95206_Graveter_Front_Endpapers

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2:17 PM

Page 2

SUMMARY OF STATISTICS FORMULAS

THE MEAN
Population:

t STATISTIC (RELATED SAMPLES)

X

 
N

X
M  
n

Sample:

SUM OF SQUARES

t Statistic (Single Sample)

 M  tsM

(X)
SS  X 2  
N

t Statistic (Independent Measures)

1 
2  M1  M2  ts(M1  M2)

VARIANCE
Population:


s2

n

ESTIMATION

Definitional: SS  (X 
)2

Computational:

MD 
D
t   where sMD 
sMD

SS
2  
N

Sample:

SS
s 2  
n1

STANDARD DEVIATION

SNS

t Statistic (Related Samples)

D  MD  tsMD
INDEPENDENT-MEASURES ANOVA

SS




n1

G2
SStotal  X 2  
N

dftotal  N  1

z-SCORE (FOR LOCATING AN X VALUE)

T 2 G2
SSbetween    
n
N

dfbetween  k  1

X

z  


SSwithin  SSinside each treatment

dfwithin  N  k

Population:



Sample:

s

BINOMIAL (NORMAL APPROXIMATION)

X  pn
z   or

npq

X/n  p
z  
p
q/n


where M   
n


2

n

t STATISTIC (SINGLE SAMPLE)

M

t  
sM

where sM 

sn

(M1  M2)  (
1 
2)

t  
s(M1M2)



s2p
s2p
   and
n1 n2

T2 G2
SSbetween    
n
N

dfbetween  k  1

SSerror  SSwithin  SSsubjects

dferror  (N  k)  (n  1)
where SSwithin  SSinside each treatment
P2 G2
and SSsubjects    
k
N

t STATISTIC (INDEPENDENT MEASURES)

where s(M1M2) 

SS
where each MS  
df

REPEATED-MEASURES ANOVA

z-SCORE (FOR LOCATING A SAMPLE MEAN)

M

z  
M

MSbetween
F

MSwithin

SS1  SS2
s2p  
df1  df2

MSbetween
F  
MSerror

SS
where each MS  
df

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TWO-FACTOR ANOVA

SSregression  R2SSY

df  2

T2 G2
SSbetween treatments     
n
N

SSresidual  (1  R2)SSY

SS
MSregression  
df

df  n  3

SS
MSresidual  
df

dfbetween treatments  number of cells  1

SSwithin treatments  SSeach treatment

LINEAR AND MULTIPLE REGRESSION

dfwithin treatments  dfeach treatment

Standard error of estimate  M

Sresidual

T R2 OW G 2
SSA    
nROW
N

F  

MSregression
MSresidual

dfA  (number of levels of A)  1

CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC
(fo  fe)2

2   
fe

T COL G 2
SSB     
nCOL
N
dfB  (number of levels of B)  1

MANN-WHITNEY U

SSA B  SSbetween treatments  SSA  SSB

dfA B  dfbetween treatments  dfA  dfB
MSA
FA  
MSwithin

MSB
FB  
MSwithin

MSA B
FA B  
MSwithin

nA(nA  1)
UA  nAnB    RA
2
nB(nB  1)
UB  nAnB    RB
2

SS
where each MS  
df

KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST

PEARSON CORRELATION

T2
12
H     3(N  1)
n
N(N  1)

 

SP
r  
S

SXSSY

FRIEDMAN TEST

(X)(Y)
where SP  (X  MX)(Y  MY)  XY  
n

12

2r   R2  3n(k  1)
nk(k  1)

SPEARMAN CORRELATION

MEASURES OF EFFECT SIZE

6 D2
rs  1  

n(n2  1)

mean difference
Cohens d  
standard deviation
r 2 and 2 (Percentage of Variance Accounted For)
t2
r2  

(for Independent and Repeated t)
t 2  df

LINEAR REGRESSION
Y  bX  a

SP
where b  
SSX

SSregression  r2SSY df  1

and

SS
MSregression  
df

SSresidual  (1  r )SSY df  n  2
2

MULTIPLE REGRESSION
Y  b1X1  b2X2  a
b1SPX1Y  b2SPX2Y
R2  
SSY

a  MY  bMX

SS
MSresidual  
df

SStreatment
2  
SStreatment  SSerror term
phi 



2

n

Cramrs V 



2

n(df)

(for Analysis of
Variance)
(for Chi-square
Test for
Independence)