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Chapter
Chapter 33

Optical
Optical Imaging
Imaging

Reflective & Thermal Imagery

 Optical Remote Sensing Systems

Cameras and aerial photography
Multi Spectral Scanning Systems
Thermal Imaging Systems

Geometric Distortions in Optical Imagery

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Satellite Imaging Systems

Any data acquisition system for remote sensing includes two parts,
the platform and
the sensor
Types of platforms
Conventional tripod
Any other types of vehicles, boats, balloons, aircrafts, spacecrafts & satellites, etc.
Types of Scanners
Cameras & Aerial Photography

Multi Spectral Imaging

Thermal Imaging

Microwave Imaging
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Cameras and Aerial Photography

Cameras and their use for aerial photography are the simplest and oldest of
sensors used for remote sensing of the Earth's surface.

Cameras are framing systems which acquire a nearinstantaneous "snapshot" of an area (A), of the
surface. Camera systems are passive optical sensors
that use a lens (B) (or system of lenses collectively
referred to as the optics) to form an image at the focal
plane (C), the plane at which an image is sharply
defined.

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

Components of a camera system

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

The most important part of the film is the emulsion layer. An emulsion layer
contains light sensitive chemicals. When it is exposed in the light, chemical
reaction occurs and a image is formed. After developing the film, the emulsion
layer will show the image.

Layers in black and white films and colour films

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

Types of Films:
Negative
Positive
Types of Films with respect to spectral Sensivity:
Black and white (B/W)
B/W Infrared
Color
Color Infrared
B/W negative films are those films that have the brightest part of the scene
appearing the darkest while the darker part of the scene appearing brighter
on a developed film.

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

Spectral Sensivity of Films:
Photographic films: sensitive to light from 0.3 mm to 0.9 mm in wavelength
covering the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR).
Panchromatic films: sensitive to the UV and the visible portions of the spectrum.
Panchromatic film produces black and white images and is the
most common type of film used for aerial photography.

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

The ground coverage of a photo depends on the focal length of the lens, the
platform altitude, and the format and size of the film.
Vertical and Oblique photographs, Stereoscope, Photogrammetry

Vertical and slant aerial photography

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

Types of Cameras:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

single lens cameras

multi lens cameras
convergent cameras
strip cameras pushbroom cameras linear array cameras
panaromic cameras

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

1. Single lens cameras
Properties of Single lens cameras
Metric cameras
Stereoscopic Imaging
IMC device

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

2. Multi lens cameras
Properties of Multi lens cameras
Contains multi lenses
Capability of taking Multi spectral images
also called Multi band cameras
May be the number of cameras more than one
none metric cameras
no capability of taking stereoscopic images
images mostly used for interpretation

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

3. Convergent Cameras
Properties of Convergent cameras
100% Overlap of successive images
increase of height accuracy
stereoscopic imaging

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

4. Strip Cameras
Properties of Strip cameras
Dont have shutter
move of film with planes motion
scanning the ground line by line
use of pushbroom technology
Dynamic geometry
number of unknown parameters for each image is n
multiplied by 6 positon ang orientation of each line which n
is number of lines imaged by an image
No need for image motion compensation
capability of acquiring stereo images by using 2 cameras
high value of B/H ratio in this cameras
Good height accuracy
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Cameras and Aerial Photography

4. Strip Cameras

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

4. Strip Cameras

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

4. Strip Cameras

University MSc Entrace Konkoor- 1382

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

5. Panaromic Cameras
Properties of Panaromic cameras
imaging lines are parallel to the flight line
Panaromic effect: images are not exactly rectangular

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Cameras and Aerial Photography

Instead of using film, digital cameras use a gridded array
of silicon coated CCDs (charge-coupled devices) that
individually respond to electromagnetic radiation

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Multispectral Scanning
Multispectral Scanners (across-track scanning, along-track scanning)
across-track scanners (whiskbroom scanners)
Optical-Mechanical Scanners
Scanning (Rotating mirror (A), detectors (B))
Spatial resolution depends on IFOV and platform Height.
Linear array CCDs
dwell time: the length of time the IFOV "sees" a ground resolution cell as the
rotating mirror scans which is generally quite short and influences the design of
the spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution of the sensor.

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Multispectral Scanning
Multispectral Scanners (across-track scanning, along-track scanning)
along-track scanners (Pushbroom Scanners)
Scanning (array of detectors (A), focal plane (B), lens systems (c))
A separate linear array is required to measure each spectral band or channel.

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Multispectral Scanning
Advantages of Along-Track scanners over Across-Track scanners:
increased Dwell time increased detected energy
Solid state, smaller, lighter, less needed power
because they have no moving part
Disadvantage: cross-calibrating thousands of detectors to achieve
uniform sensitivity across the array is necessary and complicated.

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Multispectral Scanning
Stripping error of linear array CCDs

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Multispectral Scanning
Advantages of Scanning systems over photographic systems:
increased spectral range
increased Spatial Resolution
no need to separate lens system for detecting different bands
increased dynamic range by electronically recording energy
more easy to transmit data and processing

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Thermal Imaging
Thermal spectral Band (3-15m)
The detectors are cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero in order to limit
their own thermal emissions.
Thermal sensors essentially measure the surface temperature and thermal
properties of targets.
The data are generally recorded on film and/or magnetic tape and the
temperature resolution of current sensors can reach 0.1 C

Because of the relatively long wavelength

of thermal radiation (compared to visible
radiation), atmospheric scattering is
minimal.
However, absorption by atmospheric gases
normally restricts thermal sensing to two
specific regions - 3 to 5 m and 8 to 14
m.
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Thermal Imaging
Imagery which portrays relative temperature differences in their relative spatial
locations are sufficient for most applications. Absolute temperature measurements
may be calculated but require accurate calibration and measurement of the
temperature references and detailed knowledge of the thermal properties of the
target, geometric distortions, and radiometric effects.
The Spatial resolution of Thermal images are lower because the emitted energy
decreases by increasing wavelength.
Thermal images can be acquired
Day/night

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Quiz
How would thermal imagery be useful in an urban environment?
Detecting and monitoring heat loss from buildings in urban areas is an excellent
application of thermal remote sensing
Thermal imaging in both residential and commercial areas allows us to identify
specific buildings, or parts of buildings, where heat is escaping

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Geometric Distortion in Imagery

Any remote sensing image (acquired by multispectral scanner on satellite/ a
photographic system/ other platform/sensor combination) will have various geometric
distortions due to:

The
The
The
The
The
The

perspective of the sensor optics,

motion of the scanning system,
motion and instability of the platform,
platform altitude, attitude, and velocity,
terrain relief, and
curvature and rotation of the Earth.

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Geometric Distortion in Imagery

And the errors are:
Relief displacement (photographic, along-track & across-track Sensors)
The geometry of along-track scanner imagery is similar to that of an aerial
photograph for each scan line
Errors caused by changes in their speed, altitude, and attitude
This is more important in aircraft platforms because of satellites stable orbits
Skew Distortion (caused by Earth rotation)

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Geometric Distortion in Imagery

The effect of Earth Rotation

L: the size of image

re : radius of Earth
tS : Time of taking an image

wS : angular velocity of Satellite

So, The Time of acquiring a scene of Landsat image (185 km) by the above formula
will be 28.6 seconds.

Ve: Linear Velocity of Earth

we : angular Velocity of Earth
: Latitude
xe : amount of Earth rotation for a point on Latitude at the ts period of time
At the time of taking a Landsat image: xe=11.02 km
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Geometric Distortion in Imagery

The effect of Earth Rotation

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Geometric Distortion in Imagery

The effect of Earth Rotation

University MSc Entrace Konkoor- 1382

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Quiz
If you wanted to map a mountainous region, limiting geometric
distortions as much as possible, would you choose a satellite-based
or aircraft-based scanning system?
Although an aircraft scanning system may provide adequate
geometric accuracy in most instances, a satellite scanner would
probably be preferable in a mountainous region. Because of the
large variations in relief, geometric distortions as a result of relief
displacement would be amplified at aircraft altitudes much more
than from satellite altitudes. Also, given the same lighting
conditions, shadowing would be a greater problem using aircraft
imagery because of the shallower viewing angles and would
eliminate the possibility for practical mapping in these areas.

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Any Questions?

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