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Outline
5-2
Outline
5-3
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Solution parameters
z
z
Initialization
Convergence
z
z
Calculate a solution
Monitoring convergence
Stability
Modify solution
parameters or grid
Setting Under-relaxation
Setting Courant number
Yes
No
Accelerating convergence
Accuracy
z
z
Grid Independence
Adaption
No
Yes
Stop
5-4
Available Solvers
Pressure-based solver
Density-based coupled solver (DBCS)
PBCS
DBCS
Solve Mass
& Momentum
Solve Mass,
Momentum,
Energy,
Species
Solve U-Momentum
Solve V-Momentum
Segregated
Solve W-Momentum
Solve Mass
Continuity;
Update Velocity
Solve Energy
Solve Species
Solve Turbulence Equation(s)
Solve Other Transport Equations as required
5-5
Available Solvers
5-6
Choosing a Solver
The pressure-based solver is applicable for a wide range of flow regimes from
low speed incompressible flow to high-speed compressible flow.
z
z
The pressure-based coupled solver (PBCS) is applicable for most single phase
flows, and yields superior performance to the pressure-based (segregated)
solver.
z
z
Not available for multiphase (Eulerian), periodic mass-flow and NITA cases.
Requires 1.52 times more memory than the segregated solver.
5-7
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Field variables (stored at cell centers) must be interpolated to the faces of the
control volumes.
()
V+
t
Nfaces
Nfaces
Vf f A f =
+ S V
5-8
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Nfaces
Vf f A f =
+ S V
Nfaces
Gradients of solution variables at faces computed using multidimensional Taylor series expansion
5-9
5-10
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
SIMPLE-Consistent (SIMPLEC)
Allows faster convergence for simple problems (e.g., laminar flows with
no physical models employed).
Useful for unsteady flow problems or for meshes containing cells with
higher than average skewness
5-11
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Initialization
Initialize
Initialize
Initialize
Patch
5-12
FMG Initialization
5-13
Case Check
Case Check is a utility in FLUENT which looks for common setup errors and
provides guidance in selecting case parameters and models.
z
Solve
Case Check
5-14
Outline
5-15
Convergence
z
z
All discrete conservation equations (momentum, energy, etc.) are obeyed in all
cells to a specified tolerance OR the solution no longer changes with subsequent
iterations.
Overall mass, momentum, energy, and scalar balances are achieved.
Generally, a decrease in residuals by three orders of magnitude indicates at least
qualitative convergence. At this point, the major flow features should be
established.
Scaled energy residual must decrease to 10-6 (for the pressure-based solver).
Scaled species residual may need to decrease to 10-5 to achieve species balance.
5-16
Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the
specified tolerance.
Solve
Monitors
Residual
10-3
10-6
5-17
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Monitors
Force
Monitors
Surface
5-18
In addition to monitoring
residual and variable histories,
you should also check for
overall heat and mass
balances.
Report
Fluxes
5-19
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Residual
Monitors
Iterate
5-20
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Convergence Difficulties
Numerical instabilities can arise with an ill-posed problem, poor quality mesh,
and/or inappropriate solver settings.
z
z
z
Troubleshooting
z
z
z
z
z
5-21
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Under-relaxation factor, , is
included to stabilize the iterative
process for the pressure-based
solver
Use default under-relaxation
factors to start a calculation.
Solve
Solution
Controls
p = p ,old + p
5-22
Controls
Solution
Solve
t =
(CFL) x
u
Mesh size
Appropriate velocity scale
Default value is 5.
5-23
Accelerating Convergence
5-24
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Actual Problem
Initial Condition
Heat Transfer
Isothermal
Natural convection
Cold flow
Turbulence
Outline
5-26
Solution Accuracy
z
z
Always inspect and evaluate the solution by using available data, physical
principles and so on.
Use the second-order upwind discretization scheme for final results.
Ensure that solution is grid-independent:
Use adaption to modify the grid or create additional meshes for the gridindependence study
5-27
Numerical errors are associated with calculation of cell gradients and cell face
interpolations.
Ways to contain the numerical errors:
z
z
z
5-28
Grid
Adapt
5-29
Outline
5-30
z
z
5-31
Time-averaged statistics
z
Summary
All solvers provide tools for judging and improving convergence and
ensuring stability.
All solvers provide tools for checking and improving accuracy.
Solution accuracy will depend on the appropriateness of the physical
models that you choose and the boundary conditions that you specify.
5-33
Appendix
Background
z
z
z
z
z
5-34
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dV + V dA = dA + S dV
t
Unsteady
Convection
Generation
Diffusion
Equation Variable
Continuity
1
X momentum
u
Y momentum
v
Z momentum
w
Energy
h
2006 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
control
volume
5-35
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( )
t + t
( p )
faces
f V f Af =
()
, f
A f + S V
faces
adjacent cells, nb
V +
face f
cell p
Field data (material properties, velocities, etc.) are stored at cell centers.
Face values are interpolated in terms of local and adjacent cell values.
Discretization accuracy depends on the stencil size.
nb
nb = b p
nb
5-36
Linearization
nb
nb = b p
nb
5-37
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Explicit linearization
Unknown value in each cell computed from relations that include only
existing values (nb assumed known from previous iteration).
p is then solved explicitly using a Runge-Kutta scheme.
Implicit linearization
p and nb are assumed unknown and are solved using linear equation
techniques.
Equations that are implicitly linearized tend to have less restrictive
stability requirements.
The equation set is solved simultaneously using a second iterative loop
(e.g., point Gauss-Seidel).
5-38
Pressure-based solver
z
Density-based solver
z
z
z
nb
If more than one variable is unknown in each equation, and each variable
is defined by its own transport equation, then the equation set is coupled
together.
In this case, the coefficients ap and anb are Neq Neq matrices.
is a vector of the dependent variables, {p, u, v, w, T, Y}T
5-39
Pressure-Based Solver
5-40
Update properties
No
Converged?
Yes
Stop
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Density-Based Solver
Update properties
No
t =
(CFL) x
U
Converged?
Yes
Stop
CFL = Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy-number
u = appropriate velocity scale
x = grid spacing
5-41
Multigrid Solver
Solution
Transfer
5-42
coarse mesh
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Pseudo-time term, .
Physical-time term, t.
Pseudo-time term is driven to near zero at each time step and for steady flows.
Flow chart indicates which time step size inputs are required.
z
z
Steady
Unsteady
Discretization of:
pseudo-time
Explicit
Steady
Unsteady
Implicit
Implicit
Explicit
, t
, t
physical-time
5-43
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t = t + n t
Solve momentum
equations
Solve U, V, W
equations
No
Converged?
Yes
Solve pressure
correction
Solve pressure
correction
Correct velocity,
pressure, fluxes
Correct velocity,
pressure, fluxes
Solve scalars
(T, k, , etc.)
Solve k and
Converged?
No
No
Solve other scalars
Converged?
Yes
No
Converged?
Yes
Yes
Advance to
next time step
Advance to
next time step
PISO (NITA/PISO)
Truncation error:
O(t2)
5-45
5-46