plate slot.
Internal configuration.
S-parameters plots (LSM11).

P. Mondal and K. Wu, A leaky-wave antenna in SINRD waveguide with controllable scanning rate,
IEEE trans on AP, April, 2013.
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Direction of maximum radiation from
broadside direction:
Variation of scan angle.
E-plane pattern.
H-plane pattern.
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y
Sn
Insular image guide feed resonant dipole array.
Angle (deg)
18
14
10
6
33
Radiation pattern@35.5 GHz.
35
Freq (GHZ)
Frequency scanning.
Photograph (alumina).
M.T. Birand and R.V. Gelsthorpe Experimental millimetric array using dielectric radiators fed by means
of dielctric waveguide, IET Elec. Lett., Jun., 1981.
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Printed Millimeter Wave Antennas

Problems:
Increased losses: For a microstrip line, conductor loss
and dielectric loss
Choice of a substrate: coupling with substrate modes and antenna efficiency.
Efficiency decreases with
increasing r.
A typical patch antenna @60 GH on a substrate with the same thickness

provides
60% efficiency on a 5880 (r = 2.23),
25% efficiency on an Alumina substrate (r = 9.5).
Advanced Millimeter-Wave Technologies, D. Liu, B. Gaucher, U. Pfeiffer, J. Grzyb, Wiley.

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Frequency variation of substrate parameters:
Quartz substrate
Rt/duroid 6010
S21 (dB)
Rt/duroid 5880
-2
-4
1
21
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Frequency (GHz)
61
S21 of a 20 mm long microstrip line on a 35NQ

substrate.
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Feed line influence on radiation pattern:
Spurious radiation from the feed structures.
Can be solved by using multilayer technology (feed structure in different layer,
active components also can be accommodated).
With T
Without T
Measured H-plane radiation pattern @38.6 GHz

(dotted line without T).
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An 16x16 array on 0.254 mm

thick Rt/duroid 5880 substrate
@40 GHz.
H-plane co-polar (solid) and cross-polar (dashed)

radiation patterns @40 GHz.
This array antenna has higher cross-polarization levels.
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Feed network on the same

5880 substrate @60 GHz.
H-plane co-polar (solid) and cross-polar (dashed)

radiation patterns @60 GHz.
An 16x16 array coupled to

feed network by GPA.
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Multi-layer interconnects:
Aperture /slot coupling,
coaxial transition.
Microstrip-to-microstrip slot transition.
Bandwidth of the transition improves with Hshape slot as GPA.

0
|S21|, |S11| (dB)
|S21|
Microstrip-to-patch aperture coupling.
-10
|S11|
-20
-30
45
Microstrip-to-microstrip coaxial
transition.
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51
49
Frequency (GHz)
53
55
Measured S21 of a transition using H-shape slots.

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Printed Millimeter Wave Array Antennas

Directive pattern with passive linear array:
Configuration of the feed network, radiating patches on a second layer.
Feed line designed on a 0.127 mm thick TPX substrate (r = 2.17).

A thick copper common ground plane ( t = 0.2 mm) for mechanical rigidity.
Amplitude tapering for low side-lobe levels.
55% efficiency at 59.5 GHz.
0
11
Gain (dB)
Power (dB)
-20
-40
-900
S11 (dB)
00
900
angle
5
56
58
60
Freq. (GHz)
-20
-40
54
58
Freq. (GHz)
62
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Sector beam with linear array:
Approximately constant gain across a wide angular region.
Configuration of the feed network.
0.127 mm thick Rt/duroid 5880 and the

thick ground plane.
Amplitude and phase distribution for the
required pattern and low side-lobes.
Power (dB)
-20
55% efficiency at 59.5 GHz.

-40 0
-90
00
angle
900
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Cosecant beam with linear array:
Simultaneous uniform illumination of several base stations of varying distances.
Amplitude and phase distribution for the required pattern and low side-lobes.
0.127 mm thick Rt/duroid 5880 and the thick ground plane.
Power (dB)
-20
-40 0
-90
Indoor communication with different

wireless devices at varying distances.
00
angle
900
Radiation pattern of a typical array

antenna@60 GHz.
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Waveguide Slot Arrays

a
Induced current in the slot:

b
E0
x j
Jx j
cos
e
2 f a
a
k 2 a z
2
E0
2
x j
Jz
k 2 a z sin
e
2 f a
a
z
x
k 2 a z
2
Radiation occurs because of Jx.

Radiated power is a function of sin2
Some popular slot array antennas.

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Waveguide Slot Arrays

l
w
A slot in an infinite ground plane.
H field distribution inside the slot.
ln
Length of the equivalent rectangular

slot is
leq l
24
7
w
Equivalent rectangular slot.
For both of the slots, resonance frequency and bandwidth increase with
increasing w.
Thickness of the metallic sheet also influence the slot resonance frequency.
Individual slot is represented by a shunt admittance, a function of slot offset.
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Planar Waveguide Type Slot Arrays

Leaky wave antenna:
Basic leaky-wave antenna.
Tangential electric field in the first slot Et z cos x / L

Complex propagation constant
kz j
J. Liu et. al. Substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antenna with transverse slots, IEEE trans on
AP., Jan, 2012.
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Then, for nth slot,
2
2
sinc k znW / 2 k1
W
n
m 1,3,5
eff
where
cos 2 m L 2Weff cot k ymn1h

2
rWeff
j
In
2
2 2
2 2
16
L
h
1 m L Weff k ymn1h
2 L2
(2) k pn Lr
2 L2
I n k0 2 1 r cos r k0 2 1 sin r H 0
dr
k zn k 2n / p
k pn k02 k zn2
k ymn1 k12 m / Weff
k zn2 .
k1 k0 r 1 j tan
J. Liu et. al. Substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antenna with transverse slots, IEEE trans on
AP., Jan, 2012.
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w/g only
Conductor loss
0.016
= k0
0.6
Slotted w/g
Dielectric loss
Leakage loss
/k0
/k0
0.008
0.2
0
10
12
11
Frequency (GHz)
Normalized phase constant.
10
11
10.5
Frequency (GHz)
11.5
Normalized attenuation constant.
Substrate: h = 1 mm, r = 2.25, tan = 0.001.

W = 10.5 mm, Wslot = 0.45 mm, p = 2.5 mm (~900).
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Configuration of the antenna.
Substrate: h = 1 mm, r = 2.25, tan = 0.001.

Antenna dimension: L1 = 180 mm, L2 = 30 mm,
W = 10.5 mm, Wslot = 0.45 mm, p = 2.5 mm
(~900).
S-parameters (dB)
0
S21
-10
-20
S11
-30
10
12
11
Frequency (GHz)
Input matching.
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2d linear array:
Gain (dB)
24
22
20
18
59
60
61
62
Freq (GHz)
The 2d slot array antenna.
Slot width 0.18 mm, length 2.56 mm.

Feed network consists of 1:12 power
divider.
S11 (dB)
0
-10
-20
59
60
61
62
Freq (GHz)
Gain and input matching with freq.
X.P. Chen et. al., Low-cost high gain planar antenna array for 60-GHz band applications, IEEE trans on
AP., Jun., 2010.
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0
Relative gain (dB)
Relative gain (dB)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-80
-40
40
-20
-40
-80
80
40
80
Angle (deg)
Angle (deg)
Measured E-plane pattern @60.5 GHz.
-40
Measured H-plane pattern @60.5 GHz.
Fabricated on a Rt/duroid 6002,

Maximum gain 22 dBi, efficiency 68%.
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Sector beam array:
20
Gain (dB)
10
0
-10
-20
-120
Length of the ith element is
li lNx N x i
0
Angle (deg)
120
Measured gain @62.5

GHz.
Element spacing is 900 to cancel reflection.
1.2 mm thick PTFE substrate (r = 2.17, tan = 0.001)

M. Ohira, A. Miura, and M. Ueba, 60 GHz wideband substrate-integrated waveguide slot array using
closely spaced elements for planar multisector antenna, IEEE trans on AP., Mar., 2010.
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Cavity antenna:
Open-ended cavity feeding scheme.
0.635 mm thick RO3006 substrate (r =

6.15, tan = 0.0025)
A 60 GHz 2x2 array antenna.
Y. Zhang et. al. Wideband millimeter-wave substrate integrated waveguide slotted narrow-wall fed cavity
antennas, IEEE trans on AP., May, 2011.
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12
-10
Gain (dBi)
|S11| (dB)
-20
10
-30
54
58
62
Frequency (GHz)
Input matching.
E-plane @58 GHz

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61
57
Frequency (GHz)
65
Gain variation.
H-plane @58 GHz

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Butler Matrix
A 4x4 butler matrix.
Phase shifter and the cross over.
Photograph of the final design.
C.-J. Chen, and T.-H. Chu, Design of a 60-GHz substrate integrated waveguide butler matrixa
systematic approach IEEE MTT, Jul. 2010.
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On Chip Antennas
Frequency band of interest:
Unlicensed bands 24.05-24.25 GHz (K), 59-64 GHz (V) (industrial,
scientific and medical).
Licensed bands 77 (76-77 and 78-81) GHz, 94 GHz (W).
Applications:
Low cost, short range consumer products (Indoor computer networks etc)
Automotive radar, imaging.
Advantages:
Low cost, compact, mismatch problems can be avoided.
Other issues:
Loss (semiconductor substrate is a poor dielectric).
Selection of radiator (size reduction at lower frequency affects gain).
Packaging issues.
Crosstalk in a transceiver system.

Advanced Millimeter-Wave Technologies, D. Liu, B. Gaucher, U. Pfeiffer, J. Grzyb, Wiley.
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On Chip Antennas: Challenges

Antenna size:
a
An on-chip antenna.
Electrically small antennas are smaller than the radian sphere. The radius of
the radian sphere:
1 0
k 2
Then obtainable minimum quality factor:
Qrad
1
1
3 3.
ka k a
Higher bandwidth antenna has lower antenna efficiency.

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Substrate mode:
Cutoff frequency of conductor backed substrate modes:
fc
nc
4d r 1
n 0,1, 2...
At lower frequencies, the chip size is less than power coupled to substrate
is radiated from the substrate edges.
~95% power coupled to Si-substrate.
Excitation of substrate modes.
69
@M.K. Mandal

Antenna efficiency:
GaAS and InP provides lower losses compared to SiGe substrate.
Antenna efficiency is typically below 10% on low resistivity Si substrate
(used in CMOS tech typically = 10-50 .cm).
Selective micromachining, or Si-on-insulator (SOI)/ Si-on-sapphire (SOP)
can be used to improve the efficiency.
Fused silica (r = 3.8, tan 0.0015) and high resistivity Si (r = 3.8, > 1
k.cm, tan 0.002) provides better antenna efficiency.
SiO2
Si
Matching
layer
Use of reflector (at high frequency)
Substrate
wave
Back side
Backside radiation (at high frequency)

70
@M.K. Mandal
Improvement of Antenna (on Chip) Efficiency

Antenna
Antenna
Active elements
Thick organic layer
Active elements
High resistivity Si
Standard Si
I. High resistivity Si
substrate.
II. Thick layer low loss

organic substrate.
Antenna
Thick organic layer

Active elements
Micromachined Si
III. Micromachined Sisubstrate.
I. High resistivity substrate provides lower losses.

Proton implantation technique can be used in selected substrate area to increase
the resistivity for CMOS /BiCMOS technology.
II. Thick organic layer (eg. BCB, polyimide have low loss but also low r) reduces
losses to some extent.
III. Bulk micromachining can be used in selected regions to decrease loss as well
as to reduce the problem of substrate mode excitation.
Both wet etching and dry etching techniques are used.
71
@M.K. Mandal
Selection of On Chip Radiator

Silicon active device process (low resistivity) , does not provide substrate
backside metallization.
Problem for microstrip lines.
Differential circuit topology/ CPW lines are preferred.
GaAs, InP technology, usually, provides backside metallization.
Electrically small antennas for lower frequencies.
Thin substrates for higher frequencies.
Available space for antenna.
Feed Lines:
Difficult to design any microstrip line on a thick substrate with high r.
Example: on a 250 m fused silica, required width of a 50 line is 690 m (g/4 at
60 GHz 680 m).
Suggested values: Z0(CPS) > 70 and Z0(CPW)> 50.

Condition to avoid surface wave loss:
Metal roughness should be properly modeled.
72
@M.K. Mandal
Patch Antennas
On conductor backed thin substrate only. Gain increases by 3 dB.
Length of the patch: L
1
2 f r eff
0 0
2L
L correction term because of fringing fields.
A 24 GHz patch antenna.

73
@M.K. Mandal
Dipole and Slot Antennas

Dipole is sensitive to presence of other metallic objects in its vicinity.
Metal plane supporting the slot might be large enough.
Dipole and slot antennas.
Size reduction scheme of dipole antennas.
A 24 GHz dipole antenna.

74
@M.K. Mandal
Folded Dipole Antennas

S11 (dB)
-10
-20
20
A folded top-loaded 24 GHz dipole on Si/Ge.
E-plane pattern.
22 24 26
Freq. (GHz)
Input matching.
H-plane pattern (max gain = -2 dBi).

75
@M.K. Mandal
Loop Antennas
Wire loop.
Slot loop.
A low loss insulating layer such as BCB is used below the loop.
The directivity of 1 loop ~ 3.3 dBi. But typical measured gain < 0 dBi.
Slot loop: ground plane resonance can increase the bandwidth.
To avoid coupling with substrate modes with CPW mode, f should be below fc
2 c 1
n
tan
A
r 1 h
2
A r for TM and A 1 for TE, n 0,1, 2,3...

,
for ground backed CPW, n is odd for TE and n is even for TM.
fc
76
@M.K. Mandal
Loop Antennas
S11 (dB)
-1
-4
-7
20
A typical slot loop antenna

and oscillator @ 35 GHz.
E-plane.
30
Freq. (GHz)
40
Input matching.
H-plane.
77
@M.K. Mandal
Circuit Integration
Radiator placement.
The radiator in top metal layer (top metal layer is the thickest one).
Usually, antenna is placed in a different part of the chip.
Oxide layers are so thin that cannot be used as a substrate.
Any metallization below the radiator should be removed.
Ground shield should be used for other large passive components (eg.
spiral inductors).
LO leakage.
78
@M.K. Mandal
Circuit Integration
A transceiver system @ 24 GHz.
In the transmitting side: antenna gain ~ -7.5 dBi.

Receiving antenna input impedance ~ 70 + j40 to match the LNA input
impedance.
Receiving antenna gain ~ -2 dBi.
79
@M.K. Mandal
Packaging Issues
Antenna packaging.
Packaging might be transparent to radiation.

Materials used for packaging are usually lossy.
Bonding wires, foils, plating, soldering etc can degrade antenna
performance.
Substrate modes and other higher order modes due to packaging can
degrade the performance of active devices : metal rings or cavities might
have to be used.
80
@M.K. Mandal
Packaging Issues
Glob-top encapsulation can be used as antenna lens.
Any metallization used for packaging can be used to improve the antenna
properties.
Interconnects:
Bond wires can be used at lower frequencies to connect antenna with the chip.
Bond wires are lossy at high frequencies.
At high frequencies, Flip chip attachment is preferred over wire bonding (small
inductance, robust, low cost).
metal
Flip-chip attachment.
Wire bond transition.

81
@M.K. Mandal
Antenna as a Part of Packaging

interconnect
Bond wire
Antenna substrate
IC
Package lead
Ground/ package base
Antenna configuration.
Conceptual drawing.
82
@M.K. Mandal
Antenna as a Part of Packaging

Metal bar
substrate
Antenna surrounded by a cavity.
Photograph of the antenna @60 GHz.
Gain (dBi)
7
5
3
50
55
60
Freq. (GHz)
Measured gain.
65
Photograph of the antenna(top view).

83
@M.K. Mandal
Thank you
?
mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
mkmandal@ieee.org
Ph. +91-3222-283550 (o)
Department of E. & E.C.E.
I.I.T. Kharagpur, 721302.

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Millimeter-wave Tcehnology

Mrinal Kanti Mandal

Department of E & ECE

Pros: compact size, lower loss. Cons: sensitive to

Support hybrid modes - HEMnml , and TE/TM.

Hybrid modes are HEnml when EZ dominates over

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

So, the simplified wave equation for Hz is

E, and Hr are calculated as

Where A is a constant, J0 and K0 are the Bessel

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

TE01 mode in a circular

E-field lines in z = 0 plane.

The dielectric resonator.

Electric field intensity variation with r.

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

Qc conductor quality factor, Qd dielectric quality factor, Qr radiation quality

Closed form expression for Qr:

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

K0 and 0 vary inversely with r.

Dielectric Resonators: TE01 Mode

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.

E-field distribution for the

Dielectric Resonators: Examples

Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA)

Manifold Coupled Multiplexers

Photograph of a C-band 10-channel

Layout of a manifold coupled multiplexer.

Measured channel characteristics.

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.

Passive Components: Image Guide

Even mode excitation

Odd mode excitation

For a lossless coupled lines

Coupled Image Guide

Coupled Image Guide

Image Guide Coupler

At Z2 coupling reduces to a negligibly small value.

IG coupler with curved bends.

Image Guide Coupler

Image Guide Coupler

The bandwidth of the coupler, usually, is very small ~ 3%.

Effective coupling length (cm)

Image Guide Coupler

= 450, b/(2a) = 3/5,

Beam-Splitter Type Coupler

Equivalent model showing multiple reflections

Basic principle is based on beam-splitting, the incident beam splits into a

Beam-Splitter Type Coupler

Applying continuity condition at z = 0,

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.

Beam-Splitter Type Coupler

and the Fresnel transmission coefficient,

At z = 0, a fraction 0 is reflected back and a fraction 1+ 0 is refracted into the

Beam-Splitter Type Coupler

Now, according to Snells law