PERSONAL PRONOUN

I.PENDAHULUAN
-Pengertian : kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, tempat, atau
sesuatu benda.
-Fungsi
:sebagai subject dari sebuah kata kerja (verb), serta
berfungsi sebagai subject complement,pronouns yang diikuti oleh
to be dan penjelasan mengenai pronouns tersebut
- contoh : Ahmad is my Lecturer.
He loves calculus subject
You are my lovely friend in this college
-Keberadaan personal pronoun di dalam kalimat
1.Subjective personal pronouns
( I,you,we,they,she,he,it) berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi sebagai
subject
Contoh :
she is a good lecturer in this college
It is the most task I ever had
2.Objective personal pronouns (me,you,us,them,her,him,it) yang
berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi sebagai object of a verb,object of a
compound verb,object of a preposition atau object on infinitive
phrase
Contoh object of verb : he borrows me three difficult books
Contoh object of a compound verb : no one knows why the
lecturer helped her
Contoh object of preposition : if only he talked his trouble with
me
Contoh object of infinitive phrase : everybody is optimistic to
predict winter

3.Possessive Personal Pronoun

Berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi untuk menunjukkan siapa yang
memiliki sesuatu dengan menempati posisi sebagai : subject of a
sentence atau subject complement.
Contoh subject of a sentence : yours was selled yesterday
Contoh subject complement : that physic book is mine
II.Analisa
a. Pelabelan dalam kalimat
- Sheis one of my favorite lecturer
- The man that i am talking aboutishe
- It is the most difficult subject that I have ever learn
- Everybody is enthusiastic to help her.
b. Penyesuaian subject vs predikat
Sifat Simple
Continous
Perfect
/
Wak
tu
Pres Do/does Is/am/are+ Have/has+
ent
+V1
Ving
V3
(es/s)
Past Did+V2 Was/were+
Had+V3
Ving
Futu Will/sha Will/shall+ Will/Shall+h
re
ll+V1
be+Ving
ave+V3
Past
Futu

Perfect
Continous

Have/has+b
een+Ving
Had
been+Ving
Will/Shall+h
ave
been+Ving

re
-

She is one of my favorite lecturer

The man that i am talking about is he
It is the most difficult subject that I have ever learn
Everybody is enthusiastic to help her.

III.Kesimpulan
a. Fungsi
b. Posisi dan Interaksi dalam kalimat

NOUN PHRASE
I. Pendahuluan
-Pengertian noun phrase adalah prasa antara noun,pronoun,atau
number
-Fungsi : sebagai head dan satu atau lebih modifier. Frasa kata
benda ini digunakan
ketika single noun cukup spesifik untuk
menunjukkan suatu kata benda.
1. Determiners:
articles (the, a),
demonstratives (this, that)
numerals (two, five, etc.)
possessives (my, their, etc.)
quantifiers (some, many, etc.).
In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;
2. adjectives (the delicious food)

3. complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such

as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the idea that the
world is a small village )
Noun phrases can function as subjects, objects:
1. That sophisticated woman is beautiful. (That sophisticated
woman is a noun phrase that functions as a subject.)
2. I like the book that you bought. (the book that you bought is
a noun phrase that functions as an object.)
Contoh
- My lecture is happy..
- The woman who lives there is my aunt.
- Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
- I consider Meong my favorite cat.
- Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

d. Keberadaan noun phrase didalam kalimat

Demonstrative pronoun
I.Pendahuluan
-Pengertian Demonstrative Pronouns (kata ganti penunjuk)
adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mewakili atau
menggantikan benda tunggal (singular) dan benda jamak (plural).
-Contoh:
This book is bought by my sister in the bookstore.
(Artinya: Buku ini dibeli oleh saudara saya di took buku.)
These ssare our cars. (Artinya: Ini adalah mobil-mobil kita)
What are these? (Artinya: Apa ini?)
That is your pen. (Artinya: itu pulpen kamu)
What is that? (Artinya: Apa itu?)
Those are our car. (Artinya: itu adalah mobil-mobil kita)

What are those? (Artinya: Apa itu?)

GERUND
I.

Pendahuluan
- Pengertian

Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari penambahan

akhiran -ing pada kata kerja.
-Contoh :
buy ---> buying
read ---> reading
teach---> teaching
play ---> playing
learn ---> learning

- Fungsi
1. Subjek
Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek pada sebuah kalimat.
Contoh :
- Dancing is my hobby.

(Menari adalah hobi saya.)

- Playing football is my favorite sport.
(Bermain sepak bola adalah olahraga favorit saya.)
2. Objek
Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai objek dari kata kerja transitif
dalam suatu kalimat.
Contoh :
- I like reading.
(Saya suka membaca.)
- They practice speaking English.
(Mereka mempraktikan berbicara bahas Inggris.)
3. Objek Preposisi
Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai objek yang hadir setelah
preposisi.
Contoh :
- They are thinking of going home late.
(Mereka memikirkan pulang termbat ke rumah.)
- I am tired of waiting.
(Saya lelah menunggu.)
4. Adjective
Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective atau kata sifat yang
berfungsi menerangkan suatu kata
benda.
- He doesn't have a driving licence.
(Dia tidak memiliki surat izin mengemudi.)
- She needs a walking stick.
(Dia memerluakan tongkat untuk berjalan.)

5. Larangan pendek
Gerund dapat digunakan dalam kalimat larangan pendek.
Contoh :
- No smoking.
(Dilarang merokok.)
- No fishing.
(Dilarang memancing.)

Noun Clause
I.

Pendahuluan
- Pengertian
Noun clause adalah Noun Clause adalah klausa yang
berfungsi sebagai nomina atau dalam kata lain noun
clause berfungsi sebagai noun (subject atau object).
- Fungsi
Terdapat beberapa fungsi dan contoh noun clause, perhatikan
contoh-contoh nya dibawah ini:

Noun Clause sebagai Subject Kalimat (subject of a

sentences)
What he said doesnt convince she at all. (Apa yang dia katakan
tidak meyakinkannya sama sekali.)
How we becomes so rich makes me people curios. (Bagaimana
dia menjadi begitu kaya, membuat orang-orang menjadi
penasaran.)
What the salesman has said is untrue. (Apa yang sudah
dikatakan oleh pedagang itu tidak benar.)
Noun Clause sebagai Object Verba Transitif (Object of a
Transitif Verb)
I know what you mean. (Saya tahu apa yang kamu maksud.)
Please tell me what happened. (Tolong katakan padaku apa yang
terjadi.)
She said that her daughter would study in Singapore. (Dia
mengatakan bahwa putrinya akan belajar di Singapur.)
Contoh :

1. What you expected does not happen. (Apa yang kamu

harapkan tidak terjadi.)
2. What you want cannot be realized. (Apa yang kamu inginkan
tidak mampu diwujudkan.)
3. Whom you love is so beautiful. (Orang yang kamu cintai
sangatlah cantik.)
4. Where you were born is so far from this place. ((Tempat)
dimana kamu lahir begitu jauh dari sini.)

Adverbial Verb
I.

Pengertian

adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan)

dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang
berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab
pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree.

-Fungsi Dan Contoh

1.

Adverbial clause of reason :

This Is a clause in order to show cause or reason. Adverb clause of reason at the start
with conjunctions (connecting) is: as / since /Because / whereas / on the ground That
example :
- i stopped the work because i was tired
- whereas i came late , my father punisht me
- his teacher punisht him on the grand that , he came late
2.

Adverbial clause of Time

Clause which shows the time, usually made by using
a conjunction(connecting word) such as after, before, no Sooner, while, as, etc
example :
- shut the door before you go out
- you may begin when (ever) you are ready
- by the time i arrive , alex will have left
3.

Adverbial clause of Place

Clause which shows the place is usually made using a conjunctionsuch
as where, nowhere, anywhere, Wherever, etc..
example :

- they sat down wherever they could find empty seats

- the guard stood where he was positioned
- where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest
4.

Adverbial clause of contrast ( or concession )

Clause that indicates the existence of a conflict between two eventsor events that are
related. usually made by using
a conjunction(conjunctions) like. although, though, even though, whereas, even if, inspit
e of, as the time, etc
example :
-As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
-Mary wanted to stop, whereas i wanted to go on
-Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer
5.

Adverbial clause of manner

Clause which shows the way how a job is done or event occurs,usually created by
using a conjunction (connecting word) such as,how, like, in that, etc..
example :
- He did as I told him
- You may finish it how you like
- They may beat us again, like they did in 1978
6.
Adverbial clause of Result
Clause which shows the relationship and the purpose, usually made by
using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that,
in the hope that,to the end that, lest, in case. dll.
example :
-They went to the movie early ( in order ) to find the best seats
-She bought a book so ( that ) she could learn english
-He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation
7.

Adverbial clause of Condition

Clause which shows the existence of the conditions between the
twoevents (events) are related. Usually made by using conjunctions such
as if, even if, unless, in the event that, or in the event that, in case,Provided (that),
providing (that). on condition that, if only, suppose(that) suppossing (that)
example :
- If see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow
- She would forgive her husband everything , if only he would come back to her
- Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such