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L t
Lecture
5
Solver Settings
g
Introduction to
ANSYS FLUENT
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
L5-1
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
L5-2
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Calculate a solution
Modify solution
parameters or grid
No
No
Yes
Stop
L5-3
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Available Solvers
Pressure-Based Density-Based
(coupled)
(coupled)
Solve U-Momentum
Solve V-Momentum
Solve W-Momentum
Solve Mass
& Momentum
Solve Mass,
Momentum,
Energy,
gy,
Species
Solve Mass
Continuity;
Update Velocity
Solve Energy
Segregated
g g
solver Solves for
pressure correction and momentum
sequentially.
Coupled Solver (PBCS) Solves
pressure and momentum
simultaneously.
i lt
l
Pressure-Based
(segregated)
S l Species
Solve
S i
Solve Turbulence Equation(s)
Solve Other Transport Equations as required
L5-4
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Available Solvers
L5-5
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Choosing a Solver
The pressure-based solver is applicable for a wide range of flow regimes from
low speed incompressible flow to high-speed compressible flow.
Requires less memory (storage).
Allows flexibility in the solution procedure.
The pressure-based coupled solver (PBCS) is applicable for most single phase
flows, and yields superior performance to the standard pressure-based solver.
Not
N available
il bl ffor multiphase
li h
(E
(Eulerian),
l i ) periodic
i di mass-flow
fl
and
d NITA cases.
Requires 1.52 times more memory than the segregated solver.
The density
density-based
based coupled solver (DBCS) is applicable when there is a strong
coupling, or interdependence, between density, energy, momentum, and/or
species.
Examples: High speed compressible flow with combustion, hypersonic flows, shock
interactions.
interactions
The implicit option is generally preferred over explicit since it has a very strict limit on
time step size
The explicit approach is used for cases where the characteristic time scale of the flow is
on the same order as the acoustic time scale
scale. (e
(e.g.
g propagation of high-Ma
high Ma shock
waves).
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
L5-6
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Discretisation
In FLUENT, solver variables are stored at the centre of the grid cells (control
volumes).
Recall the general form of the transport equations
shown in an earlier lecture:
L5-7
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Field variables (stored at cell centers) must be interpolated to the faces of the
control volumes.
Value (e.g. Velocity) computed here
L5-8
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
The gradients of solution variables at cell centers can be determined using three
approaches:
G
Green-Gauss
G
Cell-Based
C ll B
d Least
L
t computationally
t ti
ll intensive.
i t
i
S
Solution
l ti may h
have ffalse
l
diffusion.
Green-Gauss Node-Based More accurate/computationally intensive; minimizes false
diffusion; recommended for unstructured meshes.
Least-Squares Cell-Based Default method; has the same accuracy and properties as
Node-based Gradients and is less computationally intensive.
L5-9
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
L5-10
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
SIMPLE-Consistent (SIMPLEC)
Allows faster convergence for simple problems (e.g., laminar flows with no physical
models
d l employed).
l
d)
L5-11
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Standard Initialization
L5-12
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December 2010
Solver Settings
FMG Initialization
L5-13
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Hybrid Initialization
L5-14
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
L5-15
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Case Check
L5-16
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Convergence
The solver should be given sufficient iterations such that the problem is
converged
At convergence, the following should be satisfied:
The solution no longer changes with subsequent iterations.
Overall mass,, momentum,, energy,
gy, and scalar balances are achieved.
All equations (momentum, energy, etc.) are obeyed in all cells to a specified
tolerance
L5-17
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the specified
tolerance.
All equations
converged.
10-3
10-6
L5-18
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December 2010
Solver Settings
L5-19
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December 2010
Solver Settings
L5-20
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
If solution monitors indicate that the solution is converged, but the solution
is still changing or has a large mass/heat imbalance, this clearly indicates
the solution is not yet converged.
In this case, you need to:
Reduce values of Convergence
g
Criterion or disable Check Convergence
g
in the
Residual Monitors panel.
Continue iterations until the solution converges.
L5-21
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Convergence Difficulties
Troubleshooting
Ensure that the problem is well-posed.
Compute an initial solution using a
fi t d discretisation
first-order
di
ti ti scheme.
h
Alter the under-relaxation or Courant
numbers ((see following
g slides))
Check the mesh quality. It can only take one very skewed grid cell to prevent
the entire solution converging [This is why you should ALWAYS check the
es qua
quality
y be
before
o e spe
spending
d g time
e with the
e so
solver]
e]
mesh
L5-22
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December 2010
Solver Settings
L5-23
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December 2010
Solver Settings
The Courant number is the main control for stability when using the
coupled solvers.
A transient term is included in the
density-based solver even for steady
state problems.
The Courant number defines the
time step size.
L5-24
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December 2010
Solver Settings
Solution Accuracy
L5-25
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Grid-Independent Solutions
Even if the grid metrics like skewness are showing the mesh is of a good
quality, there may still be too few grid cells to properly resolve the flow.
Typically you will perform this test once for your class of problem.
Either:
Go back to the meshing tool and modify the settings to give a finer mesh.
Or use the Adaption tools in FLUENT to refine the mesh you already have.
Make sure yyou save the model first
Run on your simulation (remember you can start from your past result) and
assess whether the grid refinement has changed the result.
L5-26
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Mesh Adaption
Solver Settings
Example: The location of the shock wave is not known when the mesh is
first created
Large pressure gradient
indicating a shock (poor
resolution on coarse
mesh)
L5-28
Solver Settings
Adapted cells
in locations of
large pressure
gradients
Mesh adaption
p
yields
y
much better resolution
of the bow shock.
Release 13.0
December 2010
Solver Settings
Summary
Make sure your final results are computed with the optimal numerical
schemes (the FLUENT defaults aim to give a stable solution, not
necessarily the most accurate one).
All solvers provide tools for judging and improving convergence and
ensuring stability.
All solvers provide tools for checking and improving accuracy.
Solution procedure for both the pressure
pressure-based
based and density
density-based
based solvers
is identical.
Calculate until you get a converged solution
Obtain a second
second-order
order solution (recommended)
Refine the mesh and recalculate to verify grid-independence of the result
L5-30
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December 2010
Appendix :
Additional notes
3-31
Solver Settings
Mesh Adaption
L5-32
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December 2010