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Contents
1 UMTS Service Model................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Service Classification.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Service Model ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Classification of Area Types.................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 CS Domain Service Model ...................................................................................................... 3
1.2.3 PS Domain Service Model....................................................................................................... 4
2 UMTS Capacity Estimation........................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Capacity Estimation Flow................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Estimation Method of Hybrid Service Capacity................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 Equivalent Erlang Method..................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Post Erlang-B Method ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Campbell Method .................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Uplink Capacity Estimation.............................................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Load Analysis for Uplink....................................................................................................... 15
2.3.2 Uplink Capacity and Scale Estimation .................................................................................. 17
2.4 Downlink Capacity Estimation......................................................................................................... 19
2.4.1 Analysis of Downlink Load................................................................................................... 19
2.4.2 Downlink Capacity and Scale Estimation ............................................................................. 22
3 Scale Estimation Example......................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Assumed Conditions ......................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Estimation Process............................................................................................................................ 26
3.2.1 Estimation Flow Chart........................................................................................................... 26
3.2.2 Uplink Coverage Estimation.................................................................................................. 26
ii
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Basic Features
Typical Cases
Voice
conference,
game, Telnet
Voice
service,
video
interactive
stream
media
Basic
browse,
mobile
FTP, E-mail
For different service cases, the UMTS service bear rate shall be designed according to
their special demands on radio resources. Table 1.1-2 lists the radio bear rates of these
typical services.
Table 1.1-2 Data Service Application Proportion and Bear Rate
Bear Rate (kbps)
Service
Uplink
Downlink
64
64
MMS
64
64
Intranet
64
128
E-commerce
64
128
Info Services
64
128
1
Entertainment
64
128
WWW
64
128
FTP
64
128/384
Video streaming
64
384
Distribution
Feature
Downtown area
Site
Classification
Traffic-intensive
Central business
district*
requirement
Irregular
building-intensiv
service
e area
User Density
2
(user/km )
>12000
Population Density
2
(user/km )
>50000
>8000
>30000
development
Dense
building
>1000
complex area
High traffic; medium service rate;
Urban area
Suburb area
service
Sparse traffic; with the purpose of
solving coverage
Rural area
>1000
<1000
<1000
>10000
>3000
>100
<100
line
of
communication/
Scenic spot
Note: *Such regions as Middle Ring of HongKong and Lujiazui Financial & Trade Zone in Shanghai
Considering voice service remains important at the early stage of 3G construction, the
following sections gives detailed recommendation of busy hour traffic for the above six
areas respectively on voice service and video phone service; with respect to PS domain
data service, busy hour traffic for only the former four areas are provided.
Call duration
Call setup
Call release
Primary parameters of the voice service model are Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA)
and call duration. With these two parameters, you can calculate the busy hour traffic.
Busy Hour Traffic = BHCA x Call Duration /3600
Tables 1.2-2 and 1.2-3 respectively offer the recommended values of voice service and
video phone service in different areas.
Table 1.2-2 Voice Service Model
Area
BHCA
Central business
Traffic (Erl/BH)
2.7
60
0.045
1.8
60
0.03
1.2
60
0.02
Urban area
1.2
60
0.02
Suburb area
1.018
60
0.018
Rural area
0.96
60
0.016
0.9
60
0.015
district
Downtown
area
Irregular
building-intensiv
e area
Dense
building
complex area
Main
line
of
communication/scenic spot
BHCA
Central business
Traffic (mErl/BH)
0.135
120
4.5
0.09
120
0.06
120
Urban area
0.06
120
Suburb area
0.0509
120
1.8
Rural area
0.048
120
1.6
0.045
120
1.5
district
Downtown
area
Irregular
building-intensi
ve area
Dense building
complex area
Main
line
communication/scenic spot
of
Data call(session)-WWW
Click web
page
Packet Call
Packet Call
Web page
download
Active
Data call(session)-WWW
Click next
page
Dormant
Send/Receive Email
Packet Call
Active Dormant
Data Burst
Active
Active
Packet Call
Data Burst
Packet Call
Data Burst
Data Burst
Call setup
Call release
Active
Dormant
The data service here is described in ETSI model. Its primary parameters are Busy
Hour Session Attempt (BHSA), calls per session, packets per call and mean packet size.
With these parameters, you can work out the busy hour service throughput and
equivalent Erl. Table 1.2-4 gives the calculation method of data service throughput.
Table 1.2-4 Data Service Throughput Calculation
Parameter
Symbol
Application proportion
G = a*b*c*d*e*8/1000
Erl
h = g/3600/f
Based on the national CDMA user habit analysis statistics in conjunction with the
international UMTS data service features, parameters of data service ETSI model in
downtown area are given in Table 1.2-5:
Table 1.2-5 Parameters of Data Service ETSI Model in Downtown Area
Service
BHSA
Call per
Packet
Session
in a Call
UL/DL
UL/DL
Mean Packet
Throughput
Size (Byte)
UL/DL(kbits)
0.3
2/2
15/15
480
34.56/34.56
MMS
0.05
2/2
15/15
480
5.76/5.76
Intranet
0.15
5/5
4/27
480
11.56/77.76
0.05
2/2
10/26
480
3.84/9.98
0.08
2/2
5/33
480
6.14/40.69
0.02
5/5
4/27
480
1.54/10.37
WWW
0.2
5/5
2/15
480
7.68/57.60
FTP
0.15
1/1
8/74
480
4.61/42.62
E-com
merce
Info
Services
Entertai
nment
Because all services will finally come down to the bear rate, Table 1.2-6 provides a
recommended data service model at the early stage of 3G construction based on bear
rate. Where, 384 service is applicable only for downtown and urban areas due to its
great impact on network coverage.
Table 1.2-6 Data Service Model
Bear
Rate
Downtown
(kbps)
Area
Urban Area
Suburb Area
Uplink/Downli
Rural Area
nk Proportion
64/64
80.64
63.04
38.8
15.76
1:1
64/128
161.88
140.3
87.35
34.94
1:7
64/384
112.51
86.8
54.25
21.7
1:10
Note: The data in this table is intended for Class 4 area, which relatively drops behind
Class 1, 2 and 3 areas so that you can multiply the data by 30, 20 and 10 respectively
for these areas. Overseas developed areas are taken as Class 1 areas.
From analysis, 31 provinces and cities in China mainland can be categorized into four
6
Hybrid service intensity analysis. The UMTS system can provide multiple
services. The hybrid service intensity analysis makes the system capacity
consumed by various services equivalent to that consumed by a single service.
Uplink capacity estimation. Estimate the BS number that meets the service
demand based on the hybrid service intensity analysis.
the cell capacity in a pure voice network. An idea of hybrid service capacity estimation
is to make equivalent among various services to make the system capacity consumed
by various services equivalent to that consumed by a single service. The Equivalent
Erlang, Post Erlang-B and Campbell methods in the hybrid service estimation are
introduced respectively as follows.
10
2 Erl Low
speed service
1 Erl High
speed service
High speed service
equivalent
The calculation
result is related
to the
equivalent
mode
11
1 ERL service A
1 ERL service B
The
calculation
result is too
pessimistic
12
erl a
v
c
erl a
i i
i i
OfferedTraffic
Capacity
(Ci ai )
c
ai
Ci
erl a
12163 30
i i
erl a
i i
12 16 3 66
66
30
2.2
OfferedTraffic
30
13.63
c 2.2
After querying Table erl-B, we know that altogether 21 virtual channels are needed to
meet the virtual traffic under 2% blocking rate.
13
According to formula (), under 2% blocking rate, the channel number needed by each
service is shown as follows:
Service A:
Service B:
C1 (212.2) 1 47
C1 (212.2) 3 49
From the above analysis, compared with results of the Equivalent Erlang and Post
Erlang-B methods, the result of the Campbell method is more credible, so it is a more
reasonable estimation method for hybrid service capacity at present. According to the
Campbell method, under the same requirement of the service level GOS, diversified
channel resources are needed by different services, or, under the same channel
resources, different services obtain diversified service levels. From this point of view,
the Campbell method is more reasonable. However, the Campbell method makes all
services uniformly equivalent as the circuit domain services and uses the Erlang-B
model for analysis and calculation. In fact, the features of the packet domain services
are completely different from those of the circuit domain services, and in addition, the
Erlang-B establishment conditions are not satisfied, so this equivalent method has
defects itself. A further research is needed for better hybrid service establishment
model and capacity analysis method.
In the Campbell method, the service equivalent intensity a can be calculated based on
channel number consumed by each kind of service or based on the interference
introduced from the air interface by each kind of service, shown as follows:
Eb
bit rate for service
Relative amplitude
Eb
for service
N0
N0
for amplitude1
If the reference service is the voice service, with its activity at the physical layer
considered, the above formula can be modified to:
Relative amplitude
Eb
bit rate for service
Eb
bit rate for voice
N0
N0
for service
14
(Eb / No) j
(Eb / No) j
Pj
v j R j Itotal Pj
Pj
1
Itotal
W
1
(Eb / No) j R jv j
Lj
1
W
1
(Eb / No) j R j v j
Lj indicates the ratio of user signal power to the total BS receive power, so a single
15
Pj L j Itatal
The total receive power of all N users from one cell is:
P L
N
j1
j Itatal
j1
Generally, the total receive power at the BS receive end consists of in-cell user
interference power, out-cell user interference power and BS thermal noise, that is:
i indicates the ratio of other cell interference to the local cell interference at the BS
receive end of the local cell. Generally, the neighbor cell interference factor of the
macro cell that adopts omni antenna is 0.55 and that of the macro cell that adopts
three-sector antenna is 0.65.
Therefore, the total user receive power of the BS is
j Itatal
j1
Define the noise lifting as the ratio of total broadband receive power to the noise power
of the BS, that is,
Itotal
NR P I
N
Itatal
P P
tatal
in
other
L
N
1(1i)
j1
UL
as
16
UL (1i)
1
W
j1 1
(Eb / No) j R jv j
(1i)
j1
F
o
r
UL indicates the ratio of the user signal power at the BS receive end to the total
m
receive power of the broadband.
u
Then, the noise lifting can be represented to
l
NR
1
1UL or
NR(dB) 10LOG10(1UL )
(
This equation reflects the thermal noise lifting caused by user interference at the BS
1
receive end. 3 dB noise lifting corresponds to 50% load factors and 6 dB noise lifting
)
corresponds to 75% load factors. Generally, the network planning supposes that the
uplink load factor is 50%, in a single service, the channel number provided by each cell
can be calculated through formula (1), and then, the total BS number required by the
uplink capacity demand can be counted further. For the capacity estimation for hybrid
service, the Campbell algorithm should be combined to make the system resources
consumed by various services equivalent to those consumed by a single service. Then,
the channel number provided by each cell can be calculated through formula (1), and
the BS number required by the hybrid service capacity demand can be counted further.
The next section details the capacity estimation flow of the hybrid service.
The uplink noise lifting NR corresponds to the interference margin in the uplink
budget, that is, the coverage is related to the capacity. In planning, the network load
factor should be determined to get the noise lifting corresponding to this load. Then,
the BS radius meeting the uplink capacity requirement can be calculated further
through the link budget.
17
Calculate equivalent
intensity of services
in a cell
system
A/B
Number
of cells
18
formula is as follows
N
(1 f ) *
1
W 1
1
1 * *
R v j Eb
No
19
the rated power of the BS, downlink capacity reaches power limit. Therefore, downlink
capacity is limited by the total transmitting power of the BS.
Similar to the analysis method of uplink capacity, analysis of downlink capacity starts
from the Eb/No value required by signal demodulation. To correctly demodulate useful
signals on the downlink, the mobile station must overcome interference from the
following three aspects: interference caused by nonorthogonality of the channel in a
cell, interference of signals from the outside of the cell and thermal noise from the
mobile station. That is,
DL
as follows:
(Eb / No)
DL
j1
W/Rj
[(1j ) i j ]
vj
Rj
j
i j represents the ratio of BS power received by the user j from other cell to that from
20
this cell.
Because mobile stations are distributed randomly in a cell,
the location of users. For the average value of cell load factors, adopt its similar
average value in the whole cell, that is:
N
DL
j1
(Eb / No) j
W/Rj
[(1) i]
Where, represents the average quadrature factor in a cell. Generally, it is 60% for
the multipath channel and 90% for the non-multipath channel. i represents the
average ratio of the BS power received by the user from other cell to that from this cell.
Generally, it is 55% for the omni antenna macro cell and 65% for the three-sector
antenna macro cell.
During the analysis of downlink capacity, estimation of BS transmitting power is the
most important. The estimated BS transmitting power is average power not peak power
at the cell boundary, because the transmitting power distributed by the BS for each user
is determined by the average loss from the BS to the mobile station and the sensitivity
of the mobile station. On the actual network, users are distributed randomly in a cell,
not at the cell boundary, therefore, the average path loss value, not the maximum path
loss value estimated for the link, should be adopted when BS transmitting power is
calculated. In a macro cell, the difference between the maximum path loss and the
average path loss is usually 6 dB.
The total BS transmitting power can be expressed by the following formula:
(Eb / No)
NrfW L
j1
BS _ TxP
Where,
Nrf
W/Rj
1 DL
F
o
represents the noise power spectrum density on the front of the mobiler
m
u
l
represents the noise coefficient of the mobile station receiver with the typical value of 5
a
dB to 9 dB.
L represents the average path loss, which is evaluated by subtracting 6 dBm from the(
)
21
to the equivalence of voice channels, you can evaluate the quantity of equivalent
22
Calculate the average traffic of various services in every cell according to the BS
quantity of uplink and total traffic of downlink.
Average
traffic
of
various
services
in
cell
TotalDownlinkTraffic
UplinkBaseStationQuantity 3
Where, the BS quantity is the larger value between estimated uplink coverage
and estimated capacity result.
2)
According to the Campell theory, calculate the virtual Erlang traffic in every cell.
Look up Table Erl B according to the virtual Erlang traffic in every cell
evaluated in step 2, and calculate the quantity of virtual channels in every cell.
4)
(Ci ai )
Capacity
PN * L *
j1
vj*
j1
(Eb / No) j
*
W / Rj
(Eb / No) j
W / Rj
[(1j ) j ]
Where, PN represents the noise power spectrum density on the front of the
mobile station receiver, and it can be calculated by the following formula:
23
value of 5 dB to 9 dB.
Compare the above two results. If the quantity to be provided by the cell is less
than that availably provided by the cell, it indicates that downlink power is
enough and the current scale satisfies system capacity requirements. If the
former is larger than the latter, it indicates that downlink capacity is limited. To
make downlink power enough, add some BSs.
24
CS64
PS64/64
PS64/128
PS64/384
Data rate(k)
12.2
64
64
64
64
Activity factor
0.67
Eb/No
4.7
2.87
1.6
1.6
1.6
Forecast traffic
3000
400
100
Downlink:
Voice
CS64
PS64/64
PS64/128
PS64/384
Datarate(k)
12.2
64
64
128
384
Activity factor
0.58
Eb/No
7.7
7.7
7.4
6.4
Forecast traffic
3000
400
100
40
20
25
Uplink coverage
estimation
Downlink coverage
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying uplink
coverage
Uplink capacity
estimation
Quantity of BSs
satisfying downlink
coverage
Quantity of BSs
satisfying uplink
capacity
Based on power
Quantity A of
channels to be
provided by every cell
on the downlink
Quantity B of
channels availably
provided by every
cell on the downlink
No
A<B
Yse
End
26
CS64
PS64
PS64/128
PS64/384
21
21
21
21
21
19
21
21
21
21
-174
-174
-174
-174
-174
-108
-108
-108
-108
-108
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
-105
-105
-105
-105
-105
12.2
64
64
64
64
24.98
17.78
17.78
17.78
17.78
4.2
2.87
1.6
1.6
1.6
Receiver sensitivity
-124
-118
-119
-119
-119
17
17
17
17
17
Line loss
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
Penetration loss
20
20
20
20
20
121.4
122.7
122.74
122.74
Maximum
Transmitting
end
transmitting
power (dBm)
Thermal
noise
power
Others
125.34
27
k1
152.4
k2
44.6
k5
-13.82
k6
-6.55
Heff
30
K1 and K2 parameters have greater effect on the budget result. While, K3 and K4 have
less effect, so their values are 0.
Obtain the BS coverage radius after adopting the maximum path loss:
Radius (Km)
Voice
CS64
PS64
0.65
0.5
0.54
PS64/128
0.54
PS64/384
0.54
9
8
3R 1.95 0.5
1)
28
Relativeamplitude
Eb
bit rate for service
Eb
bit rate for amplitude1
N0
N0
for service
for amplitude1
obtain
voice: 1
CS64: 64 x 1 x 100.287/12.2 x 0.67 x 100.42 = 5.76
PS64/64: 64 x 1 x 100.16/12.2 x 0.67 x 100.42 = 4.3
PS64/128: 64 x 1 x 100.16/12.2 x 0.67 x 100.42 = 4.3
PS64/384: 64 x 1 x 100.16/12.2 x 0.67 x 100.42 = 4.3
2)
3)
4)
5)
(1 f ) *
1
1
1
*
R v j Eb
No
1 W *
j
29
According to
Capacity
(Ci ai )
c
1)
Calculate the average traffic of various services in each cell according to the BS
quantity of uplink and total traffic.
Average traffic of various services in every cell is:
Voice: 3000/84/3 = 11.9 Erl
CS64: 400/84 = 1.59 Erl
PS64/64: 100/84 = 0.4 Erl
PS64/128: 35/84 = 0.14 Erl
PS64/384: 20/84 = 0.079 Erl
2)
30
0.77
PS64/64: 64 x 1 x 10
0.77
/12.2 x 0.67 x 10
= 7.8
0.74
0.77
PS64/128: 144 x 1 x 10
/12.2 x 0.67 x 10
0.64
= 7.3
0.77
/12.2 x 0.67 x 10
0.8
0.77
= 13.1
= 50
13.1 + 0.079 50
= 33.04
The variance of composite traffic is
Variance = 11.91 1.59 7.82 + 0.4 7.32 + 0.14 13.12 + 0.079
502 = 355.19
Capacity factor = variance/mean = 355.19/33.04 = 10.75
Virtual traffic of the cell
composite traffic = mean/capacity factor = 33.04/10.75 = 3.07 (Erl)
3)
Check Table Erl B and obtain that the quantity of virtual channels required by
every cell is 7
4)
Capacity
(Ci ai )
c
31
PN * L *
j1
vj*
j1
(Eb / No) j
vj*
W / Rj
(Eb / No) j
W / Rj
[(1j ) j ]
channel.
Comparison
Through downlink budget, the quantity of channels required by every cell is 76
when there are 84 BSs in a network. However, according to the power formula,
the quantity of channels actually provided by every cell under the current scale
is 75. That is, downlink power cannot meet the requirement. To meet such a
requirement, add some BSs.
Obtain the following table through successive iterative calculation:
BS Quantity
83
76
71
84
76
71
85
76
71
86
76
71
87
76
71
88
65
71
If there are 88 BSs, the uplink and downlink coverage capacity requirement can be
32
met.
In the case, the BS coverage radius is
33